Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen
October 28, 2023
Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen ("Quantum theoretical re-interpretation of kinematic and mechanical relations") was a breakthrough article in quantum mechanics written by Werner Heisenberg, which appeared in Zeitschrift für Physik in September 1925.
Heisenberg worked on the article while recovering from hay fever on the island of Heligoland, corresponding with Wolfgang Pauli on the subject. When asked for his opinion of the manuscript, Pauli responded favorably, but Heisenberg said that he was still "very uncertain about it". In July 1925, he sent the manuscript to Max Born to review and decide whether to submit it for publication.[1]
In the article, Heisenberg tried to explain the energy levels of a one-dimensional anharmonic oscillator, avoiding the concrete but unobservable representations of electron orbits by using observable parameters such as transition probabilities for quantum jumps, which necessitated using two indexes corresponding to the initial and final states.[2]
Also included was the Heisenberg commutator, his law of multiplication needed to describe certain properties of atoms, whereby the product of two physical quantities did not commute. Therefore, PQ would differ from QP where, for example, P was an electron's momentum, and Q its position. Paul Dirac, who had received a proof copy in August 1925, realized that the commutative law had not been fully developed, and he produced an algebraic formulation to express the same results in more logical form.[3]
The article laid the groundwork for matrix mechanics, later developed further by Born and Pascual Jordan. When Born read the article, he recognized the formulation as one which could be transcribed and extended to the systematic language of matrices. Born, with the help of his assistant and former student Pascual Jordan, began immediately to make the transcription and extension, and they submitted their results for publication; their manuscript was received for publication just 60 days after Heisenberg’s article.[4] A follow-on article by all three authors extending the theory to multiple dimensions was submitted for publication before the end of the year.[5]
^M. Born and P. Jordan, Zur Quantenmechanik, Zeitschrift für Physik, 34, 858–888, 1925 (received September 27, 1925). [English translation in: B. L. van der Waerden, editor, Sources of Quantum Mechanics. Dover Publications, 1968. ISBN0-486-61881-1].
^M. Born, W. Heisenberg, and P. Jordan, Zur Quantenmechanik II, Zeitschrift für Physik, 35, 557–615, 1925 (received November 16, 1925). [English translation in: B. L. van der Waerden, editor, Sources of Quantum Mechanics. Dover Publications, 1968. ISBN0-486-61881-1].
Further readingedit
Werner Heisenberg (1925). "Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 33 (1): 879–893. Bibcode:1925ZPhy...33..879H. doi:10.1007/BF01328377.
An English translation may be found in B. L. van der Waerden, trans., ed. (1968). Sources of Quantum Mechanics. New York: Dover. pp. 261–276. ISBN0-486-61881-1.
External linksedit
Full text of the article PDF. www.psiquadrat.de. Consulted on 12 June 2021.
First page of the article
October 28, 2023
über, quantentheoretische, umdeutung, kinematischer, mechanischer, beziehungen, quantum, theoretical, interpretation, kinematic, mechanical, relations, breakthrough, article, quantum, mechanics, written, werner, heisenberg, which, appeared, zeitschrift, für, p. Uber quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen Quantum theoretical re interpretation of kinematic and mechanical relations was a breakthrough article in quantum mechanics written by Werner Heisenberg which appeared in Zeitschrift fur Physik in September 1925 Heisenberg worked on the article while recovering from hay fever on the island of Heligoland corresponding with Wolfgang Pauli on the subject When asked for his opinion of the manuscript Pauli responded favorably but Heisenberg said that he was still very uncertain about it In July 1925 he sent the manuscript to Max Born to review and decide whether to submit it for publication 1 In the article Heisenberg tried to explain the energy levels of a one dimensional anharmonic oscillator avoiding the concrete but unobservable representations of electron orbits by using observable parameters such as transition probabilities for quantum jumps which necessitated using two indexes corresponding to the initial and final states 2 Also included was the Heisenberg commutator his law of multiplication needed to describe certain properties of atoms whereby the product of two physical quantities did not commute Therefore PQ would differ from QP where for example P was an electron s momentum and Q its position Paul Dirac who had received a proof copy in August 1925 realized that the commutative law had not been fully developed and he produced an algebraic formulation to express the same results in more logical form 3 Contents 1 Historical context 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External linksHistorical context editThe article laid the groundwork for matrix mechanics later developed further by Born and Pascual Jordan When Born read the article he recognized the formulation as one which could be transcribed and extended to the systematic language of matrices Born with the help of his assistant and former student Pascual Jordan began immediately to make the transcription and extension and they submitted their results for publication their manuscript was received for publication just 60 days after Heisenberg s article 4 A follow on article by all three authors extending the theory to multiple dimensions was submitted for publication before the end of the year 5 See also editHeisenberg s entryway to matrix mechanics History of quantum mechanics Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics Matrix mechanicsReferences edit Mehra Jagdish Rechenberg Helmut 1982 The Formulation of Matrix Mechanics and its Modifications 1925 1926 The Historical Development of Quantum Theory Springer ISBN 0 387 90675 4 Emilio Segre From X Rays to Quarks Modern Physicists and their Discoveries W H Freeman and Company 1980 ISBN 0 7167 1147 8 pp 153 157 Kragh H 2004 Dirac Paul Adrien Maurice 1902 1984 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press M Born and P Jordan Zur Quantenmechanik Zeitschrift fur Physik 34 858 888 1925 received September 27 1925 English translation in B L van der Waerden editor Sources of Quantum Mechanics Dover Publications 1968 ISBN 0 486 61881 1 M Born W Heisenberg and P Jordan Zur Quantenmechanik II Zeitschrift fur Physik 35 557 615 1925 received November 16 1925 English translation in B L van der Waerden editor Sources of Quantum Mechanics Dover Publications 1968 ISBN 0 486 61881 1 Further reading editWerner Heisenberg 1925 Uber quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen Zeitschrift fur Physik in German 33 1 879 893 Bibcode 1925ZPhy 33 879H doi 10 1007 BF01328377 An English translation may be found in B L van der Waerden trans ed 1968 Sources of Quantum Mechanics New York Dover pp 261 276 ISBN 0 486 61881 1 External links editFull text of the article PDF www psiquadrat de Consulted on 12 June 2021 First page of the article English abstract Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Uber quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen amp oldid 1168204320, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
