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Lotus position

August 29, 2023

Lotus position or Padmasana (Sanskrit: पद्मासन, romanized: padmāsana)[1] is a cross-legged sitting meditation pose from ancient India, in which each foot is placed on the opposite thigh. It is an ancient asana in yoga, predating hatha yoga, and is widely used for meditation in Hindu, Tantra, Jain, and Buddhist traditions.

Demonstrating lotus position

Variations include easy pose (Sukhasana), half lotus, bound lotus, and psychic union pose. Advanced variations of several other asanas including yoga headstand have the legs in lotus or half lotus. The pose can be uncomfortable for people not used to sitting on the floor, and attempts to force the legs into position can injure the knees.[2]

Shiva, the meditating ascetic God of Hinduism, Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, and the Tirthankaras in Jainism have been depicted in the lotus position, especially in statues. The pose is emblematic both of Buddhist meditation and of yoga, and as such has found a place in Western culture as a symbol of healthy living and well-being.

Etymology and history Edit

 
The flower of the sacred lotus, Nelumbo nucifera, grows out of mud, thus symbolising enlightenment.[3]

The name Padmasana is from the Sanskrit पद्म Padma, "lotus" and आसन, Āsana, "posture" or "seat".[4][5] In Asian cultures,[6] the sacred lotus is used as a symbol of growth towards perfection and enlightenment as it is rooted in the mud at the bottom of the pond, but rises and blooms above the water.[7] In Chinese and Tibetan Buddhism, the pose is also called the "vajra position" (Skt. vajrāsana, Ch. 金剛座 jīngāngzuò).[8][9]

The pose is ancient and is described, along with other asanas (sitting postures), in the 8th century book Patanjalayogashastravivarana.[10] A figure seated in lotus position on a lotus flower is shown on dinar coins of Chandragupta II, who reigned c. 380–c. 415 AD.[11] The first tantric text to discuss posture (asana), the 6th-10th century Nisvasattvasamhita Nayasutra (4.11-17, 4.104-106), directs the meditator and "user of mantras" to sit in lotus or a similar posture.[12] The 15th century Hatha Yoga Pradipika states that the pose destroys all diseases, and that a yogin in the pose who retains the air breathed in through the nadi channels attains liberation.[13]

Sukhasana is from Sanskrit सुख sukha, meaning "pleasure" or "ease".[14] The 19th century Sritattvanidhi describes and illustrates the pose.[15] The name, and the more general name Yogasana ("Yoga pose") which may denote a variety of sitting poses, is found in much older documents as a meditation seat, such as in the 4th century Darshana Upanishad.[16]

Position Edit

From sitting cross-legged on the floor (Sukhasana), one foot is placed on top of the opposite thigh with its sole facing upward and heel close to the abdomen. The other foot is then placed on the opposite thigh as symmetrically as possible.[4] The pose requires "very open hips".[17] It can be modified using a support such as a cushion or blanket; by sitting on its forward edge, the pelvis is tilted forward.[18][19]

Variations Edit

Sukhasana (Sanskrit: सुखासन, romanized: Sukhāsana), Easy Pose, has the legs simply crossed in front of the body.[20][21]

In half lotus, अर्ध पद्मासन (Ardha Padmasana), one leg is bent and resting on the ground, the other leg is bent with the foot in lotus position. It is an easier meditation position than full lotus.[22]

In bound lotus, बद्ध पद्मासन (Baddha Padmasana), the practitioner sits in full lotus, and each hand reaches around the back to grasp the opposite foot.[23]

For psychic union pose, यओगमुद्रासन (Yogamudrasana), the practitioner bends forward in full lotus, bringing the forehead as close to the floor as possible.[24] The pose is both an asana and a mudra; easier variants begin from Ardha Padmasana.[25]

Variations of several other asanas such as Sirsasana (yoga headstand), Sarvangasana (shoulderstand), Simhasana (lion pose), Matsyasana (fish pose), and Gorakshasana (cowherd pose) have the legs in lotus.[26] Asanas such as Vatayanasana (horse pose) and advanced forms of Ardha Matsyendrasana (half lord of the fishes pose) have one leg as in half lotus.[27]

Effects Edit

Lotus is one of the yoga poses that most commonly causes injury.[2][28] Attempts to force the legs into lotus pose can injure the knees by squeezing and damaging the medial meniscus cartilage; this is painful and takes a long time to heal. The hip joints must rotate outwards approximately 115 degrees to permit full lotus. Students who cannot achieve this much hip rotation may try to compensate by bending the knee joint sideways, risking injury. Rather than bending the knee, the thighs can be encouraged to rotate outwards (using hand pressure or a strap).[29]

The yoga guru B. K. S. Iyengar notes that people unused to sitting on the floor will initially feel "excruciating" pain in the knees, but that this subsides with practice, until the pose becomes relaxing, both restful and alert and hence ideal for pranayama.[30]

Twentieth century advocates of some schools of yoga, such as Iyengar, made claims for the effects of yoga on specific organs, without adducing any evidence.[31][32] Iyengar claimed that Padmasana encourages blood circulation in the abdomen and lumbar region, toning the spine and abdominal organs.[33]

In art and culture Edit

Asian art Edit

Further information: Lotus throne

In Buddhism, statues of the founder, Gautama Buddha, sometimes depict him seated in lotus position and enthroned on a lotus flower.[34][35][36] In Hinduism, statues often depict gods, especially Shiva, meditating in Padmasana.[37] In Bali, a Padmasana is also a type of Hindu shrine, named for the posture.[38][39] In Jainism, seated Tirthankaras are represented in Lotus posture.[40]

Western culture Edit

The scholar of religion Thomas Tweed wrote in 2008 that "the prevailing image of Buddhist practice has been the solitary meditator, eyes half closed, sitting in the lotus position."[41] Ian Fleming's 1964 novel You Only Live Twice has the action hero James Bond visiting Japan, where he "assiduously practised sitting in the lotus position."[42] The critic Lisa M. Dresner notes that Bond is mirroring Fleming's own struggles with the pose.[43] The BBC journalist Megan Lane commented in 2003 that since yoga as exercise had become mainstream, lotus position (like tree pose) had been used by advertisers to sell "all manner of goods and services."[44] She noted that both "healthy living"[44] goods such as vitamins, fitness clubs, water filter and probiotic yogurt, and unrelated items such as cars, airlines, financial services "and even beer"[44] have made use of images of yoga to convey a message of well-being.[44] Poland's Obory Dairy gave its advertising agency the goal of creating awareness of their "Jogi" yogurt as exclusive and with a positive image. The agency responded with a photograph of two young women meditating in lotus pose at dawn under the heading "Start your day with Jogi", the brand name also meaning "yoga" in Polish.[45]

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ Budilovsky, Joan; Adamson, Eve (2000). The complete idiot's guide to yoga (2 ed.). Penguin. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-02-863970-3.
  2. ^ a b Acott, Ted S.; Cramer, Holger; Krucoff, Carol; Dobos, Gustav (2013). "Adverse Events Associated with Yoga: A Systematic Review of Published Case Reports and Case Series". PLOS ONE. 8 (10): e75515. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...875515C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075515. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3797727. PMID 24146758.
  3. ^ Baillie, Allan; Ostro, Suzanne (1999). "The Lotus". Tricycle, the Buddhist Review. 8 (3, Spring 1999). Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  4. ^ a b Iyengar 1991, pp. 129–133.
  5. ^ Zimmer, Heinrich Robert (2015). Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization. Princeton University Press. pp. 100, 220. ISBN 978-1-4008-6684-7. from the original on 6 September 2017.
  6. ^ Devendra, D. T. (1969). "Lotus without Symbolism". The Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 13: 83–92. JSTOR 43483467.
  7. ^ Temple 2007, p. Chapter 1, The Symbolism of the Lotus Flower.
  8. ^ Hua, Hsuan (2004). (PDF). Buddhist Text Translation Society. p. 36. ISBN 0-88139-951-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
  9. ^ Rinpoche, Patrul; Padmakara Translation Group (trans.) (1998). Words of My Perfect Teacher: A Complete Translation of a Classic Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism (Revised ed.). AltaMira Press. p. 440.
  10. ^ Mallinson & Singleton 2017, p. 97.
  11. ^ Los Angeles County Museum of Art; Pal, Pratapaditya (1986). Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700. University of California Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-520-05991-7. Reverse: Goddess, nimbate, sitting en face on lotus with legs folded in lotus position. Diadem or noose in right hand, lotus flower turned towards her in left. .. Legend: Śrī-vikramaḥ (the courageous one).
  12. ^ Mallinson & Singleton 2017, pp. 99–100.
  13. ^ Mallinson & Singleton 2017, p. 111.
  14. ^ Joshi, K. S. (1991). Yogic Pranayama: Breathing for Long and Good Health. Orient Paperbacks. p. 45. ISBN 978-81-222-0089-8.
  15. ^ Sjoman, Norman E. (1999) [1996]. The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace (2nd ed.). Abhinav Publications. pp. 80, 89, 96. ISBN 81-7017-389-2.
  16. ^ Larson, Gerald James; Bhattacharya, Ram Shankar (2008). Yoga : India's Philosophy of Meditation. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 479, 599. ISBN 978-81-208-3349-4.
  17. ^ Powers, Sarah (2008). Insight Yoga. Shambhala. p. 181. ISBN 978-1-59030-598-0. OCLC 216937520.
  18. ^ Mehta, Silva; Mehta, Mira; Mehta, Shyam (1990). Yoga: The Iyengar Way. Dorling Kindersley. p. 54. ISBN 978-0863184208.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Pynt, Jenny; Higgs, Joy (2010). A History of Seating, 3000 BC to 2000 AD: Function Versus Aesthetics. Cambria Press. p. 101, note 18. ISBN 978-1-60497-718-9.
  20. ^ Costello, Nikki (25 March 2013). "Sukhasana Isn't All Easy". Yoga Journal. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  21. ^ Maharsi, Ramana (1962). The teachings of Bhagavan Sri Ramana Maharshi in his own words. Rider. p. 134.
  22. ^ Swami Satyananda Saraswati (1996). (PDF). Munger, Bihar, India: Yoga Publications Trust. p. 97. ISBN 978-81-86336-14-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
  23. ^ Sjoman, Norman E. (1999) [1996]. The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace (2nd ed.). Abhinav Publications. p. Plate 6. ISBN 81-7017-389-2.
  24. ^ Saraswati 2004, pp. 182–183.
  25. ^ Vishnudevananda (1988). The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga. New York: Crown Trade Paperbacks. pp. plates 128–129. ISBN 978-0-517-88431-7. OCLC 32442598.
  26. ^ Iyengar 1991, pp. 137–139, 142–143, 204–206, 230–237.
  27. ^ Iyengar 1991, pp. 98–99, 270–276.
  28. ^ Penman, Stephen; Stevens, Philip; Cohen, Marc; Jackson, Sue (2012). "Yoga in Australia: Results of a national survey". International Journal of Yoga. 5 (2): 92–101. doi:10.4103/0973-6131.98217. ISSN 0973-6131. PMC 3410203. PMID 22869991.
  29. ^ Cole, Roger (5 February 2019) [2007]. "How to Protect the Knees in Lotus and Related Postures". Yoga Journal.
  30. ^ Iyengar 1991, p. 131.
  31. ^ Newcombe 2019, pp. 203–227, Chapter "Yoga as Therapy".
  32. ^ Jain 2015, pp. 82–83.
  33. ^ Iyengar 1991, pp. 131–132.
  34. ^ "Buddhas Crossed Legged Position - Lotus Position". Asian Art. Retrieved 11 April 2020. One of the most popular seated positions of Lord Buddha is crossed legged position. In various Buddhism traditions like Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism, Lord Buddha is often shown with his ankles tucked and different hand and fingers position. The seated Crossed legged position is known as Lotus position.
  35. ^ "Lotus-Enthroned Buddha Akshobhya, the Transcendent Buddha,8th–early 9th century". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
  36. ^ "Representation of: Buddha (Śākyamuni/Gotama/Shaka)". British Museum. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
  37. ^ Dehejia, Vidya (February 2007). "Recognizing the Gods". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  38. ^ Auger, Timothy (2001). Bali & Lombok. Eyewitness Travel Guides. London: Dorling Kindersley. pp. 26, 46–47. ISBN 0751368709.
  39. ^ Eiseman, Fred B. Jr. (2011). Bali – Sekala and Niskala: Essays on religion, ritual, and art. Tuttle Publishing. p. 266. ISBN 978-1462900923.
  40. ^ Wiley, Kristi L. (2004). Historical Dictionary of Jainism. Scarecrow Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-8108-6558-7. Tirthankaras are depicted in only two postures: seated in the classic lotus position (padmasana), which represents the Tirthankara preaching in the assembly hall (samavasarana), and standing in the kayotsarga posture, which represents abandoning the body.
  41. ^ Tweed, Thomas A. (2008). "Why are Buddhists so nice? Media representations of Buddhism and Islam in the United States since 1945". Material Religion. 4 (1): 91–93. doi:10.2752/175183408X288168. S2CID 192174202.
  42. ^ Fleming, Ian (2012) [1964]. You Only Live Twice. p. 10. ISBN 9781448139361.
  43. ^ Dresner, Lisa M. (2016). ""Barbary Apes Wrecking a Boudoir": Reaffirmations of and Challenges to Western Masculinity in Ian Fleming's Japan Narratives". The Journal of Popular Culture. 49 (3): 627–645. doi:10.1111/jpcu.12422. ISSN 0022-3840.
  44. ^ a b c d Lane, Mega (9 October 2003). "The tyranny of yoga". BBC.
  45. ^ Lee, Monle; Johnson, Carla (2005). Principles of Advertising: A Global Perspective. Psychology Press. pp. 213–215. ISBN 978-0-7890-2300-1.

Sources Edit

External links Edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lotus position.
  • Benefits Of Padmasana

August 29, 2023
lotus, position, padmasana, sanskrit, पद, सन, romanized, padmāsana, cross, legged, sitting, meditation, pose, from, ancient, india, which, each, foot, placed, opposite, thigh, ancient, asana, yoga, predating, hatha, yoga, widely, used, meditation, hindu, tantr. Lotus position or Padmasana Sanskrit पद म सन romanized padmasana 1 is a cross legged sitting meditation pose from ancient India in which each foot is placed on the opposite thigh It is an ancient asana in yoga predating hatha yoga and is widely used for meditation in Hindu Tantra Jain and Buddhist traditions Demonstrating lotus positionVariations include easy pose Sukhasana half lotus bound lotus and psychic union pose Advanced variations of several other asanas including yoga headstand have the legs in lotus or half lotus The pose can be uncomfortable for people not used to sitting on the floor and attempts to force the legs into position can injure the knees 2 Shiva the meditating ascetic God of Hinduism Gautama Buddha the founder of Buddhism and the Tirthankaras in Jainism have been depicted in the lotus position especially in statues The pose is emblematic both of Buddhist meditation and of yoga and as such has found a place in Western culture as a symbol of healthy living and well being Contents 1 Etymology and history 2 Position 3 Variations 4 Effects 5 In art and culture 5 1 Asian art 5 2 Western culture 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources 9 External linksEtymology and history Edit The flower of the sacred lotus Nelumbo nucifera grows out of mud thus symbolising enlightenment 3 The name Padmasana is from the Sanskrit पद म Padma lotus and आसन Asana posture or seat 4 5 In Asian cultures 6 the sacred lotus is used as a symbol of growth towards perfection and enlightenment as it is rooted in the mud at the bottom of the pond but rises and blooms above the water 7 In Chinese and Tibetan Buddhism the pose is also called the vajra position Skt vajrasana Ch 金剛座 jingangzuo 8 9 The pose is ancient and is described along with other asanas sitting postures in the 8th century book Patanjalayogashastravivarana 10 A figure seated in lotus position on a lotus flower is shown on dinar coins of Chandragupta II who reigned c 380 c 415 AD 11 The first tantric text to discuss posture asana the 6th 10th century Nisvasattvasamhita Nayasutra 4 11 17 4 104 106 directs the meditator and user of mantras to sit in lotus or a similar posture 12 The 15th century Hatha Yoga Pradipika states that the pose destroys all diseases and that a yogin in the pose who retains the air breathed in through the nadi channels attains liberation 13 Sukhasana is from Sanskrit स ख sukha meaning pleasure or ease 14 The 19th century Sritattvanidhi describes and illustrates the pose 15 The name and the more general name Yogasana Yoga pose which may denote a variety of sitting poses is found in much older documents as a meditation seat such as in the 4th century Darshana Upanishad 16 Position EditFrom sitting cross legged on the floor Sukhasana one foot is placed on top of the opposite thigh with its sole facing upward and heel close to the abdomen The other foot is then placed on the opposite thigh as symmetrically as possible 4 The pose requires very open hips 17 It can be modified using a support such as a cushion or blanket by sitting on its forward edge the pelvis is tilted forward 18 19 Variations EditSukhasana Sanskrit स ख सन romanized Sukhasana Easy Pose has the legs simply crossed in front of the body 20 21 In half lotus अर ध पद म सन Ardha Padmasana one leg is bent and resting on the ground the other leg is bent with the foot in lotus position It is an easier meditation position than full lotus 22 In bound lotus बद ध पद म सन Baddha Padmasana the practitioner sits in full lotus and each hand reaches around the back to grasp the opposite foot 23 For psychic union pose यओगम द र सन Yogamudrasana the practitioner bends forward in full lotus bringing the forehead as close to the floor as possible 24 The pose is both an asana and a mudra easier variants begin from Ardha Padmasana 25 Variations of several other asanas such as Sirsasana yoga headstand Sarvangasana shoulderstand Simhasana lion pose Matsyasana fish pose and Gorakshasana cowherd pose have the legs in lotus 26 Asanas such as Vatayanasana horse pose and advanced forms of Ardha Matsyendrasana half lord of the fishes pose have one leg as in half lotus 27 Sukhasana easy pose The sage Bharadvaja meditating in half lotus 19th century Baddha Padmasana Yogamudrasana Padma Sirsasana lotus headstandEffects EditLotus is one of the yoga poses that most commonly causes injury 2 28 Attempts to force the legs into lotus pose can injure the knees by squeezing and damaging the medial meniscus cartilage this is painful and takes a long time to heal The hip joints must rotate outwards approximately 115 degrees to permit full lotus Students who cannot achieve this much hip rotation may try to compensate by bending the knee joint sideways risking injury Rather than bending the knee the thighs can be encouraged to rotate outwards using hand pressure or a strap 29 The yoga guru B K S Iyengar notes that people unused to sitting on the floor will initially feel excruciating pain in the knees but that this subsides with practice until the pose becomes relaxing both restful and alert and hence ideal for pranayama 30 Twentieth century advocates of some schools of yoga such as Iyengar made claims for the effects of yoga on specific organs without adducing any evidence 31 32 Iyengar claimed that Padmasana encourages blood circulation in the abdomen and lumbar region toning the spine and abdominal organs 33 In art and culture EditAsian art Edit Further information Lotus throne In Buddhism statues of the founder Gautama Buddha sometimes depict him seated in lotus position and enthroned on a lotus flower 34 35 36 In Hinduism statues often depict gods especially Shiva meditating in Padmasana 37 In Bali a Padmasana is also a type of Hindu shrine named for the posture 38 39 In Jainism seated Tirthankaras are represented in Lotus posture 40 Gautama Buddha Shiva Mahavira A Padmasana shrine here of Pura Jagatnatha in Denpasar BaliWestern culture Edit The scholar of religion Thomas Tweed wrote in 2008 that the prevailing image of Buddhist practice has been the solitary meditator eyes half closed sitting in the lotus position 41 Ian Fleming s 1964 novel You Only Live Twice has the action hero James Bond visiting Japan where he assiduously practised sitting in the lotus position 42 The critic Lisa M Dresner notes that Bond is mirroring Fleming s own struggles with the pose 43 The BBC journalist Megan Lane commented in 2003 that since yoga as exercise had become mainstream lotus position like tree pose had been used by advertisers to sell all manner of goods and services 44 She noted that both healthy living 44 goods such as vitamins fitness clubs water filter and probiotic yogurt and unrelated items such as cars airlines financial services and even beer 44 have made use of images of yoga to convey a message of well being 44 Poland s Obory Dairy gave its advertising agency the goal of creating awareness of their Jogi yogurt as exclusive and with a positive image The agency responded with a photograph of two young women meditating in lotus pose at dawn under the heading Start your day with Jogi the brand name also meaning yoga in Polish 45 See also EditKukkutasana cockerel pose a balancing asana with the hands threaded through the folded legs of Padmasana List of asanas Maravijaya Padmasana shrine ZazenReferences Edit Budilovsky Joan Adamson Eve 2000 The complete idiot s guide to yoga 2 ed Penguin p 204 ISBN 978 0 02 863970 3 a b Acott Ted S Cramer Holger Krucoff Carol Dobos Gustav 2013 Adverse Events Associated with Yoga A Systematic Review of Published Case Reports and Case Series PLOS ONE 8 10 e75515 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 875515C doi 10 1371 journal pone 0075515 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 3797727 PMID 24146758 Baillie Allan Ostro Suzanne 1999 The Lotus Tricycle the Buddhist Review 8 3 Spring 1999 Retrieved 11 April 2020 a b Iyengar 1991 pp 129 133 Zimmer Heinrich Robert 2015 Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization Princeton University Press pp 100 220 ISBN 978 1 4008 6684 7 Archived from the original on 6 September 2017 Devendra D T 1969 Lotus without Symbolism The Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain amp Ireland 13 83 92 JSTOR 43483467 Temple 2007 p Chapter 1 The Symbolism of the Lotus Flower Hua Hsuan 2004 The Chan handbook talks about meditation PDF Buddhist Text Translation Society p 36 ISBN 0 88139 951 5 Archived from the original PDF on 28 March 2012 Retrieved 17 December 2018 Rinpoche Patrul Padmakara Translation Group trans 1998 Words of My Perfect Teacher A Complete Translation of a Classic Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism Revised ed AltaMira Press p 440 Mallinson amp Singleton 2017 p 97 Los Angeles County Museum of Art Pal Pratapaditya 1986 Indian Sculpture Circa 500 B C A D 700 University of California Press p 110 ISBN 978 0 520 05991 7 Reverse Goddess nimbate sitting en face on lotus with legs folded in lotus position Diadem or noose in right hand lotus flower turned towards her in left Legend Sri vikramaḥ the courageous one Mallinson amp Singleton 2017 pp 99 100 Mallinson amp Singleton 2017 p 111 Joshi K S 1991 Yogic Pranayama Breathing for Long and Good Health Orient Paperbacks p 45 ISBN 978 81 222 0089 8 Sjoman Norman E 1999 1996 The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace 2nd ed Abhinav Publications pp 80 89 96 ISBN 81 7017 389 2 Larson Gerald James Bhattacharya Ram Shankar 2008 Yoga India s Philosophy of Meditation Motilal Banarsidass pp 479 599 ISBN 978 81 208 3349 4 Powers Sarah 2008 Insight Yoga Shambhala p 181 ISBN 978 1 59030 598 0 OCLC 216937520 Mehta Silva Mehta Mira Mehta Shyam 1990 Yoga The Iyengar Way Dorling Kindersley p 54 ISBN 978 0863184208 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Pynt Jenny Higgs Joy 2010 A History of Seating 3000 BC to 2000 AD Function Versus Aesthetics Cambria Press p 101 note 18 ISBN 978 1 60497 718 9 Costello Nikki 25 March 2013 Sukhasana Isn t All Easy Yoga Journal Retrieved 17 November 2022 Maharsi Ramana 1962 The teachings of Bhagavan Sri Ramana Maharshi in his own words Rider p 134 Swami Satyananda Saraswati 1996 Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha PDF Munger Bihar India Yoga Publications Trust p 97 ISBN 978 81 86336 14 4 Archived from the original PDF on 7 August 2015 Retrieved 11 November 2018 Sjoman Norman E 1999 1996 The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace 2nd ed Abhinav Publications p Plate 6 ISBN 81 7017 389 2 Saraswati 2004 pp 182 183 Vishnudevananda 1988 The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga New York Crown Trade Paperbacks pp plates 128 129 ISBN 978 0 517 88431 7 OCLC 32442598 Iyengar 1991 pp 137 139 142 143 204 206 230 237 Iyengar 1991 pp 98 99 270 276 Penman Stephen Stevens Philip Cohen Marc Jackson Sue 2012 Yoga in Australia Results of a national survey International Journal of Yoga 5 2 92 101 doi 10 4103 0973 6131 98217 ISSN 0973 6131 PMC 3410203 PMID 22869991 Cole Roger 5 February 2019 2007 How to Protect the Knees in Lotus and Related Postures Yoga Journal Iyengar 1991 p 131 Newcombe 2019 pp 203 227 Chapter Yoga as Therapy Jain 2015 pp 82 83 Iyengar 1991 pp 131 132 Buddhas Crossed Legged Position Lotus Position Asian Art Retrieved 11 April 2020 One of the most popular seated positions of Lord Buddha is crossed legged position In various Buddhism traditions like Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism Lord Buddha is often shown with his ankles tucked and different hand and fingers position The seated Crossed legged position is known as Lotus position Lotus Enthroned Buddha Akshobhya the Transcendent Buddha 8th early 9th century Metropolitan Museum of Art Retrieved 2 August 2019 Representation of Buddha Sakyamuni Gotama Shaka British Museum Retrieved 2 August 2019 Dehejia Vidya February 2007 Recognizing the Gods Metropolitan Museum of Art Auger Timothy 2001 Bali amp Lombok Eyewitness Travel Guides London Dorling Kindersley pp 26 46 47 ISBN 0751368709 Eiseman Fred B Jr 2011 Bali Sekala and Niskala Essays on religion ritual and art Tuttle Publishing p 266 ISBN 978 1462900923 Wiley Kristi L 2004 Historical Dictionary of Jainism Scarecrow Press p 98 ISBN 978 0 8108 6558 7 Tirthankaras are depicted in only two postures seated in the classic lotus position padmasana which represents the Tirthankara preaching in the assembly hall samavasarana and standing in the kayotsarga posture which represents abandoning the body Tweed Thomas A 2008 Why are Buddhists so nice Media representations of Buddhism and Islam in the United States since 1945 Material Religion 4 1 91 93 doi 10 2752 175183408X288168 S2CID 192174202 Fleming Ian 2012 1964 You Only Live Twice p 10 ISBN 9781448139361 Dresner Lisa M 2016 Barbary Apes Wrecking a Boudoir Reaffirmations of and Challenges to Western Masculinity in Ian Fleming s Japan Narratives The Journal of Popular Culture 49 3 627 645 doi 10 1111 jpcu 12422 ISSN 0022 3840 a b c d Lane Mega 9 October 2003 The tyranny of yoga BBC Lee Monle Johnson Carla 2005 Principles of Advertising A Global Perspective Psychology Press pp 213 215 ISBN 978 0 7890 2300 1 Sources EditIyengar B K S 1991 1966 Light on Yoga Unwin Paperbacks ISBN 978 1855381667 Jain Andrea 2015 Selling Yoga from Counterculture to Pop culture Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 939024 3 OCLC 878953765 Mallinson James Singleton Mark 2017 Roots of Yoga Penguin Books ISBN 978 0 241 25304 5 OCLC 928480104 Newcombe Suzanne 2019 Yoga in Britain Stretching Spirituality and Educating Yogis Bristol England Equinox Publishing ISBN 978 1 78179 661 0 Saraswati Satyananda January 2004 A Systematic Course in the Ancient Tantric Techniques of Yoga and Kriya Nesma Books India ISBN 978 81 85787 08 4 Temple Anton 2007 Becoming the lotus a systematic course of stretching and posture leading to the safe and comfortable adoption of the lotus posture including a guide to the symbolism and spiritual meaning behind the lotus flower Merkur ISBN 978 1 885928 18 4 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lotus position Benefits Of Padmasana Padmasana पद म सन with detailed explanation How to sit in Ardha Padmasana Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lotus position amp oldid 1163229017, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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