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Raised fist

April 09, 2024

This article is about the salute and symbol. For the Swedish band, see Raised Fist.

The raised fist, or the clenched fist, is a long-standing image of mixed meaning, often a symbol of solidarity, especially with a political movement. It is a common symbol representing a wide range of political ideologies, most notably socialism, communism, anarchism, and trade unionism, and can also be used as a salute expressing unity, strength, or resistance.

Performer raising a fist at Woodstock Festival Poland

History edit

 
This painting by Honoré Daumier of the French Revolution of 1848 includes a possible early example of a "political clenched fist," according to curator Francesca Seravalle.[1]
 
This 1912 poster by Mihály Bíró uses the fist as a symbol of the collective power of the massed workers from whom it rises.

The origin of the raised fist as either a symbol or gesture is unclear. Its use in trade unionism, anarchism, and the labor movement had begun by the 1910s. William "Big Bill" Haywood, a founding member of the Industrial Workers of the World, used the metaphor of a fist as something greater than the sum of its parts during a speech at the 1913 Paterson silk strike.[2] Journalist and socialist activist John Reed described hearing a similar description from a participant in the strike.[3] A large raised fist rising from a crowd of striking workers was used to promote a mass strike in Budapest in 1912.[4] In the United States, clenched fist was described by the magazine Mother Earth as "symbolical of the social revolution" in 1914.[5]

The use of the fist as a salute by communists and antifascists is first evidenced in 1924, when it was adopted for the Communist Party of Germany's Roter Frontkämpferbund ("Alliance of Red Front-Fighters"). In reaction, the Nazi Party adopted the well-known Roman salute two years later.[6] The gesture of the raised fist was apparently known in the United States as well, and is seen in a photograph from a May Day march in New York City in 1936.[7] It is perhaps best known in this era from its use during the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939, as a greeting by the Republican faction, and known as the "Popular Front salute" or the "anti-fascist salute".[8]

 
Children preparing for evacuation during the Spanish Civil War (1930s), some giving the Republican salute. The Republicans showed a raised right fist whereas the Nationalists gave the Roman salute.[9]

The graphic symbol was popularised in 1948 by Taller de Gráfica Popular, a print shop in Mexico that used art to advance revolutionary social causes.[10] Its use spread through the United States in the 1960s after artist and activist Frank Cieciorka produced a simplified version for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee: this version was subsequently used by Students for a Democratic Society and the Black Power movement.[11]

The raised right fist was frequently used in posters produced during the May 1968 revolt in France, such as La Lutte continue, depicting a factory chimney topped with a clenched fist.[12][13][14]

A raised right fist icon appears prominently as a feminist symbol on the covers of two major books by Robin Morgan, Sisterhood is Powerful, published in 1970,[15] and Sisterhood Is Forever, in 2003.[16] The symbol had been popularised in the feminist movement during the Miss America protest in 1968 which Morgan co-organised.[8]

A raised fist incorporates the outline of the state of Wisconsin, as designed in 2011, for union protests against the state rescinding collective bargaining.[17]

edit

The raised fist logo generally carries the same symbolism as a hand gesture. It was an important symbol of workers rights and labor movements, as well as specific labor actions, such as strikes, boycotts, and walk-outs.

Notable examples include the fist and rose, a white fist holding a red rose, used by the Socialist International and some socialist or social democratic parties, such as the French Socialist Party and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party.[8] The fist can represent ethnic solidarity, such as in the Black Power fist of Black nationalism and the Black Panther Party, a Black Marxist group in the 1960s,[18] or the White Power fist, a logo generally associated with White nationalism.[19] A Black fist logo was also adopted by the northern soul music subculture. Loyalists in Northern Ireland occasionally use a red clenched fist on murals depicting the Red Hand of Ulster, which is also featured on the flag of Ulster.[20] Irish republicans, on the other hand, have been seen displaying raised fists.[21]

The image gallery shows how a raised fist is used in visual communication. Combined with another graphic element, a raised fist is used to convey polysemous gestures and opposing forces.[22] Depending on the elements combined, the meaning of the gesture changes in tone and intention. For example, a hammer and sickle combined with a raised right fist is part of communist symbolism, while the same right fist combined with a Venus symbol represents Feminism, and combined with a book, it represents some librarians who oppose digital rights management. The Gonzo fist emblem, characterized by two thumbs and four fingers holding a peyote button, was originally used in Hunter S. Thompson's 1970 campaign for sheriff of Aspen, Colorado. It has become a symbol of Thompson and gonzo journalism as a whole.

The Unicode character for the raised fist is U+270A ✊ .

Salute edit

Different movements sometimes use different terms to describe the raised fist salute: amongst communists and socialists, raised right fist is sometimes called the red salute, whereas in the United States it is widely known as the Black Power salute due to use by many African-American activists. The Rotfrontkämpferbund paramilitary organization of Communist Party of Germany used the right hand fist salute as early as 1924.[23] By this time, the Soviet Union had already established the use of a traditional Russian military salute. During the Spanish Civil War, it was sometimes known as the anti-fascist salute. A letter from the Spanish Civil War stated: "...the raised fist which greets you in Salud is not just a gesture—it means life and liberty being fought for and a greeting of solidarity with the democratic peoples of the world."[24]

At the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, medal winners John Carlos and Tommie Smith gave the raised fist salute during the American national anthem as a sign of black power, and as a protest on behalf of the Olympic Project for Human Rights. They were banned from further Olympic activities by the IOC, as the rules then in place prohibited any political statements at the Olympics. The event was one of the most overtly political statements[25] in the history of the modern Olympic Games. Tommie Smith stated in his autobiography, "Silent Gesture", that the salute was not a Black Power salute, but in fact a human rights salute.[26]

Nelson Mandela also used the clenched right fist salute upon his release from Victor Verster Prison in 1990.[8]

The raised right fist is used by officials in People's Republic of China when being sworn into office.[27]

Psychologist Oliver James has suggested that the appeal of the salute is that it allows the individual to indicate that they "intend to meet malevolent, massive institutional force with force of (their) own", and that they are bound in struggle with others against common oppression.[8]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Seravalle, Francesca (2017). "The Fist Photos: On the Polysemy of the Fist". Photographic Museum of Humanity. Retrieved July 2, 2019.
  2. ^ Gurley Flynn, Elizabeth (1977). Memories of the Industrial Workers of the World. New York: American Institute for Marxist Studies. p. 6.
  3. ^ Reed, John (June 1913). "War in Paterson". The Masses.
  4. ^ Simmons, Sherwin (2000). "'Hand to the Friend, Fist to the Foe': The Struggle of Signs in the Weimar Republic". Journal of Design History. 13 (4): 319–339. doi:10.1093/jdh/13.4.319. ISSN 0952-4649. JSTOR 3527066.
  5. ^ Berkman, Alexander (July 1914). "The Lexington Explosion" (PDF). Mother Earth. IX: 155 – via Libcom.org.
  6. ^ Korff, Gottfried (Fall 1992). "From Brotherly Handshake to Militant Clenched Fist: On Political Metaphors for the Worker's Hand". International Labor and Working-Class History. 42: 77. doi:10.1017/S0147547900011236. S2CID 144046575 – via JSTOR.
  7. ^ "May 1 Labour Day: What is International Workers' Day?". Al Jazeera. May 1, 2019. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
  8. ^ a b c d e Kelly, Jon (17 April 2012). "Breivik: What's behind clenched-fist salutes?". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  9. ^ Calleja, Eduardo Gonzále (2005). "The symbolism of violence during the Second Republic in Spain, 1931–1936". In Ealham, Chris; Richards, Michael (eds.). The Splintering of Spain. pp. 23–44. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511497025.005. ISBN 978-0-511-49702-5. The Roman salute characteristic of Italian fascism was first adopted by the PNE and the JONS, later spreading to the Falange and other extreme right groups, before it became the official salute in Franco's Spain. The JAP salute, which consisted of stretching the right arm horizontally to touch the left shoulder enjoyed only relatively little acceptance. The gesture of the raised right fist, so widespread among left-wing workers' groups, gave rise to more regimented variations, such as the salute with the fist on one's temple, characteristic of the German Rotfront, which was adopted by the republican Popular Army.
  10. ^ . docspopuli.org. Archived from the original on 5 May 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
  11. ^ Patton, Phil (10 January 2006). . American Institute of Graphic Arts. Archived from the original on 9 September 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  12. ^ Hird, Alison (4 April 2018). "France May 68: the art of revolution". rfi.fr. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  13. ^ Considine, Liam (Autumn 2015). "Screen Politics: Pop Art and the Atelier Populaire". Tate Papers (24). ISSN 1753-9854. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  14. ^ Rubin, Alissa J. (4 May 2018). "Printing a Revolution: The Posters of Paris '68". NYTimes.com. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  15. ^ Author's website 2020-11-27 at the Wayback Machine, as accessed September 5, 2012.
  16. ^ Author's website 2021-02-25 at the Wayback Machine, as accessed September 5, 2012.
  17. ^ "The Story Behind the Blue Fist - Wisconsin State AFL-CIO Blog". Typepad. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
  18. ^ "History: USA: The Black Panther Party".
  19. ^ "Anti-Defamation League - Aryan Fist".
  20. ^ "Does Northern Ireland need Red Hand sculpture?". Belfast Telegraph. 2010-05-10. Retrieved 2020-07-23.
  21. ^ Whalen, L. (2007). Contemporary Irish Republican Prison Writing Writing and Resistance. Palgrave MacMillan US. p. 91.
  22. ^ Calbris, Geneviève (1 January 2011). Elements of Meaning in Gesture. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-9027228475. Retrieved 16 January 2017 – via Google Books.
  23. ^ Korff, Gottfried: "Symbolgeschichte als Sozialgeschichte? Zehn vorläufige Notizen zu den Bild- und Zeichensystemen sozialer Bewegungen in Deutschland", in: Warneken, Bernd Jürgen (Hg.): "Massenmedium Strasse. Zur Kulturgeschichte der Demonstrationen." Frankfurt/Main 1991. S. 27–28. Cited in: Schulte-Rummel, Sven "Die politische Symbolik der Kommunistischen Partei Deutschlands in der Weimarer Republlik" [1]. "Im Gegensatz zu den meisten anderen Symbolen der Kommunisten beginnt die Geschichte der geballten Faust in der Ära der Weimarer Republik. Sie war prägendes Symbol bei Straßenaufmärschen, Spiegel der gewaltbereiten Demonstranten, die voller Frust über das System dem Staat die geballte Faust zeigten." Translation: "Unlikely the most of other Communists symbols, the history of Raised right fist started in the era of Weimar Republic. It was a definitive symbol of street marches, reflection of the marchers who were ready for violence, who were disappointed by the whole system of the state and showed their clenched fists to it."
  24. ^ Rolfe, Mary. Letter to Leo Hurwitz and Janey Dudley, 25 November 1938. Reprinted in Cary Nelson and Jefferson Hendricks, eds. "Madrid 1937: Letters of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade from the Spanish Civil War," Routledge: 1996. [2]
  25. ^ Lewis, Richard (2006-10-08). "Caught in Time: Black Power salute, Mexico, 1968". London: The Sunday Times. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
  26. ^ Silent Gesture – Autobiography of Tommie Smith (excerpt via Google Books) – Smith, Tommie & Steele, David, Temple University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-1-59213-639-1 pg. 22 quotes: "To this very day, the gesture made on the victory stand is described as Black Power salute; it was not." "We were students, and we were dedicated to the Olympic Project for Human Rights."
  27. ^ "State Council holds first swearing-in ceremony to uphold Constitution". The State Council of the People's Republic of China. Sep 18, 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2017.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Raised fist.

April 09, 2024
raised, fist, this, article, about, salute, symbol, swedish, band, raised, fist, raised, fist, clenched, fist, long, standing, image, mixed, meaning, often, symbol, solidarity, especially, with, political, movement, common, symbol, representing, wide, range, p. This article is about the salute and symbol For the Swedish band see Raised Fist The raised fist or the clenched fist is a long standing image of mixed meaning often a symbol of solidarity especially with a political movement It is a common symbol representing a wide range of political ideologies most notably socialism communism anarchism and trade unionism and can also be used as a salute expressing unity strength or resistance Performer raising a fist at Woodstock Festival Poland Contents 1 History 2 Logo 3 Salute 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksHistory edit nbsp This painting by Honore Daumier of the French Revolution of 1848 includes a possible early example of a political clenched fist according to curator Francesca Seravalle 1 nbsp This 1912 poster by Mihaly Biro uses the fist as a symbol of the collective power of the massed workers from whom it rises The origin of the raised fist as either a symbol or gesture is unclear Its use in trade unionism anarchism and the labor movement had begun by the 1910s William Big Bill Haywood a founding member of the Industrial Workers of the World used the metaphor of a fist as something greater than the sum of its parts during a speech at the 1913 Paterson silk strike 2 Journalist and socialist activist John Reed described hearing a similar description from a participant in the strike 3 A large raised fist rising from a crowd of striking workers was used to promote a mass strike in Budapest in 1912 4 In the United States clenched fist was described by the magazine Mother Earth as symbolical of the social revolution in 1914 5 The use of the fist as a salute by communists and antifascists is first evidenced in 1924 when it was adopted for the Communist Party of Germany s Roter Frontkampferbund Alliance of Red Front Fighters In reaction the Nazi Party adopted the well known Roman salute two years later 6 The gesture of the raised fist was apparently known in the United States as well and is seen in a photograph from a May Day march in New York City in 1936 7 It is perhaps best known in this era from its use during the Spanish Civil War of 1936 1939 as a greeting by the Republican faction and known as the Popular Front salute or the anti fascist salute 8 nbsp Children preparing for evacuation during the Spanish Civil War 1930s some giving the Republican salute The Republicans showed a raised right fist whereas the Nationalists gave the Roman salute 9 The graphic symbol was popularised in 1948 by Taller de Grafica Popular a print shop in Mexico that used art to advance revolutionary social causes 10 Its use spread through the United States in the 1960s after artist and activist Frank Cieciorka produced a simplified version for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee this version was subsequently used by Students for a Democratic Society and the Black Power movement 11 The raised right fist was frequently used in posters produced during the May 1968 revolt in France such as La Lutte continue depicting a factory chimney topped with a clenched fist 12 13 14 A raised right fist icon appears prominently as a feminist symbol on the covers of two major books by Robin Morgan Sisterhood is Powerful published in 1970 15 and Sisterhood Is Forever in 2003 16 The symbol had been popularised in the feminist movement during the Miss America protest in 1968 which Morgan co organised 8 A raised fist incorporates the outline of the state of Wisconsin as designed in 2011 for union protests against the state rescinding collective bargaining 17 Logo editThe raised fist logo generally carries the same symbolism as a hand gesture It was an important symbol of workers rights and labor movements as well as specific labor actions such as strikes boycotts and walk outs Notable examples include the fist and rose a white fist holding a red rose used by the Socialist International and some socialist or social democratic parties such as the French Socialist Party and the Spanish Socialist Workers Party 8 The fist can represent ethnic solidarity such as in the Black Power fist of Black nationalism and the Black Panther Party a Black Marxist group in the 1960s 18 or the White Power fist a logo generally associated with White nationalism 19 A Black fist logo was also adopted by the northern soul music subculture Loyalists in Northern Ireland occasionally use a red clenched fist on murals depicting the Red Hand of Ulster which is also featured on the flag of Ulster 20 Irish republicans on the other hand have been seen displaying raised fists 21 The image gallery shows how a raised fist is used in visual communication Combined with another graphic element a raised fist is used to convey polysemous gestures and opposing forces 22 Depending on the elements combined the meaning of the gesture changes in tone and intention For example a hammer and sickle combined with a raised right fist is part of communist symbolism while the same right fist combined with a Venus symbol represents Feminism and combined with a book it represents some librarians who oppose digital rights management The Gonzo fist emblem characterized by two thumbs and four fingers holding a peyote button was originally used in Hunter S Thompson s 1970 campaign for sheriff of Aspen Colorado It has become a symbol of Thompson and gonzo journalism as a whole The Unicode character for the raised fist is U 270A nbsp Solidarity cartoon 1917 nbsp Civil liberties poster 1940 nbsp Painted symbol of the Power Fist nbsp Feminism nbsp The Gonzo fist nbsp Otpor nbsp Kach and Kahane Chai nbsp Piotr Uklanski Untitled Fist 2008 nbsp Stand with Wisconsin 2011 Wisconsin AFL CIO nbsp Librarians Against DRM nbsp White power fist used by white nationalists and white supremacists popularised by the band Skrewdriver nbsp George Floyd protest 2020Salute editDifferent movements sometimes use different terms to describe the raised fist salute amongst communists and socialists raised right fist is sometimes called the red salute whereas in the United States it is widely known as the Black Power salute due to use by many African American activists The Rotfrontkampferbund paramilitary organization of Communist Party of Germany used the right hand fist salute as early as 1924 23 By this time the Soviet Union had already established the use of a traditional Russian military salute During the Spanish Civil War it was sometimes known as the anti fascist salute A letter from the Spanish Civil War stated the raised fist which greets you in Salud is not just a gesture it means life and liberty being fought for and a greeting of solidarity with the democratic peoples of the world 24 At the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City medal winners John Carlos and Tommie Smith gave the raised fist salute during the American national anthem as a sign of black power and as a protest on behalf of the Olympic Project for Human Rights They were banned from further Olympic activities by the IOC as the rules then in place prohibited any political statements at the Olympics The event was one of the most overtly political statements 25 in the history of the modern Olympic Games Tommie Smith stated in his autobiography Silent Gesture that the salute was not a Black Power salute but in fact a human rights salute 26 Nelson Mandela also used the clenched right fist salute upon his release from Victor Verster Prison in 1990 8 The raised right fist is used by officials in People s Republic of China when being sworn into office 27 Psychologist Oliver James has suggested that the appeal of the salute is that it allows the individual to indicate that they intend to meet malevolent massive institutional force with force of their own and that they are bound in struggle with others against common oppression 8 nbsp The raised fist was the official salute of communist partisan armies throughout the Balkans during World War II as performed by this Yugoslav partisan nbsp Gold medalist Tommie Smith center and bronze medalist John Carlos right showing the raised fist on the podium after the 200 m race at the 1968 Summer Olympics nbsp February 15 2003 A woman raises her right fist in solidarity with protestors opposing the 2003 invasion of Iraq nbsp Former President Donald J Trump giving the raised fist during his inauguration in 2017 See also edit1968 Olympics Black Power salute 1972 Olympics Black Power salute Black Lives Matter Bras d honneur Civil disobedience Death to fascism freedom to the people Hands up don t shoot Lal Salam Taking the kneeReferences edit Seravalle Francesca 2017 The Fist Photos On the Polysemy of the Fist Photographic Museum of Humanity Retrieved July 2 2019 Gurley Flynn Elizabeth 1977 Memories of the Industrial Workers of the World New York American Institute for Marxist Studies p 6 Reed John June 1913 War in Paterson The Masses Simmons Sherwin 2000 Hand to the Friend Fist to the Foe The Struggle of Signs in the Weimar Republic Journal of Design History 13 4 319 339 doi 10 1093 jdh 13 4 319 ISSN 0952 4649 JSTOR 3527066 Berkman Alexander July 1914 The Lexington Explosion PDF Mother Earth IX 155 via Libcom org Korff Gottfried Fall 1992 From Brotherly Handshake to Militant Clenched Fist On Political Metaphors for the Worker s Hand International Labor and Working Class History 42 77 doi 10 1017 S0147547900011236 S2CID 144046575 via JSTOR May 1 Labour Day What is International Workers Day Al Jazeera May 1 2019 Retrieved July 2 2020 a b c d e Kelly Jon 17 April 2012 Breivik What s behind clenched fist salutes bbc co uk Retrieved 7 July 2018 Calleja Eduardo Gonzale 2005 The symbolism of violence during the Second Republic in Spain 1931 1936 In Ealham Chris Richards Michael eds The Splintering of Spain pp 23 44 doi 10 1017 CBO9780511497025 005 ISBN 978 0 511 49702 5 The Roman salute characteristic of Italian fascism was first adopted by the PNE and the JONS later spreading to the Falange and other extreme right groups before it became the official salute in Franco s Spain The JAP salute which consisted of stretching the right arm horizontally to touch the left shoulder enjoyed only relatively little acceptance The gesture of the raised right fist so widespread among left wing workers groups gave rise to more regimented variations such as the salute with the fist on one s temple characteristic of the German Rotfront which was adopted by the republican Popular Army Mexican posters on social and educational themes docspopuli org Archived from the original on 5 May 2007 Retrieved 16 January 2017 Patton Phil 10 January 2006 Not Your Grandparent s Clenched Fist American Institute of Graphic Arts Archived from the original on 9 September 2011 Retrieved 7 July 2018 Hird Alison 4 April 2018 France May 68 the art of revolution rfi fr Retrieved 7 July 2018 Considine Liam Autumn 2015 Screen Politics Pop Art and the Atelier Populaire Tate Papers 24 ISSN 1753 9854 Retrieved 7 July 2018 Rubin Alissa J 4 May 2018 Printing a Revolution The Posters of Paris 68 NYTimes com Retrieved 4 May 2018 Author s website Archived 2020 11 27 at the Wayback Machine as accessed September 5 2012 Author s website Archived 2021 02 25 at the Wayback Machine as accessed September 5 2012 The Story Behind the Blue Fist Wisconsin State AFL CIO Blog Typepad Retrieved 16 January 2017 History USA The Black Panther Party Anti Defamation League Aryan Fist Does Northern Ireland need Red Hand sculpture Belfast Telegraph 2010 05 10 Retrieved 2020 07 23 Whalen L 2007 Contemporary Irish Republican Prison Writing Writing and Resistance Palgrave MacMillan US p 91 Calbris Genevieve 1 January 2011 Elements of Meaning in Gesture John Benjamins Publishing ISBN 978 9027228475 Retrieved 16 January 2017 via Google Books Korff Gottfried Symbolgeschichte als Sozialgeschichte Zehn vorlaufige Notizen zu den Bild und Zeichensystemen sozialer Bewegungen in Deutschland in Warneken Bernd Jurgen Hg Massenmedium Strasse Zur Kulturgeschichte der Demonstrationen Frankfurt Main 1991 S 27 28 Cited in Schulte Rummel Sven Die politische Symbolik der Kommunistischen Partei Deutschlands in der Weimarer Republlik 1 Im Gegensatz zu den meisten anderen Symbolen der Kommunisten beginnt die Geschichte der geballten Faust in der Ara der Weimarer Republik Sie war pragendes Symbol bei Strassenaufmarschen Spiegel der gewaltbereiten Demonstranten die voller Frust uber das System dem Staat die geballte Faust zeigten Translation Unlikely the most of other Communists symbols the history of Raised right fist started in the era of Weimar Republic It was a definitive symbol of street marches reflection of the marchers who were ready for violence who were disappointed by the whole system of the state and showed their clenched fists to it Rolfe Mary Letter to Leo Hurwitz and Janey Dudley 25 November 1938 Reprinted in Cary Nelson and Jefferson Hendricks eds Madrid 1937 Letters of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade from the Spanish Civil War Routledge 1996 2 Lewis Richard 2006 10 08 Caught in Time Black Power salute Mexico 1968 London The Sunday Times Retrieved 2008 11 09 Silent Gesture Autobiography of Tommie Smith excerpt via Google Books Smith Tommie amp Steele David Temple University Press 2007 ISBN 978 1 59213 639 1 pg 22 quotes To this very day the gesture made on the victory stand is described as Black Power salute it was not We were students and we were dedicated to the Olympic Project for Human Rights State Council holds first swearing in ceremony to uphold Constitution The State Council of the People s Republic of China Sep 18 2016 Retrieved 16 January 2017 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Raised fist A brief history of the clenched fist image Archived 2020 12 06 at the Wayback Machine Bitter price of Olympics iconic image Archived 2012 04 18 at the Wayback Machine from Los Angeles Daily News India Faces Maoist Red Salute from BBC World News Aryan Fist article from the Anti Defamation League Jenna Amatulli The Raised Fist Emoji Is Social Media s Resistance Symbol Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Raised fist amp oldid 1214580670, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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