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Kho khuat (ฃ ขวด, khuat is Thai for 'bottle') is the third letter of the Thai alphabet. It is a high consonant in the Thai tripartite consonant system (ไตรยางศ์, informally อักษรสามหมู่). It represents the sound [kh] as an initial consonant and [k̚] as a final consonant. The letter is now rarely used, being replaced universally by kho khai (ข ไข่). There are currently no words using kho khuat in Thai language according to the Royal Institute Dictionary of 1999, the official standard current dictionary of the Thai language. However, kho khuat still has an entry in most dictionaries stating that it is obsolete, and is included on alphabet charts in order to preserve the traditional count of 44 Thai consonants.
Early evidence of kho khuat can be found in the Ram Khamhaeng Inscription from the Sukhothai Period, which contains 11 words containing the letter.[1] Additionally, there are a number of other similar inscriptions that contain the letter, including the Pa Nang Mo Inscription,[2] the Pho Kun Ram Phon Inscription,[3] the Kam Phaeng Ngam Inscription,[4] and the Sadaeng Phon Kam Nam Su Nipphan Inscription.[5]
Linguists believe that at the time kho khuat likely represented the velar fricative [x] and was originally distinguished from kho khai, which represents [kh].[6] Cognates of words beginning with kho khai and kho khuat in other Tai languages, such as Tai Dón, also consistently show different sounds. Later on, kho khuat gradually came to sound the same as kho khai, evidence of which may be seen from later inscriptions beginning to mix up the two letters.[7]
Fall out of useedit
Both ฃ (kho khuat) and ฅ (kho khon) fell out of use at the same time when the first Thai-script typewriters were brought to Thailand in 1896, for there was no space for all characters in their 84 key keyboard. Thus these two letters, which at that point were already becoming rare, were chosen to be done away with. Even after the shift key was invented and the number of keys in typewriters was reduced to half, those two letters were not reinstated. They are, however, present on modern keyboards and are specified as part of the official standard.[8] The reasons why precisely these two letters were chosen and not others is not known, but neither ฃ kho khuat nor ฅ kho khon correspond to letters of the Sanskrit or the Pali alphabet.[9]
Revival movementedit
There is a minor movement for conservative spelling among some Thai publishers, one goal of which is to bring kho khuat and kho khon back into currency. One such publisher is Butterfly Book House (สำนักพิมพ์ผีเสื้อ), which publishes children's literature both by Thai authors and Thai translations of foreign authors, such as Roald Dahl. In its books, words like ขวด and คน are spelled ฃวด and ฅน, despite the fact that the apparently "conservative" spelling is sometimes arguably not the etymologically correct one, as with ฅน for คน. As for the latter, a 2006 film set in 1890s Siam and titled in Thai: ฅนไฟบิน Flying Fire Person (in English: Dynamite Warrior), uses ฅ kho khon to spell ฅน (khon, 'person'). "Person" is the standard example word for ฅ in consonantal charts, but is spelled คน.
^Kanchanawan, Nitaya. [Where Did ฃ and ฅ Go? (1)]. The Royal Institute. Archived from the original on 2013-11-15. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
^"Pa Nang Mo Inscription". The Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre. 2021-10-26. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
^"Pho Kun Ram Phon Inscription". The Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre. 2021-10-26. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
^"Kam Phaeng Ngam Inscription". The Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre. 2021-07-14. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
^"Sadaeng Phon Kam Nam Su Nipphan Inscription". The Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre. 2021-07-02. Retrieved 2022-02-25.
^Li, Fang Kuei (1977). A Handbook of Comparative Tai. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications. University of Hawai'i Press. pp. i–389. ISSN 0078-3188. JSTOR 20006684.
^Khanitthanan, Wilaiwan. [Thai Letters of the Sukhothai Era]. สารานุกรมไทยสำหรับเยาวชนฯ เล่มที่ 18 [Thai Junior Encyclopedia]. Archived from the original on 2013-05-31.
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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Thai March 2009 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Thai article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Thai Wikipedia article at th kh see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated th kh to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Kho khuat kh khwd khuat is Thai for bottle is the third letter of the Thai alphabet It is a high consonant in the Thai tripartite consonant system itryangs informally xksrsamhmu It represents the sound kh as an initial consonant and k as a final consonant The letter is now rarely used being replaced universally by kho khai kh ikh There are currently no words using kho khuat in Thai language according to the Royal Institute Dictionary of 1999 the official standard current dictionary of the Thai language However kho khuat still has an entry in most dictionaries stating that it is obsolete and is included on alphabet charts in order to preserve the traditional count of 44 Thai consonants Kho khuatkhUsageWriting systemThai scriptTypeAbugidaLanguage of originThai languagePhonetic usage kʰ k Unicode codepointU 0E03Alphabetical position3HistoryDevelopmentkhTime period1283 to presentTransliteration equivalentsKho KhaiOtherWriting directionLeft to RightThis article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA For the distinction between and see IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters Contents 1 History 1 1 Origins 1 2 Fall out of use 1 2 1 Revival movement 2 See also 3 References 4 External linksHistory editOrigins edit Early evidence of kho khuat can be found in the Ram Khamhaeng Inscription from the Sukhothai Period which contains 11 words containing the letter 1 Additionally there are a number of other similar inscriptions that contain the letter including the Pa Nang Mo Inscription 2 the Pho Kun Ram Phon Inscription 3 the Kam Phaeng Ngam Inscription 4 and the Sadaeng Phon Kam Nam Su Nipphan Inscription 5 Linguists believe that at the time kho khuat likely represented the velar fricative x and was originally distinguished from kho khai which represents kh 6 Cognates of words beginning with kho khai and kho khuat in other Tai languages such as Tai Don also consistently show different sounds Later on kho khuat gradually came to sound the same as kho khai evidence of which may be seen from later inscriptions beginning to mix up the two letters 7 Fall out of use edit Both kh kho khuat and Kh kho khon fell out of use at the same time when the first Thai script typewriters were brought to Thailand in 1896 for there was no space for all characters in their 84 key keyboard Thus these two letters which at that point were already becoming rare were chosen to be done away with Even after the shift key was invented and the number of keys in typewriters was reduced to half those two letters were not reinstated They are however present on modern keyboards and are specified as part of the official standard 8 The reasons why precisely these two letters were chosen and not others is not known but neither kh kho khuat nor Kh kho khon correspond to letters of the Sanskrit or the Pali alphabet 9 Revival movement edit There is a minor movement for conservative spelling among some Thai publishers one goal of which is to bring kho khuat and kho khon back into currency One such publisher is Butterfly Book House sankphimphphiesux which publishes children s literature both by Thai authors and Thai translations of foreign authors such as Roald Dahl In its books words like khwd and khn are spelled khwd and Khn despite the fact that the apparently conservative spelling is sometimes arguably not the etymologically correct one as with Khn for khn As for the latter a 2006 film set in 1890s Siam and titled in Thai Khnifbin Flying Fire Person in English Dynamite Warrior uses Kh kho khon to spell Khn khon person Person is the standard example word for Kh in consonantal charts but is spelled khn See also editThai folkloreReferences edit Kanchanawan Nitaya kh kb Kh hayipihn 1 Where Did kh and Kh Go 1 The Royal Institute Archived from the original on 2013 11 15 Retrieved 2022 02 25 Pa Nang Mo Inscription The Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre 2021 10 26 Retrieved 2022 02 25 Pho Kun Ram Phon Inscription The Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre 2021 10 26 Retrieved 2022 02 25 Kam Phaeng Ngam Inscription The Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre 2021 07 14 Retrieved 2022 02 25 Sadaeng Phon Kam Nam Su Nipphan Inscription The Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre 2021 07 02 Retrieved 2022 02 25 Li Fang Kuei 1977 A Handbook of Comparative Tai Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications University of Hawai i Press pp i 389 ISSN 0078 3188 JSTOR 20006684 Khanitthanan Wilaiwan xksrithysmysuokhthy Thai Letters of the Sukhothai Era saranukrmithysahrbeyawchn elmthi 18 Thai Junior Encyclopedia Archived from the original on 2013 05 31 Thai Keyboard Layouts Retrieved 2022 02 25 Phya Anuman Rajadhon Essays on Thai Folklore ISBN 974 210 345 3External links editThaweesak Koanantakool The Keyboard Layouts and Input Method of the Thai Language Information Processing Institute for Education and Development Thammasat University The story of the obsolete letters in the Thai alphabet server not found nbsp This writing system related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte nbsp This Thailand related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kho khuat amp oldid 1212461478, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
