1981 Israeli legislative election

Knesset elections were held in Israel on 30 June 1981. The ruling Likud won one more seat than the opposition Alignment, in line with many polls which had predicted a tight race.^[1] Voter turnout was 78.5%,^[2] with Likud receiving around ten thousand more than the Alignment.^[2] This elections highlighted the polarization in the country.^[3]

1981 Israeli legislative election

← 1977 30 June 1981 1984 →
All 120 seats in the Knesset 61 seats needed for a majority
Turnout	78.50% (0.73pp)
Party Leader % Seats +/– Likud Menachem Begin 37.11 48 +3 Alignment Shimon Peres 36.57 47 +15 Mafdal Yosef Burg 4.92 6 −6 Agudat Yisrael Avraham Yosef Shapira 3.73 4 0 Hadash Meir Vilner 3.35 4 −1 Tehiya Yuval Ne'eman 2.31 3 New Tami Aharon Abuhatzira 2.30 3 New Telem Moshe Dayan 1.58 2 New Shinui Amnon Rubinstein 1.54 2 −5 Ratz Shulamit Aloni 1.44 1 0 This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below. Prime Minister before Prime Minister after Menachem Begin Likud Menachem Begin Likud

Background

Prior to the elections, Menachem Begin's government faced instability due to internal conflict amongst coalition partners and international pressures, as well as issues with corruption, and failure to pass legislation.^[4] Discontent with the government was growing, and 40% of people agreed that "the major problems facing the state and the entire political system must be changed and a strong government of leaders and independent of parties should take control".^[5]

Parliament factions

For a more comprehensive list, see List of political parties in Israel.

The table below lists the parliamentary factions represented in the 9th Knesset.

Name		Ideology	Symbol	Leader	1977 result		Seats at 1980 dissolution
					Votes (%)	Seats
	Likud	National liberalism	מחל‎	Menachem Begin	33.4%	43 / 120	42 / 120
	Alignment	Social democracy Labor Zionism	אמת‎	Shimon Peres	24.6%	32 / 120	34 / 120
	Democratic Movement for Change Democratic Movement	Liberalism	יש‎	Yigael Yadin	11.6%	15 / 120	3 / 120
	Movement for Change and Initiative Shinui	Liberalism Centrism		Amnon Rubinstein		0 / 120	4 / 120
	Ahva	Liberalism		Shafik Asaad Shlomo Eliahu		0 / 120	1 / 120
	Ya'ad	Liberalism		Assaf Yaguri		0 / 120	1 / 120
	Mafdal	Religious Zionism	ב‎	Yosef Burg	9.2%	12 / 120	12 / 120
	Hadash	Communism Socialism	ו‎	Meir Vilner	4.6%	5 / 120	5 / 120
	Agudat Yisrael	Religious conservatism	ג‎	Yehuda Meir Abramowicz	3.3%	4 / 120	4 / 120
	Telem	Centrism	כן‎	Moshe Dayan	-	0 / 120	3 / 120
	Tehiya	Ultranationalism Revisionist Zionism	ת‎	Yuval Ne'eman Geula Cohen	-	0 / 120	2 / 120
	Flatto-Sharon	Populism	פש‎	Shmuel Flatto-Sharon	2.0%	1 / 120	1 / 120
	Sheli	Socialism	ש‎	Aryeh Eliav	1.6%	2 / 120	2 / 120
	United Arab List	Arab satellite list	ימ‎	Seif el-Din el-Zoubi	1.4%	1 / 120	1 / 120
	Poalei Agudat Yisrael	Religious conservatism	ד‎	Kalman Kahana	1.3%	1 / 120	1 / 120
	Ratz	Social democracy Secularism	רצ‎	Shulamit Aloni	1.2%	1 / 120	1 / 120
	Independent Liberals	Liberalism	לע‎	Gideon Hausner	1.2%	1 / 120	1 / 120
	Independent	-	-	-	-	0 / 120	2 / 120

Electoral system

The 120 seats in the Knesset were elected by closed list proportional representation, with seats allocated using the D'Hondt method. This led to numerous parties winning seats and multi-party government coalitions.

Campaign

Since 1965 parties had begun abandoning attempts to frame moral issues in favor of spreading wider nets to catch a bigger range of voters. Rather than focusing on controversial issues that divided them, parties took to forming clusters that resorted to "emotive catchwords" and the lowest common denominator.^[4] The party clusters had set aside fundamental ideals in order to work together, which meant that infighting amongst the coalitions was inevitable.^[4]

Menachem Begin, Likud's most popular candidate, served as a strong factor for the party's resurgence. 41% of the adult Jews responded in favor of seeing Begin as prime minister, with 49% saying Begin would better be able to deal with the country's problems.^[6] The Alignment, whose announcement of potential major ministerial appointments failed to include Yitzhak Rabin, left the impression of a power-hungry group of politicians, with animosity between party leaders Shimon Peres and Rabin.^[7]

Public perception of the parties became instrumental in the elections; throughout the campaign the Alignment was seen and painted as the establishment party, considered by 48% of Israeli citizens surveyed to be more old-fashioned, despite its opposition to the government for the four years prior. The Alignment was also seen as self-interested by rather than interested in the good of the people, as well as corrupt. Likud, meanwhile, was seen as slightly stronger (50% as compared with the Alignment's 44%), more honest (57%), and more concerned with the fate of the citizens than that of the party (45%). Likud was able to benefit from having only been created 8 years prior, giving it an image of newness and innocence.^[7]

Public perception of the parties^[8]
Characteristic	Ideal	Alignment	Likud
Strong/weak	93/92	44/33	50/33
Right/left	55/13	28/40	77/7
Old-fashioned/progressive	15/61	48/26	42/31
Middle class/working class	28/32	27/42	55/14
Young/old	52/10	17/51	28/35
Sephardi/Ashkenazi	11/11	6/47	18/25
Worries about itself/the citizens	3/89	43/37	31/45
Inexperienced/experienced	4/86	4/79	45/38
Honest/corrupt		35/39	57/18
Cannot/can be believed		36/42	32/48

The 1981 elections also saw a rise in the use of ethnic ideas within the political discourse.^[9] While Likud and the Alignment were both led by Ashkenazi politicians, the Alignment was considered the party of the Ashkenazi Jews, with the Sephardic vote lost to Likud. The likelihood of Sephardim voting for Likud and Ashkenazim voting for the Alignment was more pronounced than ever before.^[10] However, Likud enjoyed the advantage of still being able to appeal to a significant amount of Ashkenazi voters, while also maintaining their Sephardi popularity; in contrast, the Alignment was seen as even less Sephardi than in previous years.^[10]

Conduct

Police noted before election day that "there hasn't been an election campaign in Israel as violent as the present one".^[11] A reason for the violence may have been that this was the first elections in which the public believed both sides had a chance of winning, causing unrest and agitation.^[12]

Results

Scholars attribute the Likud's comeback, from its lowest point six months prior to the 1981 legislative election, to five main factors: incumbency, candidates, images, campaigns, violence, and ethnicity.^[7] Likud's role as the ruling party enabled the party to use its incumbency advantage to increase popularity with policy implementation. The party implemented tax programs that lowered prices for consumers, subsidized oil products at a higher rate than ever before, and used foreign policy that made the Alignment seem unpatriotic if they argued against the moves.^[7]

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Likud	718,941	37.11	48	+3
	Alignment	708,536	36.57	47	+15
	National Religious Party	95,232	4.92	6	−6
	Agudat Yisrael	72,312	3.73	4	0
	Hadash	64,918	3.35	4	−1
	Tehiya	44,700	2.31	3	New
	Tami	44,466	2.30	3	New
	Telem	30,600	1.58	2	New
	Shinui	29,837	1.54	2	–5
	Ratz	27,921	1.44	1	0
	Poalei Agudat Yisrael	17,090	0.88	0	−1
	Independent Liberals	11,764	0.61	0	−1
	United Arab List	11,590	0.60	0	−1
	Development and Peace	10,823	0.56	0	−1
	Left Camp of Israel	8,691	0.45	0	−2
	Arab Brotherhood List	8,304	0.43	0	New
	List for Aliyah	6,992	0.36	0	New
	Kach	5,128	0.26	0	0
	Independence	4,710	0.24	0	New
	One Israel	3,726	0.19	0	New
	Arab Citizens' List	2,596	0.13	0	New
	Pensioners' List	2,404	0.12	0	New
	Unity Party	1,293	0.07	0	New
	Ya'ad	1,228	0.06	0	New
	Otzma	839	0.04	0	New
	Tent Movement	545	0.03	0	New
	Abolish Income Tax	503	0.03	0	New
	Amkha	460	0.02	0	New
	Youth Movement	412	0.02	0	New
	Council to Rescue the Homeland	405	0.02	0	New
	Initiative–Independents Movement	400	0.02	0	New
Total		1,937,366	100.00	120	0
Valid votes		1,937,366	99.12
Invalid/blank votes		17,243	0.88
Total votes		1,954,609	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		2,490,014	78.50
Source: IDI, Nohlen et al.

Aftermath

Menachim Begin (of the Likud) became Prime Minister and in August 1981 included the National Religious Party, Agudat Yisrael, the Movement for the Heritage of Israel (Tami) and Tehiya in his coalition to form the nineteenth government.^[2] After Begin resigned due to health reasons, Yitzhak Shamir formed the twentieth government in October 1983, with the same coalition parties.^[2]

During the Knesset term, two MKs defected from Likud to the Alignment. Haim Drukman left the National Religious Party and sat as an independent MK, whilst two other MKs left the National Religious Party and formed Gesher – Zionist Religious Centre before returning two weeks later. Telem split into Ometz and the Movement for the Renewal of Social Zionism, whilst Ratz joined the Alignment but then broke away again.

See also

• 1980 Israeli Labor Party leadership election

References

1. Silver, Eric (1981-06-30). "Labour leads on eve of Israeli poll". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-04-28.
2. "Factional and Government Make-Up of the Tenth Knesset".
3. Arian, Asher (1983). The Elections in Israel, 1981. Israel: Ramot Publishing Co.
4. Mendilow, Jonathan (1983). "Party Clustering in Multi-Party Systems: The Example of Israel (1965-1981)". American Journal of Political Science XXVII: 64–85.
5. Hasin, E. (1981). Survey conducted by M. Zemach. January 1981, quoted in "The Israeli Democracy: The Beginning of the End?" Monition 30:73-75.
6. Survey by Dahaf Research Institute, June 1981, N=1237
7. Arian, Asher (1983). The Elections in Israel, 1981. Ramot Publishing Co. pp. 1–5.
8. Arian, Asher (April 1981). . Israel Institute of Applied Social Research. Archived from the original on 2020-07-25. Retrieved 2017-04-29.
9. Hanna Herzog, 'The Ethnic Lists to the Delegates' Assembly and the Knesset (1920 1977) Ethnic Political Identity?' Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Tel-Aviv University, 1981.
10. Shamir, Michal; Arian, Asher (1982). "The ethnic vote in Israel's 1981 elections". Electoral Studies. 1 (3): 315–331. doi:10.1016/0261-3794(82)90221-9.
11. Salpeter, Eliahu. " A Scary Face in the Mirror." Haaretz, 19 June 1981, p.14.
12. Lehman-Wilzig, Sam (1983). "Thunder Before The Storm: Pre-Election Agitation And Post-Election Turmoil". The Elections in Israel, 1983: 207.

External links

• Historical overview of the Tenth Knesset Knesset website
• Factional and Government Make-Up of the Tenth Knesset Knesset website