Roman emperor Hadrian (reigned 117–138) is said to have considered a division of the overly large province of Syria in 123–124 AD, but it was not until shortly after c. 194 AD that Septimius Severus (r. 193–211) actually undertook this, dividing the province into Syria Coele in the north and Phoenice in the south.[1] The province was much larger than the area traditionally called Phoenicia: for example, cities like Emesa[a] and Palmyra[b] and the base of the Legio III Gallica[c] in Raphanaea[d] were now subject to governor in Tyre. Veterans of this military unit were settled in Tyre, which also received the rank of colonia.[2]
War of Succession
Marble head of the emperor Septimius Severus, from Tyre, on display at the National Museum of Beirut.
After the death of the 2nd century Roman emperor Commodus, a civil war erupted, in which Berytus, and Sidon supported Pescennius Niger. While the city of Tyre supported Septimius Severus, which led Niger to send Mauri[e]javelin men and archers to sack the city.[3] However, Niger lost the civil war, and Septimius Severus decided to show his gratitude for Tyre's support by making it the capital of Phoenice.
The famous Lebanese jurist Ulpian, Latin: Gnaeus Domitius Annius Ulpianus; one of the great legal authorities, is born in Tyre, possibly c. 170 AD.[14]
190s
Roman emperor Commodus dies on 31 December 192,[15] leading to a war of succession, in which each Lebanese city took side of either Septimius Severus or Pescennius Niger.
Niger is defeated and beheaded in 194, ending the war of succession.[19]
The Roman province of Phoenice is created c. 194 AD.
Ti. Manilius Fuscus is governor of Phoenice, 194 AD.
El-Gouth, ancestor of the Saliba family in Bteghrine, and a Lebanese folk hero who was called "El-Saleeby" by an Arabian prince for his wars against Jews and idolaters in defense of the Christian faith, dies in Adraa of Hauran, 197 AD.[20]
Q. Venidius Rufus Marius Maximus L. Calvinianus is governor of Phoenice, 198 AD.
Hadrian's inscriptions of boundary stones, Lebanon.
The first attempt to conserve the Lebanese cedar was made during the 2nd century by the Roman emperor Hadrian; he created an imperial forest and ordered it marked by inscribed boundary stones, two of which are in the museum of the American University of Beirut.[22] Material finds of this early type of wildlife conservation is provided by 200 inscriptions engraved on rocks all over the northern part of Mount Lebanon.[23]
Architecture
Temple of Bacchus, Baalbek.
Triumphal arch of Tyre.
The Tyre Hippodrome.
The Exedra around the Great Court, Roman Heliopolis.
Numerous 2nd century small temples and other sanctuaries in the vicinity of the temple district of Heliopolis, today's Baalbek, on the edge of the Bekaa.[26]
^One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Probus, Marcus Valerius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 408.
^"Martyr Eudokia of Heliopolis". www.oca.org. Retrieved 2022-10-03.
^Meghraoui, M.; Gomez F.; Sbeinati R.; van der Woerd J.; Mouty M.; Darkal A.N.; Radwan Y.; Layyous I.; Al Najjar H.; Darawcheh R.; Hijazi F.; Al-Ghazzi R & Barazangi M. (2003). "Evidence for 830 years of seismic quiescence from palaeoseismology, archaeoseismology and historical seismicity along the Dead Sea fault in Syria" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. Elsevier. 210 (1–2): 35–52. Bibcode:2003E&PSL.210...35M. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00144-4. hdl:1813/5320.
^Harley, J. B. (John Brian); Woodward, David (1987). The History of cartography. Humana Press. pp. 178–. ISBN978-0-226-31633-8. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
^Krause, Günter (1985). Begleitheft zur Ausstellung Tyros, Hafenstadt Phöniziens. Duisburg-Ruhrort: Museum der Deutschen Binnenschifffahrt. pp. 1–5, 12–14.
^"The forest inscriptions of Hadrian in Mount Lebanon FOLLOWING HADRIAN". FOLLOWING HADRIAN. 2019-10-15. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
^Service de communication, Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée (2006-11-10). "Yanouh et le Nahr Ibrahim". Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée (in French). Retrieved 2010-08-14.
^Seyrig, Henri (1929). "La Triade héliopolitaine et les temples de Baalbek". Syria. 10 (4): 314–356. doi:10.3406/syria.1929.3414. ISSN 0039-7946. JSTOR 4236962.
^Taylor, George (1967). The Roman temples of Lebanon; a pictorial guide. Internet Archive. [Beirut], [Dar el-Machreq Publishers].
Linda Jones Hall, Roman Berytus: Beirut in late antiquity (2004)
Shackley, Myra (1 October 2004). "Managing the Cedars of Lebanon: Botanical Gardens or Living Forests?". Current Issues in Tourism. 7 (4–5): 417–425. doi:10.1080/13683500408667995. ISSN 1368-3500. S2CID 153516841.
March 04, 2023
century, lebanon, this, article, lists, historical, events, that, occurred, between, modern, lebanon, regarding, people, event, romana, year, five, emperorsphotos, century, lebanese, roman, sarcophagi, chronology, century, century, century, contents, administr. This article lists historical events that occurred between 101 200 in modern day Lebanon or regarding its people 2nd century in LebanonKey event s End of Pax Romana Year of the Five EmperorsPhotos of 2nd century Lebanese Roman sarcophagi Chronology 1st century 2nd century 3rd century Contents 1 Administration 1 1 War of Succession 2 Propraetorial Imperial Legates of Phoenicia 3 Events 3 1 100s 3 2 110s 3 3 130s 3 4 140s 3 5 150s 3 6 170s 3 7 190s 4 Wildlife 5 Architecture 6 Notes 7 References 8 SourcesAdministration Edit Cuirassed statue of Roman Emperor Hadrian from Tyre National Museum of Beirut Lebanon Roman emperor Hadrian reigned 117 138 is said to have considered a division of the overly large province of Syria in 123 124 AD but it was not until shortly after c 194 AD that Septimius Severus r 193 211 actually undertook this dividing the province into Syria Coele in the north and Phoenice in the south 1 The province was much larger than the area traditionally called Phoenicia for example cities like Emesa a and Palmyra b and the base of the Legio III Gallica c in Raphanaea d were now subject to governor in Tyre Veterans of this military unit were settled in Tyre which also received the rank of colonia 2 War of Succession Edit Marble head of the emperor Septimius Severus from Tyre on display at the National Museum of Beirut After the death of the 2nd century Roman emperor Commodus a civil war erupted in which Berytus and Sidon supported Pescennius Niger While the city of Tyre supported Septimius Severus which led Niger to send Mauri e javelin men and archers to sack the city 3 However Niger lost the civil war and Septimius Severus decided to show his gratitude for Tyre s support by making it the capital of Phoenice Propraetorial Imperial Legates of Phoenicia EditDate Propraetorial Imperial Legate Governor 193 194 Ti Manilius Fuscus 4 198 Q Venidius Rufus Marius Maximus L CalvinianusEvents Edit100s Edit Probus Marcus Valerius De iuris notarum fragm 15th century BEIC 14822487 Lebanese Roman grammarian and critic Marcus Valerius Probus dies in 105 AD 5 Eudokia of Baalbek is beheaded in 1 March 107 AD 6 110s Edit Adrianus of Tyre a sophist of ancient Athens who flourished under the emperors Marcus Aurelius and Commodus is born in 113 AD 7 The 115 Antioch earthquake in which Beirut suffers significant damage occurs on 13 December 115 AD 8 130s Edit Cover for Tabulae geographica 1578 work of Ptolemy Depicted are both Ptolemy and Marinus of Tyre very likely in this order Marinus of Tyre a Greek geographer cartographer and mathematician who founded mathematical geography and provided the underpinnings of Claudius Ptolemy s influential Geography dies in 130 AD 9 10 Roman Emperor Hadrian visits the city of Tyre in 130 131 11 140s Edit Lebanese antiquarian writer of grammatical lexical and historical works and writer of Phoenician history Philo of Byblos dies in 141 AD 12 150s Edit Phoenician born Pope Anicetus is elected as bishop of Rome c 157 AD 13 170s Edit The famous Lebanese jurist Ulpian Latin Gnaeus Domitius Annius Ulpianus one of the great legal authorities is born in Tyre possibly c 170 AD 14 190s Edit Roman emperor Commodus dies on 31 December 192 15 leading to a war of succession in which each Lebanese city took side of either Septimius Severus or Pescennius Niger Adrianus of Tyre dies in 192 193 AD 16 17 In AD 193 Septimius Severus grants Baalbek ius Italicum rights 18 Niger is defeated and beheaded in 194 ending the war of succession 19 The Roman province of Phoenice is created c 194 AD Ti Manilius Fuscus is governor of Phoenice 194 AD El Gouth ancestor of the Saliba family in Bteghrine and a Lebanese folk hero who was called El Saleeby by an Arabian prince for his wars against Jews and idolaters in defense of the Christian faith dies in Adraa of Hauran 197 AD 20 Q Venidius Rufus Marius Maximus L Calvinianus is governor of Phoenice 198 AD Tyre becomes the capital of Phoenice 198 AD 21 Wildlife Edit Hadrian s inscriptions of boundary stones Lebanon The first attempt to conserve the Lebanese cedar was made during the 2nd century by the Roman emperor Hadrian he created an imperial forest and ordered it marked by inscribed boundary stones two of which are in the museum of the American University of Beirut 22 Material finds of this early type of wildlife conservation is provided by 200 inscriptions engraved on rocks all over the northern part of Mount Lebanon 23 Architecture Edit Temple of Bacchus Baalbek Triumphal arch of Tyre The Tyre Hippodrome The Exedra around the Great Court Roman Heliopolis 2nd century CE Roman temple Yanouh 24 Temple of Bacchus possibly during the reign of Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius r AD 138 161 25 Triumphal arch at El Buss 11 Numerous 2nd century small temples and other sanctuaries in the vicinity of the temple district of Heliopolis today s Baalbek on the edge of the Bekaa 26 Tyre Hippodrome 27 the Great Court Complex of the temple of Jupiter with its porticoes exedrae altars and basins 28 Notes Edit Modern day Homs Hims حمص Syria Arabic ت د م ر Tadmur A military unit of the Imperial Roman army Arabic الرفنية romanized al Rafaniyya colloquial Rafniye Latin designation for the Berber population of Mauretania a region in the ancient Maghreb References Edit Eissfeldt 1941 p 368 Ulpian Digests 50 15 1 Herodian Roman History 3 3 Hall pg 94 One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Probus Marcus Valerius Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 22 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 408 Martyr Eudokia of Heliopolis www oca org Retrieved 2022 10 03 Jowett Benjamin 1867 Adrianus 1 in Smith William ed Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology vol 1 Boston pp 21 22 Meghraoui M Gomez F Sbeinati R van der Woerd J Mouty M Darkal A N Radwan Y Layyous I Al Najjar H Darawcheh R Hijazi F Al Ghazzi R amp Barazangi M 2003 Evidence for 830 years of seismic quiescence from palaeoseismology archaeoseismology and historical seismicity along the Dead Sea fault in Syria PDF Earth and Planetary Science Letters Elsevier 210 1 2 35 52 Bibcode 2003E amp PSL 210 35M doi 10 1016 S0012 821X 03 00144 4 hdl 1813 5320 Harley J B John Brian Woodward David 1987 The History of cartography Humana Press pp 178 ISBN 978 0 226 31633 8 Retrieved 4 June 2010 Marinus of Tyre Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 17 11th ed 1911 p 722 a b Tyre Al Bass Arch of Hadrian Livius www livius org Retrieved 2022 10 06 Philo Herennius Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 21 11th ed 1911 p 413 Campbell Thomas 1907 Pope St Anicetus in The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol 1 New York Robert Appleton Company Birks Peter 1983 HONORE S ULPIAN Irish Jurist 1966 18 1 151 181 ISSN 0021 1273 JSTOR 44027631 Roman history Dio Cassius 73 22 Suda s v Adrianos Philostratus Lives of the Sophists Vit Adrian Ulpian De Censibus Bk I Southern Pat The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine Routledge 2001 p 33 N D Saleeby Souk El Gharb Lebanon 1947 A D Krause Gunter 1985 Begleitheft zur Ausstellung Tyros Hafenstadt Phoniziens Duisburg Ruhrort Museum der Deutschen Binnenschifffahrt pp 1 5 12 14 Shackley pp 420 421 The forest inscriptions of Hadrian in Mount Lebanon FOLLOWING HADRIAN FOLLOWING HADRIAN 2019 10 15 Retrieved 2022 10 02 Service de communication Maison de l Orient et de la Mediterranee 2006 11 10 Yanouh et le Nahr Ibrahim Maison de l Orient et de la Mediterranee in French Retrieved 2010 08 14 Seyrig Henri 1929 La Triade heliopolitaine et les temples de Baalbek Syria 10 4 314 356 doi 10 3406 syria 1929 3414 ISSN 0039 7946 JSTOR 4236962 Taylor George 1967 The Roman temples of Lebanon a pictorial guide Internet Archive Beirut Dar el Machreq Publishers Tyre Al Bass Hippodrome Cook Arthur Bernard Zeus A Study in Ancient Religion Vol ISources EditEissfeldt Otto 1941 Phoiniker Phoinike Realencyclopadie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft Vol Band XX Halbband 39 Philon Pignus pp 350 379 Linda Jones Hall Roman Berytus Beirut in late antiquity 2004 Shackley Myra 1 October 2004 Managing the Cedars of Lebanon Botanical Gardens or Living Forests Current Issues in Tourism 7 4 5 417 425 doi 10 1080 13683500408667995 ISSN 1368 3500 S2CID 153516841 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 2nd century in Lebanon amp oldid 1133648437, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
