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-lock

January 01, 1970

The suffix -lock in Modern English survives only in wedlock and bridelock. It descends from Old English -lác, which was more productive, carrying a meaning of "action or proceeding, state of being, practice, ritual". As a noun, Old English lác means "play, sport", deriving from an earlier meaning of "sacrificial ritual or hymn" (Proto-Germanic *laikaz). A putative term for a "hymn to the gods" (*ansu-laikaz) in early Germanic paganism is attested only as a personal name, Oslac.

Suffix edit

The Old English nouns in -lác include brýdlác "nuptials" (from which the now obsolete bridelock), beadolác, feohtlác and heaðolác "warfare", hǽmedlác and wiflác "sexual intercourse", réaflác "robbery", wítelác "punishment", wróhtlác "calumny" besides the wedlác "pledge-giving", also "nuptials" (from which wedlock). A few compounds appear only in Middle English, thus dweomerlak "occult practice, magic", ferlac "terror", shendlac "disgrace", treulac "faithfulness", wohlac "wooing", all of them extinct by the onset of Early Modern English. The earliest words taking the -lác suffix were probably related to warfare, comparable to the -pleȝa (-play) suffix found in "swordplay".

The Old Norse counterpart is -leikr, loaned into North Midlands Middle English as -laik, in the Ormulum appearing as -leȝȝe. The suffix came to be used synonymously with -nesse, forming abstract nouns, e.g. clænleȝȝe "cleanness".

Noun edit

The etymology of the suffix is the same as that of the noun lác "play, sport", but also "sacrifice, offering", corresponding to obsolete Modern English lake (dialectal laik) "sport, fun, glee, game", cognate to Gothic laiks "dance", Old Norse leikr "game, sport" (origin of English lark "play, joke, folly") and Old High German leih "play, song, melody." Ultimately, the word descends from Proto-Germanic *laikaz. Old English lícian ("to please", Modern English like) is from the same root. In modern English, the noun has been reintroduced through the cognate Swedish lek as a specialist term referring to mating behavior.

Thus, the suffix originates as a second member in nominal compounds, and referred to "actions or proceedings, practice, ritual" identical with the noun lác "play, sport, performance" (obsolete Modern English lake "fun, sport, glee", obsolete or dialectal Modern German leich).

Only found in Old English is the meaning of '(religious) offering, sacrifice, human sacrifice,' in Beowulf 1583f. of the Danes killed by Grendel, in Lambeth Homilies (c. 1175) of the sacrifice of Christ. In the Anglo-Saxon Gospel (c. 1000) in Matthew 8:4 for δωρον, denoting an offering according to Mosaic law. In the 13th century it appears to lose its religious connotations and denotes gifts more generally, of the offerings of the Three Magi (Ancrene Riwle 152, c. 1225), and in Genesis and Exodus (c. 1225, 1798) of the gifts sent by Jacob to Esau. From the 14th century, under the influence of to lake "to move quickly, to leap, to fight", the noun comes to mean "fun, sport" exclusively. In this meaning, it survives into the 19th century in North English dialect in the compound lake-lass "female playmate."

The word is also a compound member in given names, in Sigelac, Hygelac and Oslac.

Oslac has Scandinavian and continental cognates, Asleikr and Ansleih. Based on this, Koegel (1894) assumes that the term *ansu-laikaz may go back to Common Germanic times, denoting a Leich für die Götter, a hymn, dance or play for the gods in early Germanic paganism. Grimm (s.v. Leich) compares the meaning of Greek χορος, denoting first the ceremonial procession to the sacrifice, but also ritual dance and hymns pertaining to religious ritual.

Hermann (1928) identifies as such *ansulaikaz the hymns sung by the Germans to their god of war mentioned by Tacitus and the victory songs of the Batavi mercenaries serving under Gaius Julius Civilis after the victory over Quintus Petillius Cerialis in the Batavian rebellion of 69 AD, and also the "abominable song" to Wodan sung by the Lombards at their victory celebration in 579. The sacrificial animal was a goat, around whose head the Lombards danced in a circle while singing their victory hymn. As their Christian prisoners refused to "adore the goat", they were all killed (Hermann presumes) as an offering to Wodan.

See also edit

 
Look up lác in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

References edit

January 01, 1970
lock, suffix, modern, english, survives, only, wedlock, bridelock, descends, from, english, lác, which, more, productive, carrying, meaning, action, proceeding, state, being, practice, ritual, noun, english, lác, means, play, sport, deriving, from, earlier, me. The suffix lock in Modern English survives only in wedlock and bridelock It descends from Old English lac which was more productive carrying a meaning of action or proceeding state of being practice ritual As a noun Old English lac means play sport deriving from an earlier meaning of sacrificial ritual or hymn Proto Germanic laikaz A putative term for a hymn to the gods ansu laikaz in early Germanic paganism is attested only as a personal name Oslac Contents 1 Suffix 2 Noun 3 See also 4 ReferencesSuffix editThe Old English nouns in lac include brydlac nuptials from which the now obsolete bridelock beadolac feohtlac and headolac warfare hǽmedlac and wiflac sexual intercourse reaflac robbery witelac punishment wrohtlac calumny besides the wedlac pledge giving also nuptials from which wedlock A few compounds appear only in Middle English thus dweomerlak occult practice magic ferlac terror shendlac disgrace treulac faithfulness wohlac wooing all of them extinct by the onset of Early Modern English The earliest words taking the lac suffix were probably related to warfare comparable to the pleȝa play suffix found in swordplay The Old Norse counterpart is leikr loaned into North Midlands Middle English as laik in the Ormulum appearing as leȝȝe The suffix came to be used synonymously with nesse forming abstract nouns e g claenleȝȝe cleanness Noun editThe etymology of the suffix is the same as that of the noun lac play sport but also sacrifice offering corresponding to obsolete Modern English lake dialectal laik sport fun glee game cognate to Gothic laiks dance Old Norse leikr game sport origin of English lark play joke folly and Old High German leih play song melody Ultimately the word descends from Proto Germanic laikaz Old English lician to please Modern English like is from the same root In modern English the noun has been reintroduced through the cognate Swedish lek as a specialist term referring to mating behavior Thus the suffix originates as a second member in nominal compounds and referred to actions or proceedings practice ritual identical with the noun lac play sport performance obsolete Modern English lake fun sport glee obsolete or dialectal Modern German leich Only found in Old English is the meaning of religious offering sacrifice human sacrifice in Beowulf 1583f of the Danes killed by Grendel in Lambeth Homilies c 1175 of the sacrifice of Christ In the Anglo Saxon Gospel c 1000 in Matthew 8 4 for dwron denoting an offering according to Mosaic law In the 13th century it appears to lose its religious connotations and denotes gifts more generally of the offerings of the Three Magi Ancrene Riwle 152 c 1225 and in Genesis and Exodus c 1225 1798 of the gifts sent by Jacob to Esau From the 14th century under the influence of to lake to move quickly to leap to fight the noun comes to mean fun sport exclusively In this meaning it survives into the 19th century in North English dialect in the compound lake lass female playmate The word is also a compound member in given names in Sigelac Hygelac and Oslac Oslac has Scandinavian and continental cognates Asleikr and Ansleih Based on this Koegel 1894 assumes that the term ansu laikaz may go back to Common Germanic times denoting a Leich fur die Gotter a hymn dance or play for the gods in early Germanic paganism Grimm s v Leich compares the meaning of Greek xoros denoting first the ceremonial procession to the sacrifice but also ritual dance and hymns pertaining to religious ritual Hermann 1928 identifies as such ansulaikaz the hymns sung by the Germans to their god of war mentioned by Tacitus and the victory songs of the Batavi mercenaries serving under Gaius Julius Civilis after the victory over Quintus Petillius Cerialis in the Batavian rebellion of 69 AD and also the abominable song to Wodan sung by the Lombards at their victory celebration in 579 The sacrificial animal was a goat around whose head the Lombards danced in a circle while singing their victory hymn As their Christian prisoners refused to adore the goat they were all killed Hermann presumes as an offering to Wodan See also edit nbsp Look up lac in Wiktionary the free dictionary Horgr BlotReferences editOxford English Dictionary Grimm Deutsches Worterbuch Rudolf Koegel Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur bis zum Ausgange des Mittelalters 1894 p 8 Paul Hermann Altdeutsche Kultgebrauche Jena 1928 p 10 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title lock amp oldid 1194985983, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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