2022 Sumatra earthquake

On 25 February 2022 at 08:39 WIB, a moment magnitude (M_w ) 6.2 earthquake struck West Sumatra, Indonesia at a depth of 4.0 km (2.5 mi).^[2] Preceded by one foreshock and followed by over 200 aftershocks, the mainshock had an epicenter at the foot of Mount Talakmau in Pasaman Regency.^[1] The mainshock was the result of strike-slip faulting along a previously unidentified segment of the Great Sumatran Fault. At least 27 people died, 457 were injured, and 19,221 others were displaced. It inflicted 780 million Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) worth of damage. The heaviest damage was recorded at three villages around Mount Talakmau. Landslides and flash floods caused additional damage and casualties.

2022 Sumatra earthquake

Ruins of the Raya Kajai mosque
Padang
UTC time	2022-02-25 01:39:27
ISC event	622071228
USGS-ANSS	ComCat
Local date	25 February 2022
Local time	08:39:27 WIB (UTC+7)
Magnitude	6.2 Mw
Depth	4.0 km (2 mi)
Epicenter	0°13′59″N 100°06′22″E / 0.233°N 100.106°E / 0.233; 100.106^[1]
Fault	Great Sumatran fault
Type	Strike-slip
Areas affected	West Sumatra, Indonesia
Total damage	Rp 780 million
Max. intensity	VIII (Severe)
Foreshocks	1
Aftershocks	201
Casualties	27 dead, 457 injured, 19,221 displaced

Tectonic setting

 

Great Sumatra fault

The west coast of Sumatra is dominated by the Sunda megathrust; a 5,500 km (3,400 mi)^[3] long convergent boundary where the Australian Plate subducts beneath the Burma Plate and Sunda Plate at a rate of 60 mm (2.4 in) per year.^[4] The subduction zone offshore Sumatra was responsible for several large earthquakes in 2004 and 2005. The subduction plate interface can rupture to the trench, triggering large tsunamis such as in 1907, 2004 and 2010.^[5]

Dip-slip faults can rupture within the down going Australian Plate as well—the 2009 magnitude 7.6 earthquake near Padang was caused by reverse faulting at about 80 km (50 mi) depth.^[6]

Convergence along this plate boundary is highly oblique, severely deforming the overriding Sunda Plate, where it is accommodated by strike-slip motion along the Great Sumatran fault. The Great Sumatran fault is a 1,900 km (1,200 mi)-long strike-slip fault system located on Sumatra. The fault is divided into about 20 segments.^[7] It was the source of the 1994 Liwa and 1995 Kerinci earthquakes. In 1933, a magnitude 7.5 earthquake struck Liwa, killing many people and causing widespread damage.^[8] It produced its largest earthquake in 1943; measuring M_s  7.8.^[9]

Earthquake

 

A strong ground motion map of the mainshock

The mainshock occurred on 25 February with an epicenter on the slopes of Mount Talakmau.^[10] It was the result of right-lateral strike-slip faulting associated with rupture along a segment of the Great Sumatran Fault.^[11][12] A maximum Modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) of VIII (Severe) was felt over a northwest–southeast trending area.^[13] MMI VIII was felt on the northern slopes of Mount Talamau, and in parts of Talamau and Pasaman districts. It was also felt along the eastern portion of the volcano.^[13] The mainshock was preceded by a M_w  5.1 foreshock.^[14] By 3 March, 201 aftershocks over 1.3 in magnitude had been recorded by the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency (BMKG). Two aftershocks measured M_w  5.0.^[15][16]

The earthquake ruptured a previously unidentified segment of the Great Sumatran Fault; the segment is called the Kajai Fault or Talamau Fault.^[15][17] The BMKG initially misidentified the Angkola Fault, another segment of the Great Sumatran Fault, as the source.^[17] The aftershock distribution suggest rupture occurred on a strand that extended north of the Sianok Fault, another segment of the Great Sumatran Fault. The newly-identified segment is located between the Angkola Fault in the north and the Sianok Fault in the south, and can only produce earthquakes of up to 6.2 magnitude due to its short length.^[17] It strikes northwest–southeast and dips steeply to the southwest; and has a length of about 20 km (12 mi). The 10-second-long rupture occurred at 2–11 km (1.2–6.8 mi) depth along 14 km (8.7 mi) of the fault at the northern portion of Mount Talakmau. It displayed an average slip of about 25 cm (9.8 in); slip was 53 cm (21 in) at its maximum occurring at 7.2 km (4.5 mi) depth.^[15]

Impact

 

House damaged by the earthquake in Pasaman Regency

A survey by the Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management (BNPB),^[18] revealed 1,075 seriously damaged, 3,447 moderately damaged, and 2,105 slightly damaged homes. In addition, 70 religious buildings, 208 educational facilities, and 25 health facilities were also damaged.^[13] The total cost of damage was at an estimated 780 million Indonesian rupiahs (Rp).^[19] The worst affected villages were located on the northern slopes of Mount Talamau; Kajai, Talamau District and Aua Kuniang, Pasaman District. Malampah, Tigo Nagari District on the eastern flank of Mount Talamau was also badly affected. In these areas, buildings were moderately to heavily damaged.^[13]

At least 27 people were killed and 457 were injured.^[20] Although most victims died in collapsed buildings, some were killed by landslides on Mount Talakmau.^[21] At least 52 people sustained serious injuries—45 in West Pasaman Regency, 5 in Pasaman Regency and 1 in Agam Regency.^[22] Many of the injured were treated at Yarsi Hospital.^[23] A further 19,221 people were displaced.^[20][24] At least 5,000 displaced residents sought refuge across 35 evacuation centers.^[25]

A video footage of mobilized landmass was recorded at Malampah.^[a] The phenomena was classified as a type of flash flood which occurred due to a breached landslide dam. The earthquake triggered a landslide on the Batang Kapa River upstream,^[26] creating a natural dam which obstructed the flow of water. The dam was breached and a flash flood occurred, carrying debris downstream.^[27] An official from the BNPB said a similar phenomena was also observed during the 2009 earthquake.^[28] An additional 17 landslides occurred on the slopes of Mount Talakmau. A landslide in Jorong Sungai Siriah measured 6 m (20 ft) high and 30 m (98 ft) wide.^[19] In Labuah Kaciak, hot springs appeared in the ground ejecting water and mud; residents were advised not to approach the area by the BNPB.^[29] The presence of hot springs were the result of geothermal activity along a fault.^[30]

The earthquake was felt in the Klang Valley of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Some residents and workers rushed out of their homes and offices.^[31] Workers were evacuated from the Bernama headquarters in the city.^[32] In Port Dickson, a private hospital and government building sustained light damage.^[33] Shaking was also felt in Singapore, where residents reported tremors in Punggol, Simei, Redhill, Queenstown, Ang Mo Kio and Kallang. There were also reports of shaking in the Marina Bay Financial Centre.^[34]

Aftermath

 

A landslide in Tigo Nagari District, Pasaman Regency

Rescuers were deployed to landslide-affected areas to search for the missing.^[35][36] They also salvaged through rubble.^[37] On 1 March, rescuers safely evacuated five individuals trapped under a landslide which occurred in Nagari Kajai, Talamau District.^[38] The injured were transported to hospitals in the province.^[39] Bodies were also retrieved from the landslides.^[40] On 28 February, a disaster relief volunteer experienced a seizure and died.^[41]

The BNPB warned residents about the potential for flash floods. Rivers in the affected area had dried up due to blockage upstream caused by landslides.^[42] Residents were urged to stay away from hilly areas due to the threat of landslides and rockslides from rain.^[43] Smoke was observed emitting from Mount Talakmau.^[44] The BNPB confirmed volcanic activity on the volcano and some residents were evacuated as a precautionary measure.^[44]

Minister of Social Affairs, Tri Rismaharini, visited some evacuation centers. According to her, logistics distributed 2,000 packs of ready-to-eat food. Additional aid including tents and sanitary kits were also transported. The families of individuals killed were compensated Rp 15 million as a form of assistance.^[45] President Joko Widodo ordered the deployment of humanitarian aid consisting of sugar, oil, rice, biscuits, mineral water and tea bags, among other necessities via trucks.^[46]

Homes that were slightly damaged would be repaired by the district government body. Moderate to heavily damaged homes would be rebuilt by the provincial and central government, respectively.^[47] In October 2022, the BNPB assisted in repairing 1,111 homes in West Pasaman Regency through the provision of Rp 27 billion to the local government. Assistance in Rp 50 million, 20 million and 3–5 million were allocated to homes with heavy, moderate and light damage, respectively.^[48] On 19 October, construction began for a damaged mosque in West Pasaman Regency under a Rp 800 million budget.^[49]

See also

•  Earth sciences portal
•  Indonesia portal

• List of earthquakes in 2022
• List of earthquakes in Indonesia
• List of earthquakes in Malaysia

Notes

1. Viral Video Tanah Bergerak Usai Gempa Pasaman, Ini Penjelasan BNPB (video). Pikiran Rakyat. 28 February 2022 – via YouTube.

References

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4. Belle Philibosian Kerry Sieh Jean‐Philippe Avouac Danny H. Natawidjaja Hong‐Wei Chiang Chung‐Che Wu Hugo Perfettini Chuan‐Chou Shen Mudrik R. Daryono Bambang W. Suwargadi (2014). "Rupture and variable coupling behavior of the Mentawai segment of the Sunda megathrust during the supercycle culmination of 1797 to 1833". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 119 (9): 7258–7287. Bibcode:2014JGRB..119.7258P. doi:10.1002/2014JB011200. hdl:10356/79397.
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17. Hanani, A. B. (1 March 2022). "Segmen Patahan Baru Ditemukan BMKG Pasca Gempa Pasaman Barat" (in Indonesian). Ulasan.co. Antara. from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
18. Immanuel Christian (7 March 2022). "Gempa Pasaman, ribuan rumah rusak" (in Indonesian). Alinea.ID. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
19. Hatta Rizal (25 February 2022). "Gempa Pasbar Rusak Belasan Rumah di Kabupaten 50 Kota" (in Indonesian). Kata Sumbar. from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
20. Muhari, A. (8 April 2022). "Perkuat Ketahanan Wilayah Pasca Gempa Pasaman Barat, Rakor TIPB Kembali Digelar" [Strengthening Regional Resilience After the West Pasaman Earthquake, TIPB Coordination Meeting is Held Again] (in Indonesian). Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
21. "Update Korban Gempa Pasaman Barat: 10 Meninggal, 4 Masih Dicari" (in Indonesian). CNN Indonesia. 26 February 2022. from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
22. Adikara, Banu (4 March 2022). "Update Gempa Sumbar: 12 Orang Tewas, 52 Orang Luka Berat" (in Indonesian). Jawa Pos. from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
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25. Dewi Nurita (25 February 2022). (in Indonesian). Tempo. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
26. "Tanggapan Bencana Gerakan Tanah / Tanah Longsor Di Kecamatan Tigo Nagari, Kabupaten Pasaman Sumatera Barat" [Landslide Movement / Landslide Disaster Response in Tigo Nagari District, Pasaman Regency, West Sumatra]. Kebencanaan Geologi. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. 26 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
27. Perdana Putra (27 February 2022). Ardi Priyatno Utomo (ed.). "Fenomena Tanah Bergerak Pasca-gempa di Pasaman Bukan Likuefaksi tapi Banjir Bandang" (in Indonesian). Kompas. from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
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43. "Waspada Gempa Susulan, Hindari Kawasan Perbukitan dan Bangunan Rusak" (in Indonesian). Padek. 25 February 2022. from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
44. Perdana Putra (25 February 2022). Gloria Setyvani Putri (ed.). "Pascagempa M 6,1, Gunung Talamau di Pasaman Barat Keluarkan Asap dan Longsor" (in Indonesian). Kompas. from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
45. Agam Prayogi (26 February 2022). Miechell Octovy Koagouw (ed.). (in Indonesian). Radio Republik Indonesia. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
46. Haikal, M. (1 March 2022). "Jokowi Kirim Bantuan Sembako ke Korban Gempa Pasbar dan Pasaman" [Jokowi Sends Basic Food Aid to Pasbar and Pasaman Earthquake Victims] (in Indonesian). Katasumbar. from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
47. Juni Fitra Yenti (27 February 2022). "BNPB: Pemerintah akan Perbaiki Rumah Rusak Terdampak Gempa Pasaman Barat M 6,2". Padang Harian Haluan (in Indonesian). from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
48. "Kepala BNPB Kunker dan Monev Penanggulangan Bencana di Pasbar, Pemkab Pasbar Terima Rp 27,7 Milyar Lebih Dana Pembangunan Rumah" [Head of BNPB Kunker and Monev for Disaster Management in Pasbar, Pasbar Regency Government Receives Rp. 27.7 billion more in Housing Development Funds] (in Indonesian). Portal Kabupaten Pasaman Barat. 16 October 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
49. Tirta, I. (19 October 2022). "Satu Masjid Terdampak Gempa di Pasaman Barat Mulai Dibangun" [One Mosque Affected by the Earthquake in West Pasaman Begins to be Built]. Republika (in Indonesian). Antara. Retrieved 2 January 2023.

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2022 Sumatra earthquake.

• ReliefWeb's report for this event.
• Petley, Dave (29 March 2022). "Mount Talakmau: landslides from the 25 February 2022 Sumatra Earthquake". American Geophysical Union.
• The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event.
• Quick Quake Briefing – Indonesia M6.2 Earthquake on Sumatra Island of February 25, 2022 (video). Earthquake Engineering Research Institute. 26 July 2022 – via YouTube.
• Isoseismal Map of the West Pasaman Earthquake - West Sumatra, 25 February 2022 at BMKG.