Wikipedia
1980 United States presidential election in Mississippi
The 1980 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place on November 4, 1980. All fifty states and The District of Columbia were part of the 1980 United States presidential election. Mississippi voters chose seven electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
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County Results
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Campaign Edit
Both major party candidates targeted the state,[1] with Governor William F. Winter giving incumbent president and Democratic candidate Jimmy Carter extensive support — support that had not been given to a Democratic nominee since Adlai Stevenson II during the 1950s.[2] Mississippi, alongside Alabama, Florida and Texas, was a key state in Reagan’s plan to win the presidency by eating into Carter’s 1976 Southern support,[3] especially as Carter’s Baptist identity held less weight than it had in 1976.[4]
Philadelphia, notorious for the 1964 murder of three civil rights workers, was where Reagan began his campaign with a proclamation of “states’ rights” frequently compared with George Wallace’s 1968 campaign,[5] which had won over five-eighths of Mississippi’s total vote and over four-fifths of the white vote.[6] Late in September, the state would be the target of simultaneous campaigning by Jimmy Carter’s mother Lilian, and simultaneously by Republican nominee, California Governor Ronald Reagan.[7] Later in the campaign, however, Governor Winter issued a severe criticism of Reagan’s campaign for failing to debate agricultural policy.[8]
62% of white voters supported Reagan while 35% supported Carter.[9][10]
Predictions Edit
| Source | Rating | As of |
|---|---|---|
| Bristol Herald Courier[11] | Lean R (Flip) | October 5, 1980 |
| Kansas City Star[12] | Lean R (Flip) | October 12, 1980 |
| The Clarion-Ledger[13] | Lean R (Flip) | October 26, 1980 |
| The Greenwood Commonwealth[14] | Lean R (Flip) | October 31, 1980 |
| Fort Worth Star-Telegram[15] | Tilt R (Flip) | October 31, 1980 |
| Daily Press[16] | Tossup | November 3, 1980 |
Results Edit
| 1980 United States presidential election in Mississippi[17] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes | |
| Republican | Ronald Reagan | 441,089 | 49.42% | 7 | |
| Democrat | Jimmy Carter (incumbent) | 429,281 | 48.09% | 0 | |
| Independent | John B. Anderson | 12,036 | 1.35% | 0 | |
| Independent | Edward Clark | 5,465 | 0.61% | 0 | |
| Independent | Deirdre Griswold | 2,402 | 0.27% | 0 | |
| Independent | Andrew Pulley | 2,347 | 0.26% | 0 | |
| Totals | 892,620 | 100.0% | 7 | ||
Results by county Edit
| County | Ronald Reagan Republican | Jimmy Carter Democratic | John B. Anderson Independent | Edward E. Clark Independent | Deidre Griswold Independent | Andrew Pulley Independent | Margin | Total votes cast | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
| Adams | 7,523 | 48.97% | 7,228 | 47.05% | 151 | 0.98% | 245 | 1.59% | 166 | 1.08% | 50 | 0.33% | 295 | 1.92% | 15,363 |
| Alcorn | 5,196 | 41.25% | 6,242 | 49.56% | 898 | 7.13% | 119 | 0.94% | 37 | 0.29% | 103 | 0.82% | -1,046 | -8.30% | 12,595 |
| Amite | 2,653 | 44.43% | 3,229 | 54.08% | 43 | 0.72% | 24 | 0.40% | 11 | 0.18% | 11 | 0.18% | -576 | -9.65% | 5,971 |
| Attala | 3,975 | 48.39% | 4,117 | 50.12% | 71 | 0.86% | 27 | 0.33% | 13 | 0.16% | 11 | 0.13% | -142 | -1.73% | 8,214 |
| Benton | 1,254 | 36.59% | 2,094 | 61.10% | 35 | 1.02% | 20 | 0.58% | 13 | 0.38% | 11 | 0.32% | -840 | -24.51% | 3,427 |
| Bolivar | 5,148 | 35.53% | 8,839 | 61.00% | 280 | 1.93% | 110 | 0.76% | 37 | 0.26% | 77 | 0.53% | -3,691 | -25.47% | 14,491 |
| Calhoun | 2,579 | 42.85% | 3,295 | 54.74% | 64 | 1.06% | 44 | 0.73% | 21 | 0.35% | 16 | 0.27% | -716 | -11.90% | 6,019 |
| Carroll | 2,153 | 50.92% | 2,037 | 48.18% | 22 | 0.52% | 11 | 0.26% | 3 | 0.07% | 2 | 0.05% | 116 | 2.74% | 4,228 |
| Chickasaw | 2,540 | 40.13% | 3,622 | 57.23% | 71 | 1.12% | 47 | 0.74% | 28 | 0.44% | 21 | 0.33% | -1,082 | -17.10% | 6,329 |
| Choctaw | 1,927 | 52.15% | 1,729 | 46.79% | 26 | 0.70% | 10 | 0.27% | 2 | 0.05% | 1 | 0.03% | 198 | 5.36% | 3,695 |
| Claiborne | 1,129 | 26.70% | 3,032 | 71.71% | 22 | 0.52% | 22 | 0.52% | 16 | 0.38% | 7 | 0.17% | -1,903 | -45.01% | 4,228 |
| Clarke | 3,303 | 49.14% | 3,303 | 49.14% | 41 | 0.61% | 48 | 0.71% | 17 | 0.25% | 9 | 0.13% | 0 | 0.00% | 6,721 |
| Clay | 3,439 | 43.18% | 4,275 | 53.68% | 124 | 1.56% | 55 | 0.69% | 39 | 0.49% | 32 | 0.40% | -836 | -10.50% | 7,964 |
| Coahoma | 4,592 | 38.22% | 7,030 | 58.51% | 256 | 2.13% | 62 | 0.52% | 38 | 0.32% | 37 | 0.31% | -2,438 | -20.29% | 12,015 |
| Copiah | 4,461 | 43.99% | 5,517 | 54.41% | 76 | 0.75% | 45 | 0.44% | 21 | 0.21% | 20 | 0.20% | -1,056 | -10.41% | 10,140 |
| Covington | 3,471 | 53.15% | 2,956 | 45.26% | 39 | 0.60% | 28 | 0.43% | 20 | 0.31% | 17 | 0.26% | 515 | 7.89% | 6,531 |
| DeSoto | 9,655 | 58.80% | 6,344 | 38.64% | 237 | 1.44% | 103 | 0.63% | 41 | 0.25% | 39 | 0.24% | 3,311 | 20.17% | 16,419 |
| Forrest | 12,656 | 59.34% | 8,274 | 38.80% | 275 | 1.29% | 95 | 0.45% | 17 | 0.08% | 10 | 0.05% | 4,382 | 20.55% | 21,327 |
| Franklin | 2,026 | 49.31% | 2,040 | 49.65% | 23 | 0.56% | 9 | 0.22% | 4 | 0.10% | 7 | 0.17% | -14 | -0.34% | 4,109 |
| George | 3,052 | 51.45% | 2,757 | 46.48% | 64 | 1.08% | 31 | 0.52% | 8 | 0.13% | 20 | 0.34% | 295 | 4.97% | 5,932 |
| Greene | 1,772 | 50.04% | 1,740 | 49.14% | 23 | 0.65% | 5 | 0.14% | 1 | 0.03% | 0 | 0.00% | 32 | 0.90% | 3,541 |
| Grenada | 3,993 | 48.11% | 4,182 | 50.39% | 59 | 0.71% | 38 | 0.46% | 14 | 0.17% | 14 | 0.17% | -189 | -2.28% | 8,300 |
| Hancock | 5,088 | 57.07% | 3,544 | 39.75% | 159 | 1.78% | 51[a] | 0.57% | 25[a] | 0.28% | 28[a] | 0.31% | 1,544 | 17.36% | 8,895 |
| Harrison | 25,175 | 58.70% | 16,318 | 38.05% | 822 | 1.92% | 371 | 0.87% | 81 | 0.19% | 121 | 0.28% | 8,857 | 20.65% | 42,888 |
| Hinds | 48,135 | 53.44% | 39,369 | 43.71% | 1,414 | 1.57% | 623 | 0.69% | 294 | 0.33% | 239 | 0.27% | 8,766 | 9.73% | 90,074 |
| Holmes | 2,693 | 32.31% | 5,463 | 65.54% | 57 | 0.68% | 54 | 0.65% | 39 | 0.47% | 30 | 0.36% | -2,770 | -33.23% | 8,336 |
| Humphreys | 1,841 | 36.67% | 2,970 | 59.16% | 68 | 1.35% | 74 | 1.47% | 37 | 0.74% | 30 | 0.60% | -1,129 | -22.49% | 5,020 |
| Issaquena | 349 | 36.05% | 598 | 61.78% | 5 | 0.52% | 6 | 0.62% | 5 | 0.52% | 5 | 0.52% | -249 | -25.72% | 968 |
| Itawamba | 2,906 | 37.00% | 4,852 | 61.79% | 57 | 0.73% | 26 | 0.33% | 7 | 0.09% | 5 | 0.06% | -1,946 | -24.78% | 7,853 |
| Jackson | 22,498 | 62.57% | 12,226 | 34.00% | 653 | 1.82% | 394 | 1.09% | 100 | 0.28% | 127 | 0.35% | 10,272 | 28.57% | 35,958 |
| Jasper | 2,781 | 41.68% | 3,813 | 57.14% | 34 | 0.51% | 23 | 0.34% | 14 | 0.21% | 8 | 0.12% | -1,032 | -15.47% | 6,673 |
| Jefferson | 751 | 20.17% | 2,871 | 77.09% | 41 | 1.10% | 28 | 0.75% | 15 | 0.40% | 18 | 0.48% | -2,120 | -56.93% | 3,724 |
| Jefferson Davis | 2,280 | 36.85% | 3,831 | 61.92% | 24 | 0.39% | 26 | 0.42% | 19 | 0.31% | 7 | 0.11% | -1,551 | -25.07% | 6,187 |
| Jones | 12,900 | 53.11% | 11,117 | 45.77% | 155 | 0.64% | 60 | 0.25% | 24 | 0.10% | 33 | 0.14% | 1,783 | 7.34% | 24,289 |
| Kemper | 1,822 | 41.05% | 2,601 | 58.59% | 12 | 0.27% | 4 | 0.09% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | -779 | -17.55% | 4,439 |
| Lafayette | 4,366 | 45.62% | 4,887 | 51.06% | 243 | 2.54% | 42 | 0.44% | 19 | 0.20% | 14 | 0.15% | -521 | -5.44% | 9,571 |
| Lamar | 5,395 | 63.13% | 3,005 | 35.16% | 84 | 0.98% | 39 | 0.46% | 13 | 0.15% | 10 | 0.12% | 2,390 | 27.97% | 8,546 |
| Lauderdale | 14,727 | 56.38% | 9,918 | 37.97% | 784 | 3.00% | 438 | 1.68% | 71 | 0.27% | 181 | 0.69% | 4,809 | 18.41% | 26,119 |
| Lawrence | 2,781 | 50.02% | 2,692 | 48.42% | 49 | 0.88% | 22 | 0.40% | 5 | 0.09% | 11 | 0.20% | 89 | 1.60% | 5,560 |
| Leake | 3,624 | 46.83% | 4,033 | 52.12% | 40 | 0.52% | 14 | 0.18% | 15 | 0.19% | 12 | 0.16% | -409 | -5.29% | 7,738 |
| Lee | 8,326 | 44.08% | 10,047 | 53.19% | 321 | 1.70% | 100 | 0.53% | 37 | 0.20% | 58 | 0.31% | -1,721 | -9.11% | 18,889 |
| Leflore | 5,798 | 42.40% | 7,498 | 54.83% | 166 | 1.21% | 83 | 0.61% | 71 | 0.52% | 59 | 0.43% | -1,700 | -12.43% | 13,675 |
| Lincoln | 7,286 | 57.78% | 5,213 | 41.34% | 75 | 0.59% | 19 | 0.15% | 7 | 0.06% | 10 | 0.08% | 2,073 | 16.44% | 12,610 |
| Lowndes | 9,973 | 60.98% | 6,187 | 37.83% | 140 | 0.86% | 45 | 0.28% | 7 | 0.04% | 3 | 0.02% | 3,786 | 23.15% | 16,355 |
| Madison | 6,024 | 42.91% | 7,621 | 54.28% | 276 | 1.97% | 61 | 0.43% | 16 | 0.11% | 41 | 0.29% | -1,597 | -11.38% | 14,039 |
| Marion | 5,218 | 48.73% | 5,366 | 50.12% | 62 | 0.58% | 36 | 0.34% | 12 | 0.11% | 3 | 0.03% | -148 | -1.38% | 10,707 |
| Marshall | 3,455 | 31.85% | 7,153 | 65.94% | 121 | 1.12% | 63 | 0.58% | 22 | 0.20% | 24 | 0.22% | -3,698 | -34.09% | 10,848 |
| Monroe | 4,793 | 39.16% | 6,998 | 57.18% | 177 | 1.45% | 143 | 1.17% | 55 | 0.45% | 73 | 0.60% | -2,205 | -18.02% | 12,239 |
| Montgomery | 2,479 | 46.55% | 2,730 | 51.26% | 42 | 0.79% | 28 | 0.53% | 20 | 0.38% | 27 | 0.51% | -251 | -4.71% | 5,326 |
| Neshoba | 5,165 | 56.45% | 3,872 | 42.32% | 72 | 0.79% | 19 | 0.21% | 12 | 0.13% | 9 | 0.10% | 1,293 | 14.13% | 9,149 |
| Newton | 4,317 | 54.36% | 3,455 | 43.51% | 86 | 1.08% | 33 | 0.42% | 36 | 0.45% | 14 | 0.18% | 862 | 10.86% | 7,941 |
| Noxubee | 1,970 | 35.46% | 3,434 | 61.82% | 47 | 0.85% | 41 | 0.74% | 41 | 0.74% | 22 | 0.40% | -1,464 | -26.35% | 5,555 |
| Oktibbeha | 6,300 | 49.70% | 6,039 | 47.64% | 258 | 2.04% | 54 | 0.43% | 15 | 0.12% | 9 | 0.07% | 261 | 2.06% | 12,675 |
| Panola | 4,219 | 39.33% | 6,179 | 57.60% | 149 | 1.39% | 90 | 0.84% | 47 | 0.44% | 44 | 0.41% | -1,960 | -18.27% | 10,728 |
| Pearl River | 6,822 | 56.19% | 5,028 | 41.41% | 161 | 1.33% | 77 | 0.63% | 25 | 0.21% | 28 | 0.23% | 1,794 | 14.78% | 12,141 |
| Perry | 2,255 | 52.90% | 1,957 | 45.91% | 25 | 0.59% | 14 | 0.33% | 8 | 0.19% | 4 | 0.09% | 298 | 6.99% | 4,263 |
| Pike | 6,661 | 48.56% | 6,694 | 48.80% | 129 | 0.94% | 115 | 0.84% | 57 | 0.42% | 60 | 0.44% | -33 | -0.24% | 13,716 |
| Pontotoc | 3,198 | 40.99% | 4,499 | 57.66% | 58 | 0.74% | 33 | 0.42% | 7 | 0.09% | 7 | 0.09% | -1,301 | -16.68% | 7,802 |
| Prentiss | 3,264 | 39.91% | 4,832 | 59.09% | 40 | 0.49% | 29 | 0.35% | 5 | 0.06% | 8 | 0.10% | -1,568 | -19.17% | 8,178 |
| Quitman | 1,691 | 35.16% | 2,926 | 60.83% | 83 | 1.73% | 34 | 0.71% | 32 | 0.67% | 44 | 0.91% | -1,235 | -25.68% | 4,810 |
| Rankin | 16,650 | 66.25% | 8,047 | 32.02% | 296 | 1.18% | 81 | 0.32% | 29 | 0.12% | 29 | 0.12% | 8,603 | 34.23% | 25,132 |
| Scott | 4,645 | 52.59% | 4,043 | 45.78% | 72 | 0.82% | 32 | 0.36% | 16 | 0.18% | 24 | 0.27% | 602 | 6.82% | 8,832 |
| Sharkey | 996 | 32.97% | 1,957 | 64.78% | 28 | 0.93% | 21 | 0.70% | 11 | 0.36% | 8 | 0.26% | -961 | -31.81% | 3,021 |
| Simpson | 5,190 | 55.60% | 4,015 | 43.01% | 70 | 0.75% | 23 | 0.25% | 29 | 0.31% | 7 | 0.07% | 1,175 | 12.59% | 9,334 |
| Smith | 3,772 | 59.50% | 2,474 | 39.02% | 46 | 0.73% | 27 | 0.43% | 8 | 0.13% | 13 | 0.21% | 1,298 | 20.47% | 6,340 |
| Stone | 1,888 | 49.21% | 1,821 | 47.46% | 53 | 1.38% | 50 | 1.30% | 15 | 0.39% | 10 | 0.26% | 67 | 1.75% | 3,837 |
| Sunflower | 3,728 | 41.76% | 5,035 | 56.40% | 82 | 0.92% | 40 | 0.45% | 26 | 0.29% | 16 | 0.18% | -1,307 | -14.64% | 8,927 |
| Tallahatchie | 2,183 | 37.79% | 3,467 | 60.02% | 45 | 0.78% | 24 | 0.42% | 37 | 0.64% | 20 | 0.35% | -1,284 | -22.23% | 5,776 |
| Tate | 3,343 | 45.38% | 3,892 | 52.84% | 80 | 1.09% | 28 | 0.38% | 16 | 0.22% | 7 | 0.10% | -549 | -7.45% | 7,366 |
| Tippah | 3,338 | 44.97% | 3,878 | 52.24% | 116 | 1.56% | 53 | 0.71% | 23 | 0.31% | 15 | 0.20% | -540 | -7.27% | 7,423 |
| Tishomingo | 2,489 | 34.47% | 4,595 | 63.63% | 79 | 1.09% | 29 | 0.40% | 9 | 0.12% | 20 | 0.28% | -2,106 | -29.16% | 7,221 |
| Tunica | 954 | 29.77% | 2,198 | 68.58% | 24 | 0.75% | 14 | 0.44% | 8 | 0.25% | 7 | 0.22% | -1,244 | -38.81% | 3,205 |
| Union | 3,545 | 40.68% | 5,001 | 57.38% | 94 | 1.08% | 46 | 0.53% | 19 | 0.22% | 10 | 0.11% | -1,456 | -16.71% | 8,715 |
| Walthall | 2,703 | 46.91% | 2,960 | 51.37% | 34 | 0.59% | 35 | 0.61% | 12 | 0.21% | 18 | 0.31% | -257 | -4.46% | 5,762 |
| Warren | 10,151 | 56.00% | 7,489 | 41.31% | 274 | 1.51% | 82 | 0.45% | 77 | 0.42% | 55 | 0.30% | 2,662 | 14.68% | 18,128 |
| Washington | 8,978 | 44.63% | 10,722 | 53.30% | 186 | 0.92% | 89 | 0.44% | 89 | 0.44% | 53 | 0.26% | -1,744 | -8.67% | 20,117 |
| Wayne | 3,844 | 52.07% | 3,494 | 47.32% | 26 | 0.35% | 17 | 0.23% | 2 | 0.03% | 0 | 0.00% | 350 | 4.74% | 7,383 |
| Webster | 2,386 | 50.64% | 2,178 | 46.22% | 75 | 1.59% | 39 | 0.83% | 19 | 0.40% | 15 | 0.32% | 208 | 4.41% | 4,712 |
| Wilkinson | 1,442 | 32.04% | 2,981 | 66.24% | 25 | 0.56% | 22 | 0.49% | 14 | 0.31% | 16 | 0.36% | -1,539 | -34.20% | 4,500 |
| Winston | 3,998 | 46.79% | 4,416 | 51.68% | 65 | 0.76% | 29 | 0.34% | 19 | 0.22% | 18 | 0.21% | -418 | -4.89% | 8,545 |
| Yalobusha | 2,224 | 38.46% | 3,432 | 59.35% | 78 | 1.35% | 25 | 0.43% | 12 | 0.21% | 12 | 0.21% | -1,208 | -20.89% | 5,783 |
| Yazoo | 4,819 | 45.90% | 5,468 | 52.09% | 99 | 0.94% | 49 | 0.47% | 30 | 0.29% | 33 | 0.31% | -649 | -6.18% | 10,498 |
| Totals | 441,089 | 49.42% | 429,281 | 48.09% | 12,036 | 1.35% | 5,465 | 0.61% | 2,402 | 0.27% | 2,347 | 0.26% | 11,808 | 1.33% | 892,620 |
Analysis Edit
Mississippi was won, fairly consistently with predictions, by Reagan with a slim margin of 1.33 points.[17] However, in future elections, the state would become a Republican stronghold, and no Democratic presidential candidate has carried the state since Jimmy Carter in 1976. As of the 2020 presidential election[update], this is the last election in which Winston County, Tippah County, Itawamba County, Union County, Prentiss County, Pontotoc County, Lee County, Lafayette County, Attala County, Monroe County, Madison County, Calhoun County, Tate County, Marion County, Leake County, Grenada County, and Franklin County voted for the Democratic candidate, as well as the last time that Clarke County was not carried by the Republican candidate;[19] as Reagan and Carter ended up in a tie in Clarke County.
This is the last presidential election in which Mississippi voted more Democratic than the nation at large. At the time it was the election with the largest number of votes in Mississippi history.[20] This is the second-closest election in Mississippi after 1848 and the only time that a Republican has won Mississippi by a margin of less than 5 points.
Notes Edit
References Edit
- ^ Minor, Bill (September 2, 1980). "Mississippi Voters Courted by Both Parties". The Greenwood Commonwealth. Jackson Reporter. p. 4.
- ^ Minor, Bill (November 2, 1980). "And He Sees Reagan Carrying State". Enterprise-Journal. McComb, Mississippi. p. 2.
- ^ "Alabama Among Key States in Reagan Plan". The Montgomery Advertiser. Montgomery, Alabama. September 1, 1980. p. 21.
- ^ Weidie, Wayne W. (October 9, 1980). "Don't Mortgage Your Home To Bet on Reagan". The Winona Times. Winona, Mississippi. p. 2.
- ^ Cohen, Michael A. (2016). American Maelstrom: The 1968 Election and Politics of Division. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 347. ISBN 9780199777563.
- ^ Black, Earl (2021). "Competing Responses to the New Southern Politics: Republican and Democratic Southern Strategies, 1964-76". In Reed, John Shelton; Black, Merle (eds.). Perspectives on the American South: An Annual Review of Society, Politics, and Culture. ISBN 9781136764882.
- ^ "President's Mother To Visit Jackson School". The Clarksdale Press Register. Clarksdale, Mississippi. Jackson Associated Press. September 21, 1980. p. 1.
- ^ "Agricultural Issues: Reagan Forces Won't Debate". Enterprise-Journal. McComb, Mississippi. October 23, 1980. p. 10.
- ^ Black & Black 1992, p. 295.
- ^ Black & Black 1992, p. 335.
- ^ Pettys, Dick (October 5, 1980). "Dixie Remains Political Background with No "Home Turf Odds" for Carter". Bristol Herald Courier. Bristol, Virginia. p. 5A.
- ^ Mears, Walter R. (October 26, 1980). "Carter–Reagan Race Tightens Near Finish". Kansas City Star. pp. 1A, 14A.
- ^ Newman, Johanna; Kubissa, David W. (October 26, 1980). "Carter Must Get Strong Mississippi Black Vote to Take State". The Clarion-Ledger. Jackson, Mississippi. pp. 1A, 16A.
- ^ Minor, Bill (October 31, 1980). "Carter May Not Carry Mississippi Voting". The Greenwood Commonwealth. Jackson Reporter. p. 4.
- ^ Pettys, Dick (October 31, 1980). "Reagan Quietly Undermining Carter's '76 Support". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. The Associated Press. p. 8A.
- ^ "Down by the Wire: State by State, It's Just too Close to Call". Daily Press. Victorville, California. November 3, 1980. p. B-1.
- ^ a b "1980 Presidential General Election Results – Mississippi". Dave Leip’s U.S. Election Atlas.
- ^ "MS US President Race, November 04, 1980".
- ^ Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016
- ^ "Record number of voters expected at state polls". The Greenwood Commonwealth. November 4, 1984. p. 1. from the original on June 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
Works cited Edit
- Black, Earl; Black, Merle (1992). The Vital South: How Presidents Are Elected. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674941306.