Kharkiv Pact
This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: Needs more information on the Russian annexation of Crimea and its critique in the context of the 2022 invasion. (November 2023) |
The Agreement between Ukraine and Russia on the Black Sea Fleet in Ukraine, widely referred to as the Kharkiv Pact (Ukrainian: Харківський пакт)[1][2] or Kharkov Accords (Russian: Харьковские соглашения),[3][4] was a treaty between Ukraine and Russia whereby the Russian lease on naval facilities in Crimea was extended beyond 2017 until 2042, with an additional five-year renewal option in exchange for a multiyear discounted contract to provide Ukraine with Russian natural gas.[5]
Signing of the deal reached at the Kharkiv summit at 21 April 2010 by Alexei Miller and Yevhen Bakulin (with Dimitry Medvedev and Viktor Yanukovych standing in the background) | |
| Signed | 21 April 2010 |
|---|---|
| Location | Kharkiv, Ukraine |
| Effective | 27 April 2010 |
| Expiration | 31 March 2014 |
| Parties | |
| Languages |
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The agreement, signed on 21 April 2010 in Kharkiv, Ukraine, by Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and ratified by the parliaments of the two countries on 27 April 2010, aroused much controversy in Ukraine. The treaty was effectively a continuation of the lease provisions that were part of the 1997 Black Sea Fleet Partition Treaty between the two states. Shortly after the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in March 2014,[6] Russia unilaterally terminated the treaty on 31 March 2014.[7][8]
History edit
In 1997, Russia and Ukraine signed the Partition Treaty, establishing two independent national fleets and dividing armaments and bases between them.[9] Ukraine also agreed to lease major parts of its new bases in Sevastopol to the Russian Black Sea Fleet until 2017. During the presidency of Victor Yushchenko (January 2005 – February 2010) the Ukrainian government declared that the lease would not be extended and that the fleet would have to leave Sevastopol by 2017.[10]
Amid several Russia–Ukraine gas disputes, including a halt of natural gas supplies to European countries, the price that Ukraine had to pay for Russian natural gas was raised in 2006[11] and in 2009.[12]
Negotiation edit
The Prime Minister of Ukraine, Mykola Azarov, and the Energy Minister, Yuriy Boyko, visited Moscow in late March 2010 to negotiate lower gas prices; neither clearly explained what Ukraine was prepared to offer in return.[13] Following these talks Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin stated that Russia was prepared to discuss the revision of the price for natural gas it sells to Ukraine.[14] Mid-April Ukrainian officials stated they are seeking an average price of $240–$260 per 1000 cubic metres for 2010.[15] Ukraine paid an average of $305 in the first quarter of 2010 and $330 in the second quarter.[15]
On 21 April 2010, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych signed an agreement[16] in which Russia agreed to a 30% drop in the price of natural gas sold to Ukraine. Russia agreed to this in exchange for permission to extend Russia's lease of a major naval base in the Ukrainian Black Sea port of Sevastopol for an additional 25 years (to 2042) with an option for a further 5-year renewal (to 2047).[17] The agreement put a cap on the scale of price hikes; but the main unfavourable terms for Ukraine of the 2009 gas contract remained in place.[18]
"We have indeed reached an unprecedented agreement," the Russian president stated. "The rent [for the naval base] will be increased by an amount equivalent to that of the [gas price] discount."[16]
Ratification and voting edit
The agreement was subject to approval by both the Russian and Ukrainian parliaments.[17] Both parliaments ratified the agreement on 27 April 2010.[19] Ratification in the Ukrainian parliament proved controversial, and several disturbances occurred during the process. In one incident, several eggs were thrown towards the speaker, Volodymyr Lytvyn, by deputies.[20][21][22]
Voting edit
During a contentious voting session, half of the deputies (legislators) belonging to the ruling Party of Regions (PR) were out of their seats blocking the podium. 160 members of PR, including Rinat Akhmetov, who was not present in the session hall voted in favor of ratification. Among the opposition parties, the ratification was approved by nine members of BYuT and seven from Our Ukraine. All 27 members of the Communist Party of Ukraine and the 20 members of the Lytvyn Bloc voted for the Kharkiv Pact as well. Of those who did not belong to a faction, only Taras Chornovil, Oleksandr Fomin, and Ihor Rybakov did not support the agreement.[23]
- Results[24]
| Faction | Number of deputies | For | Against | Abstained | Did not vote | Absent |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party of Regions Faction | 161 | 160 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc | 154 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 145 |
| Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc | 72 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 65 |
| Communist Party of Ukraine Faction | 27 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Lytvyn Bloc | 20 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| No faction affiliated | 16 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| All factions | 450 | 236 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 212 |
Termination of the treaty by Russia edit
On 28 March 2014, one week after the annexation of Crimea by Russia[6] Russian President Vladimir Putin submitted proposals to the State Duma on the termination of the legal effect of a number of Russian-Ukrainian agreements, including the 2010 Kharkiv Pact treaty and the Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet.[8] The State Duma unanimously approved the unilateral dissolution of these Russian-Ukrainian agreements with 433 members of parliament voting on 31 March 2014.[7]
Criticism edit
Taras Kuzio, a British-born expert on Ukrainian politics, criticized the treaty. He stated that the bill was forced through Ukraine's legislature without parliamentary debate or public discourse, and after ignoring votes against it within three important committees (two of which had negative[clarification needed] majorities). He argued that the treaty violates the constitution, which bans permanent military bases, and that it was not discussed prior to a vote in the National Security and Defense Council as required by the constitution.[25] Kuzio said that the treaty is illegitimate because it rests on only 220 deputies from three factions; he argued that the remaining twenty-five deputies had been blackmailed, bribed or coerced to defect from the opposition.[25] He added that Ukrainian public support was "gained by a lie" that the deal would bring cheaper Russian gas; while in fact, a new July 2010 agreement with the IMF mandated that Ukraine increase utility prices by fifty per cent on 1 August 2010 and another fifty per cent in April 2011.[25]
According to former Ukrainian Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko, the agreement violates part of Ukraine's constitution, which forbids the country from hosting foreign military bases after 2017.[16] The Chairman of the Ukrainian Constitutional Court said on 23 April that only the President and the Cabinet of Ministers can request a court ruling on constitutionality.[26][better source needed] The Our Ukraine party subsequently called for the impeachment of President Yanukovych for violating the Ukrainian Constitution.[27]
Opposition members in Ukraine and Russia expressed doubts that the agreement would be fulfilled by Ukraine's side.[19][28] According to Yanukovych, the only way out of holding the state budget deficit down, as requested by the International Monetary Fund, while protecting pensioners and minimal wages, was to extend the Russian Navy lease in Crimea in exchange for cheaper natural gas.[29] Opposition members in Ukraine described the agreement as a "sell out of national interests".[29]
Boris Nemtsov, former leader of the Union of Right Forces, said that Russia needed the Black Sea fleet in Crimea for war with Georgia and asked rhetorically if war with Georgia was worth $40 billion.[30]
Effects edit
In June 2010, Ukraine paid Gazprom around $234 per 1,000 cubic metres.[31] However, Ukrainian consumers experienced a 50% increase in household natural gas utility prices in July 2010 (a key demand of the International Monetary Fund in exchange for a $15 billion loan).[32][33] Payments increased annually since then: in August 2011, Ukraine paid Russia $350 per 1,000 cubic metres;[34] in November 2011, it paid $400 per 1,000 cubic meters;[35] and in January 2013, it paid $430 per 1,000 cubic metres.[36]
In August 2011, Ukrainian Prime Minister Mykola Azarov stated that Ukraine seeks to reduce imports of Russian natural gas by two-thirds (compared with 2010) by 2016.[34]
The treaty allowed Russia to station a limited number of troops in Crimea, 25,000 maximum.[citation needed]
Criminal cases against Yanukovych and ministers edit
In summer of 2014, the General Prosecutor of Ukraine opened a criminal case against Viktor Yanukovych on several charges following an investigation into the former president's signing of the Kharkiv Accords.[37]
In July 2022, Ukrainian law enforcement stated that former Foreign Minister Konstiantyn Hryshchenko and former Justice Minister Oleksandr Lavrynovych were under suspicion of high treason for signing the agreement.[38] The suspicions were filed in absentia, as the two were "hiding abroad".[citation needed]
References edit
- ^ "Ukrainian sovereignty withstands Medvedev". Kyiv Post. 20 May 2010. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
- ^ "Харківський пакт" не гарантує, що з ЧФ РФ не буде проблем (in Ukrainian). Ukrayinska Pravda. 14 May 2010. from the original on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
- ^ Большинство украинцев поддерживают Харьковские соглашения (in Russian). Segodnya.Ua. 2 June 2010. from the original on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
- ^ Янукович коснулся истории (in Russian). Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 28 April 2010. from the original on 1 May 2010. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
- ^ The Great Power (mis)Management by Alexander Astrov, Ashgate Publishing, 2011, ISBN 1409424677 (page 82)
- ^ a b Ukraine: Speaker Oleksandr Turchynov named interim president, BBC News (23 February 2014)
Ukraine protests timeline, BBC News (23 February 2014) - ^ a b State Duma approves denunciation of Russian-Ukrainian agreements on Black Sea Fleet, ITAR-TASS (31 March 2014)
- ^ a b Putin submits proposals on denouncing some Russia-Ukraine agreements on Black Sea Fleet, ITAR-TASS (29 March 2014)
- ^ Subtelny, Orest (2000). Ukraine: A History. University of Toronto Press. p. 600. ISBN 0-8020-8390-0.
- ^ "No Russian fleet in Ukraine beyond 2017 -Ukrainian PM".
- ^ Q&A: Ukraine gas row, BBC News (4 January 2006)
- ^ Q&A: Russia-Ukraine gas row, BBC News (20 January 2009)
- ^ "Big plant on sale block for small price". Kyiv Post. 2 April 2010.
- ^ "Azarov: Ukraine to continue working to amend gas agreements with Russia". Kyiv Post. 26 March 2009.
- ^ a b "Russia, Ukraine voice optimism at new gas deal". Kyiv Post. 20 April 2010.
- ^ a b c "Russia, Ukraine agree on naval-base-for-gas deal". CNN. 21 April 2010.
- ^ a b "Deal Struck on Gas, Black Sea Fleet". The Moscow Times. 21 April 2010.
- ^ . Centre for Eastern Studies. 15 July 2013. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013.
- ^ a b Update: Ukraine, Russia ratify Black Sea naval lease, Kyiv Post (27 April 2010)
- ^ Ukrainian parliament ratifies agreement extending Russian Black Sea Fleet's presence in Crimea, Kyiv Post (27 April 2010)
- ^ Oppositional deputies throw eggs in Lytvyn, Kyiv Post (27 April 2010)
- ^ Police clash with protesters in front of Ukrainian parliament, Kyiv Post (27 April 2010)
- ^ (in Ukrainian) Rada gave away Ukraine, Ukrayinska Pravda (27 April 2010)
- ^ . Archived from the original on 1 September 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
- ^ a b c The Crimea: Europe's Next Flashpoint? 9 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine, by Taras Kuzio, November 2010
- ^ Interfax-Ukraine (in Russian) 0707 GMT 23 Apr 10
- ^ Our Ukraine: Yanukovych should be impeached, Kyiv Post (21 April 2010)
- ^ Agreement on Black Sea Fleet may be denounced, says Yatseniuk, Kyiv Post (27 April 2010)
- ^ a b Yanukovych snipes at opponent, defends fleet move, Kyiv Post (13 May 2009)
- ^ . Georgian Times. 30 April 2010. Archived from the original on 5 October 2010.
- ^ "Russia threatens to cut Belarus gas supplies Monday". Reuters. 18 June 2010.
- ^ With IMF deal done, Yanukovych's challenges still ahead, Kyiv Post (29 July 2010)
- ^ Gas price hike to raise tension in Ukraine, Kyiv Post (29 July 2010)
- ^ a b Ukraine seeks to cut imports of Russian gas, Kyiv Post (30 August 2011)
- ^ Azarov: ‘We are not going to sink’, Kyiv Post (24 November 2011)
- ^ Ukraine set to sign landmark $10 billion shale gas deal with Shell, Reuters (24 January 2013)
Shell for shale: Ukraine signs major deal 28 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Euronews (25 January 2013)
Ukraine signs landmark $10 bln shale gas deal with Shell, Reuters (24 January 2013) - ^ . LB. 21 October 2014
- ^ "Suspicions over Black Sea Fleet agreement with Russia filed in absentia against Ukraine's former FM, justice minister". interfax.com. 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
External links edit
- (in Ukrainian and Russian) Text of the agreement, rada.gov.ua 2010-04-27
- (in Ukrainian) Text of the agreement, Ukrayinska Pravda (22 April 2010)
- (in Ukrainian) The show of the century, Ukrayinska Pravda (27 April 2010) (Videos/Photos)