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1 Corinthians 15

December 15, 2023

"The last trump" redirects here. For the fictional short story, see The Last Trump.

1 Corinthians 15 is the fifteenth chapter of the First Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Sosthenes in Ephesus. The first eleven verses contain the earliest account of the post-resurrection appearances of Jesus in the New Testament. The rest of the chapter stresses the primacy of the resurrection for Christianity.

1 Corinthians 15
1 Corinthians 7:33–8:4 in Papyrus 15, written in the 3rd century
BookFirst Epistle to the Corinthians
CategoryPauline epistles
Christian Bible partNew Testament
Order in the Christian part7
Resurrection of the Flesh (c. 1500) by Luca Signorelli – based on 1 Corinthians 15:52: "the trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed." Chapel of San Brizio, Duomo, Orvieto

Text edit

The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 58 verses.

Textual witnesses edit

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:

Kerygma of the death and resurrection of Jesus (15:1–11) edit

Further information: Kerygma and Servant songs

Verses 1–2 edit

Now I want you to understand, brothers and sisters, the good news that I proclaimed to you, which you in turn received, in which also you stand, 2 through which also you are being saved, if you hold firmly to the message that I proclaimed to you—unless you have come to believe in vain.

— 1 Corinthians 15:1–2, New Revised Standard Version[3]

Verses 3–7 edit

The resurrection kerygma edit

Main articles: Salvation in Christianity and Resurrection of Jesus

3 For I handed on to you as of first importance what I in turn had received: that Christ died for our sins in accordance with the scriptures 4 and that he was buried and that he was raised on the third day in accordance with the scriptures 5 and that he appeared to Cephas, then to the twelve. 6 Then he appeared to more than five hundred brothers and sisters at one time, most of whom are still alive, though some have died. 7 Then he appeared to James, then to all the apostles.

— 1 Corinthians 15:3–7, New Revised Standard Version[4]

Origins of the kerygma edit

See also: List of Christian creeds

The kerygma of death, burial, resurrection and appearance, and the specific appearances to Peter and the Twelve in verses 3–5, are assumed to be an early pre-Pauline kerygma or creedal statement.[note 1] Biblical scholars note the antiquity of the creed,[note 2] possibly transmitted from the Jerusalem apostolic community.[note 3][note 4] though the core formula may have originated in Damascus,[9] with the specific appearances reflecting the Jerusalem community.[note 5] It may be one of the earliest kerygmas about Jesus' death and resurrection, though it is also possible that Paul himself joined together the various statements, as proposed by Urich Wilckens.[11] It is also possible that "he appeared" was not specified in the core formula, and that the specific appearances are additions.[12] According to Hannack, line 3b-4 form the original core, while line 5 and line 7 contain competing statements from two different factions.[13] Prive also argues that line 5 and line 7 reflect the tensions between Petrus and James.[14]

The kerygma has often been dated to no more than five years after Jesus' death by Biblical scholars,[note 3] though Bart Ehrman states "Among scholars I personally know, except for evangelicals, I don't now[sic] anyone who thinks this at all."[15][note 6] Gerd Lüdemann maintains that "the elements in the tradition are to be dated to the first two years after the crucifixion of Jesus [...] not later than three years".[16]

For orthodox Christians, the resurrection, believed by them to be a physical resurrection, is the central event of the Christian faith. While the authenticity of line 6a and 7 is disputed, MacGregor argues that linguistic analysis suggests that the version received by Paul seems to have included verses 3b–6a and 7.[17] According to Christian apolgist Gary R. Habermas, in "Corinthians 15:3–8, Paul records an ancient oral tradition(s) that summarizes the content of the Christian gospel."[18] N.T Wright describes it as "the very early tradition that was common to all Christians."[19]

In dissent from the majority view, Robert M. Price,[14] Hermann Detering,[20] John V. M. Sturdy,[21][22] and David Oliver Smith[23] have each argued that 1 Corinthians 15:3–7 is a later interpolation. According to Price, the text is not an early Christian creed written within five years of Jesus' death, nor did Paul write these verses. In his assessment, this was an Interpolation possibly dating to the beginning of the 2nd century. Price states that "The pair of words in verse 3a, "received / delivered" (paralambanein / paradidonai) is, as has often been pointed out, technical language for the handing on of rabbinical tradition", so it would contradict Paul's account of his conversion given in Galatians 1:13–24, which explicitly says that Paul had been taught the gospel of Christ by Jesus himself, not by any other man.[14][note 7]

Meaning and background edit

Raised from the dead according to the scriptures edit

According to Larry Hurtado, soon after his death Jesus' followers believed he was raised from the dead by God and exalted to divine status as Lord (Kyrios) "at God's 'right hand',"[25] which "associates him in astonishing ways with God."[26][note 8] According to Larry Hurtado, powerful religious experiences were an indispensable factor in the emergence of this Christ-devotion.[28] Those experiences "seem to have included visions of (and/or ascents to) God's heaven, in which the glorified Christ was seen in an exalted position."[29][note 9] Those experiences were interpreted in the framework of God's redemptive purposes, as reflected in the scriptures, in a "dynamic interaction between devout, prayerful searching for, and pondering over, scriptural texts and continuing powerful religious experiences."[32] This initiated a "new devotional pattern unprecedented in Jewish monotheism", that is, the worship of Jesus next to God,[33] giving a central place to Jesus because his ministry, and its consequences, had a strong impact on his early followers.[34] They were persuaded that this devotion was required by God through revelations, including those visions, but also by inspired and unprompted speech and "charismatic exegesis" of the Jewish scriptures..[35]

"Died for our sins" edit

In the Jerusalem ekklēsia, from which Paul may have received this creed, the phrase "died for our sins" probably was an apologetic rationale for the death of Jesus as being part of God's plan and purpose, as evidenced in the scriptures.[36] The phrase "died for our sins" was derived from Isaiah, especially Isaiah 53:4–11,[37][note 10] and Maccabees 4, especially 4 Maccabees 6:28–29:[web 1]

Surely our diseases he did bear, and our pains he carried; whereas we did esteem him stricken, smitten of God, and afflicted. But he was wounded because of our transgressions, he was crushed because of our iniquities: the chastisement of our welfare was upon him, and with his stripes we were healed. All we like sheep did go astray, we turned every one to his own way; and the LORD hath made to light on him the iniquity of us all. He was oppressed, though he humbled himself and opened not his mouth; as a lamb that is led to the slaughter, and as a sheep that before her shearers is dumb; yea, he opened not his mouth. By oppression and judgment he was taken away, and with his generation who did reason? for he was cut off out of the land of the living, for the transgression of my people to whom the stroke was due. And they made his grave with the wicked, and with the rich his tomb; although he had done no violence, neither was any deceit in his mouth. Yet it pleased the LORD to crush him by disease; to see if his soul would offer itself in restitution, that he might see his seed, prolong his days, and that the purpose of the LORD might prosper by his hand: Of the travail of his soul he shall see to the full, even My servant, who by his knowledge did justify the Righteous One to the many, and their iniquities he did bear.

— Isaiah 53:4–11, Hebrew-English translation[38]

Be merciful to your people, and let our punishment suffice for them. Make my blood their purification, and take my life in exchange for theirs.

— 4 Maccabees 6:28–29, New Revised Standard Version[39]

According to Geza Vermes, for Paul, 1 Corinthians 15:3 may have referred to Genesis 22, narrating the Binding of Isaac, in which Abraham is willing to sacrifice Isaac, his only son, obeying to the will of God.[40]

"Raised on the third day" edit

"Raised on the third day"[note 11] is derived from Hosea 6:1–2[42] and Jonah:

Come, and let us return unto the LORD; for He hath torn, and He will heal us, He hath smitten, and He will bind us up. After two days will He revive us, on the third day He will raise us up, that we may live in His presence.

— Hosea 6:1–2, Hebrew-English translation[43]

Matthew 12:38-42:

For just as Jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of the great fish, so will the Son of Man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth.

Verses 8–11 edit

8 Last of all, as to one untimely born, he appeared also to me. 9 For I am the least of the apostles, unfit to be called an apostle, because I persecuted the church of God. 10 But by the grace of God I am what I am, and his grace toward me has not been in vain. On the contrary, I worked harder than any of them, though it was not I but the grace of God that is with me. 11 Whether then it was I or they, so we proclaim and so you believed.

— 1 Corinthians 15:8–11, New Revised Standard Version[44]

Resurrection of the dead (15:12–58) edit

Jesus and the believers (15:12–19) edit

In verses 12–19, Paul, in response to some expressed doubts of the Corinthian congregation, whom he is addressing in the letter, adduces the fundamental importance of the resurrection as a Christian doctrine. Through those verses, Paul is stressing the importance of the resurrection of Jesus Christ and its relevance to the core of Christianity. Paul rebukes the church at Corinth by saying that if Jesus did not resurrect after the crucifixion, then there is no point in the Christian faith.[45]

Verse 17 edit

And if Christ be not raised, your faith is vain; ye are yet in your sins.

— 1 Corinthians 15:17, King James Version[46]

Verses 20–28: the last enemy edit

In verses 20–28, Paul states that Christ, "raised from the dead", will return in power and put his "enemies under his feet" (verse 25); even death, "the last enemy", shall be destroyed: "The last enemy that shall be destroyed is death."[47] For Heinrich Meyer, the designation of death as "the last enemy" means that its removal takes place after the removal of Christ's other enemies.[48]

Verse 27 edit

1 Corinthians 15:27[49] refers to Psalm 8:6.[50] Ephesians 1:22 also refers to this verse of Psalm 8.[50]

Verse 29: baptism for the dead edit

Otherwise, what will they do who are baptized for the dead, if the dead do not rise at all? Why then are they baptized for the dead?

— 1 Corinthians 15:29, New King James Version[51]

Verse 29 suggests that there existed a practice at Corinth whereby a living person would be baptized instead of some convert who had recently died.[52] Teignmouth Shore, writing in Ellicott's Commentary for Modern Readers, notes that among the "numerous and ingenious conjectures" about this passage, the only tenable interpretation is that there existed a practice of baptising a living person to substitute those who had died before that sacrament could have been administered in Corinth, as also existed among the Marcionites in the second century, or still earlier than that, among a sect called "the Corinthians".[53] The Jerusalem Bible states that "What this practice was is unknown. Paul does not say if he approved of it or not: he uses it merely for an ad hominem argument".[54]

The Latter Day Saint movement interprets this passage to support the practice of baptism for the dead. This principle of vicarious work for the dead is an important work of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the dispensation of the fulness of times. This interpretation is rejected by other denominations of Christianity.[55][56][57]

Be not deceived (15:33–34) edit

33Do not be deceived: "Evil company corrupts good habits." 34Awake to righteousness, and do not sin; for some do not have the knowledge of God. I speak this to your shame.

— 1 Corinthians 15:33–34, New King James Version[58]

Verse 33 contains a quotation from classical Greek literature. According to the church historian Socrates of Constantinople[59] it is taken from a Greek tragedy of Euripides, but modern scholarship, following Jerome[60] attributes it to the comedy Thaĩs by Menander, or Menander quoting Euripides. It might not have been a direct quote by Paul: "This saying was widely known as a familiar quotation."[61] Whatever the case may be, this quote does seem to appear in one of the fragments of Euripides' works.[62]

Resurrection of the body (15:35–58) edit

 
The Last Trump, illumination by Facundus, 1047. Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional de España.

The chapter closes with an account of the nature of the resurrection, that in the Last Judgement the dead will be raised and both the living and the dead transformed into "spiritual bodies" (verse 44).[63]

Verses 51–53 edit

51Behold, I tell you a mystery: We shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed – 52in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trumpet. For the trumpet will sound, and the dead will be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed. 53For this corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal must put on immortality.

— 1 Corinthians 15:51–53, New King James Version[64]

Verses 51–53 emphasise that through the power of Jesus Christ "Death is swallowed up in victory" (verse 54). Referring to a verse in the Book of Hosea (13:14), Paul asks: "O death where is thy sting? O grave where is thy victory?" (verse 55), thus equating sin with death and the Judaic Law, which have now been conquered and superseded by the victory of Christ.

Uses edit

Church edit

The Catechism of the Catholic Church refers to 1 Corinthians 15:

FATHER, [...] this is eternal life, that they may know you, the only true God, and Jesus Christ whom you have sent. 1 God our Savior desires all men to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth. 2 There is no other name under heaven given among men by which we must be saved 3 than the name of JESUS.[65]

Readings from the text are used at funerals in the Catholic Church, where mourners are assured of the "sure and certain expectation of the resurrection to a better life".[66]

Literature edit

In the book Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows by J. K. Rowling, the inscription on the headstone of Harry Potter's parents has the engraving of the words: "The last enemy that shall be destroyed is death".[67] This is taken from the King James Version of 1 Corinthians 15:26.[68][69]

Music edit

The King James Version of verses 20–22 and 51–57 from this chapter is cited as texts in the English-language oratorio "Messiah" by George Frideric Handel (HWV 56).[70]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Early kerygma:
    • Neufeld, The Earliest Christian Confessions (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964) p. 47;
    • Reginald Fuller, The Formation of the Resurrection Narratives (New York: Macmillan, 1971) p. 10 (ISBN 0-281-02475-8);
    • Wolfhart Pannenberg, Jesus – God and Man translated Lewis Wilkins and Duane Pribe (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1968) p. 90 (ISBN 0-664-20818-5);
    • Oscar Cullmann, The Early Church: Studies in Early Christian History and Theology, ed. A. J. B. Higgins (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1966) p. 64;
    • Hans Conzelmann, 1 Corinthians, translated James W. Leitch (Philadelphia: Fortress 1975) p. 251 (ISBN 0-8006-6005-6);
    • Bultmann, Theology of the New Testament vol. 1 pp. 45, 80–82, 293;
    • R. E. Brown, The Virginal Conception and Bodily Resurrection of Jesus (New York: Paulist Press, 1973) pp. 81, 92 (ISBN 0-8091-1768-1)
  2. ^ Geza Vermes states that the words of Paul are "a tradition he has inherited from his seniors in the faith concerning the death, burial and resurrection of Jesus".[5] According to others, Paul's account is "a sacred tradition,"[6] contained in "the oldest strata of tradition"[7] using "the explicit language of oral transmission."[8]
  3. ^ a b Ancient creed:
    • Wolfhart Pannenberg, Jesus – God and Man translated Lewis Wilkins and Duane Pribe (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1968) p. 90;
    • Oscar Cullmann, The Early church: Studies in Early Christian History and Theology, ed. A. J. B. Higgins (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1966) p. 66;
    • R. E. Brown, The Virginal Conception and Bodily Resurrection of Jesus (New York: Paulist Press, 1973) p. 81;
    • Thomas Sheehan, First Coming: How the Kingdom of God Became Christianity (New York: Random House, 1986) pp. 110, 118;
    • Ulrich Wilckens, Resurrection translated A. M. Stewart (Edinburgh: Saint Andrew, 1977) p. 2
  4. ^ According to Paul's Epistle to the Galatians, he had previously met James the Just and Cephas/Peter, two of the people to who Jesus appeared according to these verses. Galatians 1:18–20: "Then after three years, I went up to Jerusalem to get acquainted with Cephas and stayed with him fifteen days. I saw none of the other apostles – only James, the Lord's brother. I assure you before God that what I am writing you is no lie."
  5. ^ Michael Goulder states that it "goes back at least to what Paul was taught when he was converted, a couple of years after the crucifixion."[10]
  6. ^ Bart Ehrman: "Among scholars I personally know, except for evangelicals, I don't now anyone who thinks this at all. And for a good reason: Paul never says he got this creed from Peter and James three years after his conversion. Doesn't even suggest it."[15]
  7. ^ Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown (1871) comment: "which I ... received — from Christ Himself by special revelation (compare 1Co 11:23)."[24] 1 Corinthians 11:23: "For I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered unto you, That the Lord Jesus the same night in which he was betrayed took bread..."
  8. ^ The worship of God as expressed in the phrase "call upon the name of the Lord [Yahweh]" was also applied to Jesus, invocating his name "in corporate worship and in the wider devotional pattern of Christian believers (e.g., baptism, exorcism, healing)."[27]
  9. ^ These visions may mostly have appeared during corporate worship.[30] Johan Leman contends that the communal meals provided a context in which participants entered a state of mind in which the presence of Jesus was felt.[31]
  10. ^ See Herald Gandi (2018), The Resurrection: "According to the Scriptures"?, referring to Isaiah 53, among others.
  11. ^ See Why was Resurrection on "the Third Day"? Two Insights for explanations on the phrase "third day." See also 2 Kings 20:8: "Hezekiah said to Isaiah, "What shall be the sign that the Lord will heal me, and that I shall go up to the house of the Lord on the third day?"" According to Sheehan, Paul's reference to Jesus having risen "on the third day [...] simply expresses the belief that Jesus was rescued from the fate of utter absence from God (death) and was admitted to the saving presence of God (the eschatological future)."[41]

References edit

  1. ^ "P123 (P. Oxy. 4844). Liste Handschriften DocID: 10123". Münster: Institute for New Testament Textual Research. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
  2. ^ "016 (Smithsonian Institution, Freer Gallery of Art F1906.275). Liste Handschriften DocID: 20016". Münster: Institute for New Testament Textual Research. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
  3. ^ 1 Corinthians 15:1–2
  4. ^ 1 Corinthians 15:3–7, NRSV
  5. ^ Geza Vermes (2008) The Resurrection. London, Penguin: 121–2 (ISBN 0-7394-9969-6; ISBN 978-0-14-103005-0)
  6. ^ Larry W. Hurtado (2005). Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-8028-3167-5.
  7. ^ Dale Moody (1987). Robert L. Perkins (ed.). Perspectives on Scripture and Tradition: Essays in Honor of Dale Moody. Mercer University Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-86554-305-8.
  8. ^ Donald Hagner (2012). "Part 2.7. The Origin and Reliability of the Gospel Tradition". The New Testament: A Historical and Theological Introduction. Baker Books. ISBN 978-1-4412-4040-8.
  9. ^ Hans Grass, Ostergeschen und Osterberichte, Second Edition (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1962) p. 96; Grass favors the origin in Damascus.
  10. ^ Michael Goulder (1996). The Baseless Fabric of a Vision (as quoted in Gavin D'Costa's Resurrection Reconsidered, p. 48).
  11. ^ Wolfhart Pannenberg, Jesus – God and Man translated Lewis Wilkins and Duane Pribe (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1968) p. 90
  12. ^ R. E. Brown, The Virginal Conception and Bodily Resurrection of Jesus (New York: Paulist Press, 1973) pp. 81, 92 (ISBN 0-8091-1768-1)
  13. ^ Hans Conzelmann, 1 Corinthians, translated James W. Leitch (Philadelphia: Fortress 1975) p. 251 (ISBN 0-8006-6005-6
  14. ^ a b c Price (1995).
  15. ^ a b Bart Ehrman, as quoted at Bart Ehrman: Most Scholars Doubt the Early Creed Was Written Within 3-6 Years of Jesus' Death
  16. ^ Gerd Lüdemann (1994). The Resurrection of Jesus. p. 38.
  17. ^ MacGregor, Kirk R. (2006). "1 Corinthians 15:3b–6a, 7 and the Bodily Resurrection of Jesus". Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society. 49 (2): 225–34.
  18. ^ Francis J. Beckwith; William Lane Craig; J. P. Moreland, eds. (2009). To Everyone an Answer: A Case for the Christian Worldview. InterVarsity Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-8308-7750-8.
  19. ^ N.T. Wright (5 April 2016). "Early Traditions and the Origins of Christianity". NTWrightPage.
  20. ^ Detering (2003).
  21. ^ Sturdy (2007).
  22. ^ Loke (2020), p. "Sturdy (2007, p. 64)".
  23. ^ Smith (2022), p. 176.
  24. ^ Robert Jamieson; Andrew Robert Fausset; David Brown (1871). Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible.
  25. ^ Hurtado 2005, p. 181.
  26. ^ Hurtado 2005, p. 179.
  27. ^ Hurtado 2005, p. 181-182.
  28. ^ Hurtado 2005, pp. 64–65, 181, 184–185.
  29. ^ Hurtado 2005, pp. 72–73.
  30. ^ Hurtado 2005, p. 73.
  31. ^ Leman 2015, pp. 168–169.
  32. ^ Hurtado 2005, p. 184.
  33. ^ Hurtado 2005, p. 53.
  34. ^ Hurtado 2005, pp. 53–54.
  35. ^ Hurtado 2005, pp. 72–73, 185.
  36. ^ Hurtado 2005, p. 131.
  37. ^ Isaiah 53:4–11
  38. ^ Isaiah 53:4–11
  39. ^ 4 Maccabees 6:28–29
  40. ^ Vermes 2012, pp. 101–102.
  41. ^ Sheehan 1986, p. 112.
  42. ^ Lüdemann & Özen 1996, p. 73.
  43. ^ Hosea 6:1–2
  44. ^ 1 Corinthians 15:8–11 NRSV
  45. ^ 1 Corinthians 15:12–19
  46. ^ 1 Corinthians 15:17 KJV
  47. ^ 1 Corinthians 15:26: KJV
  48. ^ Meyer, H. A. W. (1880), Meyer's NT Commentary on 1 Corinthians 15, translated from the German sixth edition, accessed 26 November 2023
  49. ^ 1 Corinthians 15:27
  50. ^ a b Kirkpatrick, A. F. (1901). The Book of Psalms: with Introduction and Notes. The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. Vol. Book IV and V: Psalms XC-CL. Cambridge: At the University Press. p. 838. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  51. ^ 1 Corinthians 15:29 NKJV
  52. ^ "What does 1 Corinthians 15:29 mean?". BibleRef.com. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  53. ^ Teignmouth Shore, Ellicott's Commentary for Modern Readers on 1 Corinthians 15, accessed 12 April 2017
  54. ^ Jerusalem Bible (1966), note at 1 Corinthians 15:29
  55. ^ LCMS Frequently Asked Questions: Other Denominations, Lutheran Church, Missouri Synod
  56. ^ Vatican Warns of Mormon 'Baptism of the Dead', Catholic Online, retrieved July 3, 2016
  57. ^ . United Methodist Church. Archived from the original on 2016-08-19. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  58. ^ 1 Corinthians 15:33–34 NKJV
  59. ^ The Ecclesiastical History of Socrates ... , London: George Bell, 1897. book III, chapter 16, verse 114, page 194. See also the introductory essay to Samson Agonistes by John Milton, Of that sort of Dramatic Poem which is call'd Tragedy 2015-12-08 at the Wayback Machine.
  60. ^ Commentarium ad Titum 100.1
  61. ^ Hans Conzelmann (1975). 1 Corinthians: A Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians. James W. Leach (translator). Philadelphia: Fortress Press. pp. 278–279 fn 132. ISBN 0-8006-6005-6.
  62. ^ Loeb Classical Library Euripides VIII, fragment 1024
  63. ^ E.P. Sanders (1991) Paul. Oxford University Press: 29–30 (ISBN 0-19-287679-1). For a homiletic application, see "When I Get to the End of the Way" (References).
  64. ^ 1 Corinthians 15:51–53 NKJV
  65. ^ "Prologue". Catechism of the Catholic Church. Vatican. Retrieved 2014-08-14.
  66. ^ Catholic Church. (1998). Lectionary for mass, second typical edition, introduction (Liturgy documentary series, 1). Washington, D.C.: United States Catholic Conference.
  67. ^ Rowling, J. K. (2007). Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. Vol. Book 7 (illustrated ed.). Arthur A. Levine Books. pp. 328. ISBN 978-0-545-01022-1.
  68. ^ Garcia, Elena (19 October 2007). "Harry Potter author reveals books' Christian allegory, her struggling faith". Christian Today. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
  69. ^ Egerton, Joe (26 November 2010). "From Harry Potter to Jesus Christ". Thinking Faith. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  70. ^ Block, Daniel I. (2001). "Handel's Messiah: Biblical and Theological Perspectives" (PDF). Didaskalia. 12 (2). Retrieved 19 July 2011.

Sources edit

Printed sources
  • Detering, Hermann (2003). Translated by Darrell Daughty. "The Falsified Paul" (PDF). Journal of Higher Criticism. 10 (2): 3–199.
  • Hurtado, Larry (2005). Lord Jesus Christ. Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity. Eerdmans.
  • Leman, Johan (2015). Van totem tot verrezen Heer. Een historisch-antropologisch verhaal. Pelckmans.
  • Loke, Andrew (2020). Investigating the Resurrection of Jesus Christ: A New Transdisciplinary Approach. Routledge.
  • Lüdemann, Gerd; Özen, Alf (1996). De opstanding van Jezus. Een historische benadering (Was mit Jesus wirklich geschah. Die Auferstehung historisch betrachtet / The Resurrection of Christ: A Historical Inquiry). The Have/Averbode.
  • Sheehan, Thomas (1986). First Coming: How the Kingdom of God Became Christianity. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-51198-6.
  • Price, Robert M. (1995). "Apocryphal Apparitions: 1 Corinthians 15:3–11 as a Post-Pauline Interpolation". Journal of Higher Criticism. 2 (2): 69–99.
  • Smith, David Oliver (2022). The Pauline Letters: A Rhetorical Analysis. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
  • Sturdy, John (2007). Redrawing the Boundaries: The Date of Early Christian Literature. Equinox Pub. Limited.
  • Vermes, Geza (2012). Christian Beginnings: From Nazareth to Nicaea, AD 30-325. Penguin.
Web-sources
  1. ^ James F. McGrath (2007), What's Wrong With Penal Substitution?

External links edit

  • 1 Corinthians 15 King James Bible - Wikisource
  • English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate 2019-06-17 at the Wayback Machine
  • Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
  • Multiple bible versions at Bible Gateway (NKJV, NIV, NRSV etc.)
  • A Refresher Course on the Resurrection of the Dead

December 15, 2023
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The last trump redirects here For the fictional short story see The Last Trump This article uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them Please help improve this article January 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message 1 Corinthians 15 is the fifteenth chapter of the First Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Sosthenes in Ephesus The first eleven verses contain the earliest account of the post resurrection appearances of Jesus in the New Testament The rest of the chapter stresses the primacy of the resurrection for Christianity 1 Corinthians 15 chapter 14chapter 16 1 Corinthians 7 33 8 4 in Papyrus 15 written in the 3rd centuryBookFirst Epistle to the CorinthiansCategoryPauline epistlesChristian Bible partNew TestamentOrder in the Christian part7Resurrection of the Flesh c 1500 by Luca Signorelli based on 1 Corinthians 15 52 the trumpet shall sound and the dead shall be raised incorruptible and we shall be changed Chapel of San Brizio Duomo Orvieto Contents 1 Text 1 1 Textual witnesses 2 Kerygma of the death and resurrection of Jesus 15 1 11 2 1 Verses 1 2 2 2 Verses 3 7 2 2 1 The resurrection kerygma 2 2 2 Origins of the kerygma 2 2 3 Meaning and background 2 2 3 1 Raised from the dead according to the scriptures 2 2 3 2 Died for our sins 2 2 3 3 Raised on the third day 2 3 Verses 8 11 3 Resurrection of the dead 15 12 58 3 1 Jesus and the believers 15 12 19 3 1 1 Verse 17 3 2 Verses 20 28 the last enemy 3 2 1 Verse 27 3 3 Verse 29 baptism for the dead 3 4 Be not deceived 15 33 34 3 5 Resurrection of the body 15 35 58 3 5 1 Verses 51 53 4 Uses 4 1 Church 4 2 Literature 4 3 Music 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Sources 9 External linksText editThe original text was written in Koine Greek This chapter is divided into 58 verses Textual witnesses edit Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are Codex Vaticanus 325 350 Codex Sinaiticus 330 360 Papyrus 123 4th century extant verses 3 6 1 Codex Alexandrinus 400 440 Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus c 450 extant verses 41 58 Codex Freerianus c 450 extant verses 3 15 27 28 38 39 49 50 2 Codex Claromontanus c 550 Kerygma of the death and resurrection of Jesus 15 1 11 editFurther information Kerygma and Servant songs Verses 1 2 edit Now I want you to understand brothers and sisters the good news that I proclaimed to you which you in turn received in which also you stand 2 through which also you are being saved if you hold firmly to the message that I proclaimed to you unless you have come to believe in vain 1 Corinthians 15 1 2 New Revised Standard Version 3 Verses 3 7 edit The resurrection kerygma edit Main articles Salvation in Christianity and Resurrection of Jesus 3 For I handed on to you as of first importance what I in turn had received that Christ died for our sins in accordance with the scriptures 4 and that he was buried and that he was raised on the third day in accordance with the scriptures 5 and that he appeared to Cephas then to the twelve 6 Then he appeared to more than five hundred brothers and sisters at one time most of whom are still alive though some have died 7 Then he appeared to James then to all the apostles 1 Corinthians 15 3 7 New Revised Standard Version 4 Origins of the kerygma edit See also List of Christian creeds The kerygma of death burial resurrection and appearance and the specific appearances to Peter and the Twelve in verses 3 5 are assumed to be an early pre Pauline kerygma or creedal statement note 1 Biblical scholars note the antiquity of the creed note 2 possibly transmitted from the Jerusalem apostolic community note 3 note 4 though the core formula may have originated in Damascus 9 with the specific appearances reflecting the Jerusalem community note 5 It may be one of the earliest kerygmas about Jesus death and resurrection though it is also possible that Paul himself joined together the various statements as proposed by Urich Wilckens 11 It is also possible that he appeared was not specified in the core formula and that the specific appearances are additions 12 According to Hannack line 3b 4 form the original core while line 5 and line 7 contain competing statements from two different factions 13 Prive also argues that line 5 and line 7 reflect the tensions between Petrus and James 14 The kerygma has often been dated to no more than five years after Jesus death by Biblical scholars note 3 though Bart Ehrman states Among scholars I personally know except for evangelicals I don t now sic anyone who thinks this at all 15 note 6 Gerd Ludemann maintains that the elements in the tradition are to be dated to the first two years after the crucifixion of Jesus not later than three years 16 For orthodox Christians the resurrection believed by them to be a physical resurrection is the central event of the Christian faith While the authenticity of line 6a and 7 is disputed MacGregor argues that linguistic analysis suggests that the version received by Paul seems to have included verses 3b 6a and 7 17 According to Christian apolgist Gary R Habermas in Corinthians 15 3 8 Paul records an ancient oral tradition s that summarizes the content of the Christian gospel 18 N T Wright describes it as the very early tradition that was common to all Christians 19 In dissent from the majority view Robert M Price 14 Hermann Detering 20 John V M Sturdy 21 22 and David Oliver Smith 23 have each argued that 1 Corinthians 15 3 7 is a later interpolation According to Price the text is not an early Christian creed written within five years of Jesus death nor did Paul write these verses In his assessment this was an Interpolation possibly dating to the beginning of the 2nd century Price states that The pair of words in verse 3a received delivered paralambanein paradidonai is as has often been pointed out technical language for the handing on of rabbinical tradition so it would contradict Paul s account of his conversion given in Galatians 1 13 24 which explicitly says that Paul had been taught the gospel of Christ by Jesus himself not by any other man 14 note 7 Meaning and background edit Raised from the dead according to the scriptures edit According to Larry Hurtado soon after his death Jesus followers believed he was raised from the dead by God and exalted to divine status as Lord Kyrios at God s right hand 25 which associates him in astonishing ways with God 26 note 8 According to Larry Hurtado powerful religious experiences were an indispensable factor in the emergence of this Christ devotion 28 Those experiences seem to have included visions of and or ascents to God s heaven in which the glorified Christ was seen in an exalted position 29 note 9 Those experiences were interpreted in the framework of God s redemptive purposes as reflected in the scriptures in a dynamic interaction between devout prayerful searching for and pondering over scriptural texts and continuing powerful religious experiences 32 This initiated a new devotional pattern unprecedented in Jewish monotheism that is the worship of Jesus next to God 33 giving a central place to Jesus because his ministry and its consequences had a strong impact on his early followers 34 They were persuaded that this devotion was required by God through revelations including those visions but also by inspired and unprompted speech and charismatic exegesis of the Jewish scriptures 35 Died for our sins edit In the Jerusalem ekklesia from which Paul may have received this creed the phrase died for our sins probably was an apologetic rationale for the death of Jesus as being part of God s plan and purpose as evidenced in the scriptures 36 The phrase died for our sins was derived from Isaiah especially Isaiah 53 4 11 37 note 10 and Maccabees 4 especially 4 Maccabees 6 28 29 web 1 Surely our diseases he did bear and our pains he carried whereas we did esteem him stricken smitten of God and afflicted But he was wounded because of our transgressions he was crushed because of our iniquities the chastisement of our welfare was upon him and with his stripes we were healed All we like sheep did go astray we turned every one to his own way and the LORD hath made to light on him the iniquity of us all He was oppressed though he humbled himself and opened not his mouth as a lamb that is led to the slaughter and as a sheep that before her shearers is dumb yea he opened not his mouth By oppression and judgment he was taken away and with his generation who did reason for he was cut off out of the land of the living for the transgression of my people to whom the stroke was due And they made his grave with the wicked and with the rich his tomb although he had done no violence neither was any deceit in his mouth Yet it pleased the LORD to crush him by disease to see if his soul would offer itself in restitution that he might see his seed prolong his days and that the purpose of the LORD might prosper by his hand Of the travail of his soul he shall see to the full even My servant who by his knowledge did justify the Righteous One to the many and their iniquities he did bear Isaiah 53 4 11 Hebrew English translation 38 Be merciful to your people and let our punishment suffice for them Make my blood their purification and take my life in exchange for theirs 4 Maccabees 6 28 29 New Revised Standard Version 39 According to Geza Vermes for Paul 1 Corinthians 15 3 may have referred to Genesis 22 narrating the Binding of Isaac in which Abraham is willing to sacrifice Isaac his only son obeying to the will of God 40 Raised on the third day edit Raised on the third day note 11 is derived from Hosea 6 1 2 42 and Jonah Come and let us return unto the LORD for He hath torn and He will heal us He hath smitten and He will bind us up After two days will He revive us on the third day He will raise us up that we may live in His presence Hosea 6 1 2 Hebrew English translation 43 Matthew 12 38 42 For just as Jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of the great fish so will the Son of Man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth Verses 8 11 edit This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it September 2022 8 Last of all as to one untimely born he appeared also to me 9 For I am the least of the apostles unfit to be called an apostle because I persecuted the church of God 10 But by the grace of God I am what I am and his grace toward me has not been in vain On the contrary I worked harder than any of them though it was not I but the grace of God that is with me 11 Whether then it was I or they so we proclaim and so you believed 1 Corinthians 15 8 11 New Revised Standard Version 44 Resurrection of the dead 15 12 58 editJesus and the believers 15 12 19 edit In verses 12 19 Paul in response to some expressed doubts of the Corinthian congregation whom he is addressing in the letter adduces the fundamental importance of the resurrection as a Christian doctrine Through those verses Paul is stressing the importance of the resurrection of Jesus Christ and its relevance to the core of Christianity Paul rebukes the church at Corinth by saying that if Jesus did not resurrect after the crucifixion then there is no point in the Christian faith 45 Verse 17 edit And if Christ be not raised your faith is vain ye are yet in your sins 1 Corinthians 15 17 King James Version 46 Verses 20 28 the last enemy edit In verses 20 28 Paul states that Christ raised from the dead will return in power and put his enemies under his feet verse 25 even death the last enemy shall be destroyed The last enemy that shall be destroyed is death 47 For Heinrich Meyer the designation of death as the last enemy means that its removal takes place after the removal of Christ s other enemies 48 Verse 27 edit 1 Corinthians 15 27 49 refers to Psalm 8 6 50 Ephesians 1 22 also refers to this verse of Psalm 8 50 Verse 29 baptism for the dead edit Otherwise what will they do who are baptized for the dead if the dead do not rise at all Why then are they baptized for the dead 1 Corinthians 15 29 New King James Version 51 Verse 29 suggests that there existed a practice at Corinth whereby a living person would be baptized instead of some convert who had recently died 52 Teignmouth Shore writing in Ellicott s Commentary for Modern Readers notes that among the numerous and ingenious conjectures about this passage the only tenable interpretation is that there existed a practice of baptising a living person to substitute those who had died before that sacrament could have been administered in Corinth as also existed among the Marcionites in the second century or still earlier than that among a sect called the Corinthians 53 The Jerusalem Bible states that What this practice was is unknown Paul does not say if he approved of it or not he uses it merely for an ad hominem argument 54 The Latter Day Saint movement interprets this passage to support the practice of baptism for the dead This principle of vicarious work for the dead is an important work of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints in the dispensation of the fulness of times This interpretation is rejected by other denominations of Christianity 55 56 57 Be not deceived 15 33 34 edit 33Do not be deceived Evil company corrupts good habits 34Awake to righteousness and do not sin for some do not have the knowledge of God I speak this to your shame 1 Corinthians 15 33 34 New King James Version 58 Verse 33 contains a quotation from classical Greek literature According to the church historian Socrates of Constantinople 59 it is taken from a Greek tragedy of Euripides but modern scholarship following Jerome 60 attributes it to the comedy Thaĩs by Menander or Menander quoting Euripides It might not have been a direct quote by Paul This saying was widely known as a familiar quotation 61 Whatever the case may be this quote does seem to appear in one of the fragments of Euripides works 62 Resurrection of the body 15 35 58 edit nbsp The Last Trump illumination by Facundus 1047 Madrid Biblioteca Nacional de Espana The chapter closes with an account of the nature of the resurrection that in the Last Judgement the dead will be raised and both the living and the dead transformed into spiritual bodies verse 44 63 Verses 51 53 edit 51Behold I tell you a mystery We shall not all sleep but we shall all be changed 52in a moment in the twinkling of an eye at the last trumpet For the trumpet will sound and the dead will be raised incorruptible and we shall be changed 53For this corruptible must put on incorruption and this mortal must put on immortality 1 Corinthians 15 51 53 New King James Version 64 Verses 51 53 emphasise that through the power of Jesus Christ Death is swallowed up in victory verse 54 Referring to a verse in the Book of Hosea 13 14 Paul asks O death where is thy sting O grave where is thy victory verse 55 thus equating sin with death and the Judaic Law which have now been conquered and superseded by the victory of Christ Uses editChurch edit The Catechism of the Catholic Church refers to 1 Corinthians 15 FATHER this is eternal life that they may know you the only true God and Jesus Christ whom you have sent 1 God our Savior desires all men to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth 2 There is no other name under heaven given among men by which we must be saved 3 than the name of JESUS 65 Readings from the text are used at funerals in the Catholic Church where mourners are assured of the sure and certain expectation of the resurrection to a better life 66 Literature edit In the book Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows by J K Rowling the inscription on the headstone of Harry Potter s parents has the engraving of the words The last enemy that shall be destroyed is death 67 This is taken from the King James Version of 1 Corinthians 15 26 68 69 Music edit The King James Version of verses 20 22 and 51 57 from this chapter is cited as texts in the English language oratorio Messiah by George Frideric Handel HWV 56 70 See also editCommentary on the Apocalypse Resurrection of Jesus Related Bible parts Genesis 2 Romans 5 Romans 6 Galatians 1Notes edit Early kerygma Neufeld The Earliest Christian Confessions Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1964 p 47 Reginald Fuller The Formation of the Resurrection Narratives New York Macmillan 1971 p 10 ISBN 0 281 02475 8 Wolfhart Pannenberg Jesus God and Man translated Lewis Wilkins and Duane Pribe Philadelphia Westminster 1968 p 90 ISBN 0 664 20818 5 Oscar Cullmann The Early Church Studies in Early Christian History and Theology ed A J B Higgins Philadelphia Westminster 1966 p 64 Hans Conzelmann 1 Corinthians translated James W Leitch Philadelphia Fortress 1975 p 251 ISBN 0 8006 6005 6 Bultmann Theology of the New Testament vol 1 pp 45 80 82 293 R E Brown The Virginal Conception and Bodily Resurrection of Jesus New York Paulist Press 1973 pp 81 92 ISBN 0 8091 1768 1 Geza Vermes states that the words of Paul are a tradition he has inherited from his seniors in the faith concerning the death burial and resurrection of Jesus 5 According to others Paul s account is a sacred tradition 6 contained in the oldest strata of tradition 7 using the explicit language of oral transmission 8 a b Ancient creed Wolfhart Pannenberg Jesus God and Man translated Lewis Wilkins and Duane Pribe Philadelphia Westminster 1968 p 90 Oscar Cullmann The Early church Studies in Early Christian History and Theology ed A J B Higgins Philadelphia Westminster 1966 p 66 R E Brown The Virginal Conception and Bodily Resurrection of Jesus New York Paulist Press 1973 p 81 Thomas Sheehan First Coming How the Kingdom of God Became Christianity New York Random House 1986 pp 110 118 Ulrich Wilckens Resurrection translated A M Stewart Edinburgh Saint Andrew 1977 p 2 According to Paul s Epistle to the Galatians he had previously met James the Just and Cephas Peter two of the people to who Jesus appeared according to these verses Galatians 1 18 20 Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to get acquainted with Cephas and stayed with him fifteen days I saw none of the other apostles only James the Lord s brother I assure you before God that what I am writing you is no lie Michael Goulder states that it goes back at least to what Paul was taught when he was converted a couple of years after the crucifixion 10 Bart Ehrman Among scholars I personally know except for evangelicals I don t now anyone who thinks this at all And for a good reason Paul never says he got this creed from Peter and James three years after his conversion Doesn t even suggest it 15 Robert Jamieson A R Fausset and David Brown 1871 comment which I received from Christ Himself by special revelation compare 1Co 11 23 24 1 Corinthians 11 23 For I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered unto you That the Lord Jesus the same night in which he was betrayed took bread The worship of God as expressed in the phrase call upon the name of the Lord Yahweh was also applied to Jesus invocating his name in corporate worship and in the wider devotional pattern of Christian believers e g baptism exorcism healing 27 These visions may mostly have appeared during corporate worship 30 Johan Leman contends that the communal meals provided a context in which participants entered a state of mind in which the presence of Jesus was felt 31 See Herald Gandi 2018 The Resurrection According to the Scriptures referring to Isaiah 53 among others See Why was Resurrection on the Third Day Two Insights for explanations on the phrase third day See also 2 Kings 20 8 Hezekiah said to Isaiah What shall be the sign that the Lord will heal me and that I shall go up to the house of the Lord on the third day According to Sheehan Paul s reference to Jesus having risen on the third day simply expresses the belief that Jesus was rescued from the fate of utter absence from God death and was admitted to the saving presence of God the eschatological future 41 References edit P123 P Oxy 4844 Liste Handschriften DocID 10123 Munster Institute for New Testament Textual Research Retrieved 29 March 2019 016 Smithsonian Institution Freer Gallery of Art F1906 275 Liste Handschriften DocID 20016 Munster Institute for New Testament Textual Research Retrieved 29 March 2019 1 Corinthians 15 1 2 1 Corinthians 15 3 7 NRSV Geza Vermes 2008 The Resurrection London Penguin 121 2 ISBN 0 7394 9969 6 ISBN 978 0 14 103005 0 Larry W Hurtado 2005 Lord Jesus Christ Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity Wm B Eerdmans Publishing p 71 ISBN 978 0 8028 3167 5 Dale Moody 1987 Robert L Perkins ed Perspectives on Scripture and Tradition Essays in Honor of Dale Moody Mercer University Press p 109 ISBN 978 0 86554 305 8 Donald Hagner 2012 Part 2 7 The Origin and Reliability of the Gospel Tradition The New Testament A Historical and Theological Introduction Baker Books ISBN 978 1 4412 4040 8 Hans Grass Ostergeschen und Osterberichte Second Edition Gottingen Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht 1962 p 96 Grass favors the origin in Damascus Michael Goulder 1996 The Baseless Fabric of a Vision as quoted in Gavin D Costa s Resurrection Reconsidered p 48 Wolfhart Pannenberg Jesus God and Man translated Lewis Wilkins and Duane Pribe Philadelphia Westminster 1968 p 90 R E Brown The Virginal Conception and Bodily Resurrection of Jesus New York Paulist Press 1973 pp 81 92 ISBN 0 8091 1768 1 Hans Conzelmann 1 Corinthians translated James W Leitch Philadelphia Fortress 1975 p 251 ISBN 0 8006 6005 6 a b c Price 1995 a b Bart Ehrman as quoted at Bart Ehrman Most Scholars Doubt the Early Creed Was Written Within 3 6 Years of Jesus Death Gerd Ludemann 1994 The Resurrection of Jesus p 38 MacGregor Kirk R 2006 1 Corinthians 15 3b 6a 7 and the Bodily Resurrection of Jesus Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 49 2 225 34 Francis J Beckwith William Lane Craig J P Moreland eds 2009 To Everyone an Answer A Case for the Christian Worldview InterVarsity Press p 182 ISBN 978 0 8308 7750 8 N T Wright 5 April 2016 Early Traditions and the Origins of Christianity NTWrightPage Detering 2003 Sturdy 2007 Loke 2020 p Sturdy 2007 p 64 Smith 2022 p 176 Robert Jamieson Andrew Robert Fausset David Brown 1871 Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible Hurtado 2005 p 181 Hurtado 2005 p 179 Hurtado 2005 p 181 182 Hurtado 2005 pp 64 65 181 184 185 Hurtado 2005 pp 72 73 Hurtado 2005 p 73 Leman 2015 pp 168 169 Hurtado 2005 p 184 Hurtado 2005 p 53 Hurtado 2005 pp 53 54 Hurtado 2005 pp 72 73 185 Hurtado 2005 p 131 Isaiah 53 4 11 Isaiah 53 4 11 4 Maccabees 6 28 29 Vermes 2012 pp 101 102 Sheehan 1986 p 112 Ludemann amp Ozen 1996 p 73 Hosea 6 1 2 1 Corinthians 15 8 11 NRSV 1 Corinthians 15 12 19 1 Corinthians 15 17 KJV 1 Corinthians 15 26 KJV Meyer H A W 1880 Meyer s NT Commentary on 1 Corinthians 15 translated from the German sixth edition accessed 26 November 2023 1 Corinthians 15 27 a b Kirkpatrick A F 1901 The Book of Psalms with Introduction and Notes The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges Vol Book IV and V Psalms XC CL Cambridge At the University Press p 838 Retrieved February 28 2019 1 Corinthians 15 29 NKJV What does 1 Corinthians 15 29 mean BibleRef com Retrieved 2023 01 18 Teignmouth Shore Ellicott s Commentary for Modern Readers on 1 Corinthians 15 accessed 12 April 2017 Jerusalem Bible 1966 note at 1 Corinthians 15 29 LCMS Frequently Asked Questions Other Denominations Lutheran Church Missouri Synod Vatican Warns of Mormon Baptism of the Dead Catholic Online retrieved July 3 2016 Receive Guidelines for Ministering to Mormons Who Seek to Become United Methodists United Methodist Church Archived from the original on 2016 08 19 Retrieved July 3 2016 1 Corinthians 15 33 34 NKJV The Ecclesiastical History of Socrates London George Bell 1897 book III chapter 16 verse 114 page 194 See also the introductory essay to Samson Agonistes by John Milton Of that sort of Dramatic Poem which is call d Tragedy Archived 2015 12 08 at the Wayback Machine Commentarium ad Titum 100 1 Hans Conzelmann 1975 1 Corinthians A Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians James W Leach translator Philadelphia Fortress Press pp 278 279 fn 132 ISBN 0 8006 6005 6 Loeb Classical Library Euripides VIII fragment 1024 E P Sanders 1991 Paul Oxford University Press 29 30 ISBN 0 19 287679 1 For a homiletic application see When I Get to the End of the Way References 1 Corinthians 15 51 53 NKJV Prologue Catechism of the Catholic Church Vatican Retrieved 2014 08 14 Catholic Church 1998 Lectionary for mass second typical edition introduction Liturgy documentary series 1 Washington D C United States Catholic Conference Rowling J K 2007 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Vol Book 7 illustrated ed Arthur A Levine Books pp 328 ISBN 978 0 545 01022 1 Garcia Elena 19 October 2007 Harry Potter author reveals books Christian allegory her struggling faith Christian Today Retrieved 6 February 2011 Egerton Joe 26 November 2010 From Harry Potter to Jesus Christ Thinking Faith Retrieved 7 April 2019 Block Daniel I 2001 Handel s Messiah Biblical and Theological Perspectives PDF Didaskalia 12 2 Retrieved 19 July 2011 Sources editPrinted sourcesDetering Hermann 2003 Translated by Darrell Daughty The Falsified Paul PDF Journal of Higher Criticism 10 2 3 199 Hurtado Larry 2005 Lord Jesus Christ Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity Eerdmans Leman Johan 2015 Van totem tot verrezen Heer Een historisch antropologisch verhaal Pelckmans Loke Andrew 2020 Investigating the Resurrection of Jesus Christ A New Transdisciplinary Approach Routledge Ludemann Gerd Ozen Alf 1996 De opstanding van Jezus Een historische benadering Was mit Jesus wirklich geschah Die Auferstehung historisch betrachtet The Resurrection of Christ A Historical Inquiry The Have Averbode Sheehan Thomas 1986 First Coming How the Kingdom of God Became Christianity New York Random House ISBN 978 0 394 51198 6 Price Robert M 1995 Apocryphal Apparitions 1 Corinthians 15 3 11 as a Post Pauline Interpolation Journal of Higher Criticism 2 2 69 99 Smith David Oliver 2022 The Pauline Letters A Rhetorical Analysis Wipf and Stock Publishers Sturdy John 2007 Redrawing the Boundaries The Date of Early Christian Literature Equinox Pub Limited Vermes Geza 2012 Christian Beginnings From Nazareth to Nicaea AD 30 325 Penguin Web sources James F McGrath 2007 What s Wrong With Penal Substitution External links edit1 Corinthians 15 King James Bible Wikisource English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate Archived 2019 06 17 at the Wayback Machine Online Bible at GospelHall org ESV KJV Darby American Standard Version Bible in Basic English Multiple bible versions at Bible Gateway NKJV NIV NRSV etc A Refresher Course on the Resurrection of the Dead Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1 Corinthians 15 amp oldid 1186905864 Verses 3 7, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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