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Carl Merck

March 13, 2023

Carl Hermann Merck (3 May 1809 - 16 October 1880) was one of the leading Hamburg statesmen of the 19th century, holding the office of Syndicus from 1847 until his death in 1880.[1]

Carl Merck

Early life

His father Heinrich Johann Merck (1770-1853), originally from Schweinfurt, Franconia, was a Hamburg merchant and became a Senator in 1820. Carl Merck attended school at the Johanneum in Hamburg and the Gymnasium in Rinteln. He then studied law and political science in Leipzig, Göttingen, and Heidelberg universities, being awarded a doctorate at Heidelberg in 1831. Rather than pursue a career in Law, he travelled widely, nominally on behalf of his father's firm, to further his education. For several years he lived successively in England, France, Switzerland, Italy, Greece, Turkey, and Egypt.

In 1840 Merck returned to Hamburg to devote himself more and more to the public affairs of his native city. First, he took part in the establishment of the Hamburg-Bergedorf railway, the first railway line which was undertaken in north Germany. After the Great fire of Hamburg of May 1842, he joined as a Secretary in the then formed Technical Commission for reconstruction, which included British engineer William Lindley.

Syndicus

In 1843 the position of Senate Secretary became free, which, as a rule, opened the prospect of becoming a Syndicus, because a Syndicus would normally have progressed from Secretary. Both Merck and his friend from Heidelberg University, Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer, were interested and they submitted their applications at precisely the same time. The competition resolved itself, as the Senate elected Kirchenpauer to be a senator on 4 December and then gave the free secretary office to Merck on 22 December. From this Merck rose, as he had hoped, in July1847 to become one of the four Syndics.[2] He was elected Syndicus replacing Karl Sieveking, joining Syndics Wilhelm Amsinck, Johann Kauffmann and Edward Banks.[3]

The four syndics sat in the Senate with the senators and took part in the debates, but had no vote. The office, at that time, was somewhat analogous to that of a cabinet minister (which did not exist as such in Hamburg). To them were entrusted all important negotiations, and the preparation of every legislative enactment.[4]

Sieveking had been in charge of the Foreign Affairs of the State of Hamburg since 1820 when he became a Syndicus.[5] After Sieveking's death, Banks was entrusted with the direction of foreign affairs. From 1848, Banks took up a number of diplomatic posts abroad and later suffered from ill health.[6] Merck then took on the foreign affairs role. Since then, Merck was at the centre of public life in Hamburg.

Hermann Merck was a representative of Hanseatic particularism par excellence. Merck, who himself came from a wealthy merchant family, sought to guarantee the welfare of the city and its trade and promote the continuity of Hamburg's policy of neutrality and the preservation of its independence. He belonged to the anti-Prussian party in the Senate of Hamburg, because Prussia for him embodied the “power state” and he did not think the creation of something good and durable was likely, if the policy was based on power, rather than law.[7]

Although the law of 1849 gave the Syndics only a consultative function, they were ranked between the senators and the two mayors. However, the Constitution of Hamburg of 1860 narrowed their rights, so that they now ranked behind the senators and they also lost their title "Magnificence". Merck's special position in the Senate can be measured by the fact that an exception was made in his case and he retained the title, rank and responsibilities.[7]

Merck and 1866 crisis

Following the Second Schleswig War of 1864, Schleswig and Holstein became a Prusso-Austrian condominium, with Prussia occupying the former and Austria the latter. On 8 June 1866 Prussian general Von Manteuffel crossed the river Eider into Holstein, having warned the Austrians that he was exercising Prussia's condominate right to establish garrisons in some unoccupied points of Holstein. Austria withdrew from Holstein, but requested the Federal Diet (Bundestag) of the German Confederation to mobilise militarily against Prussia.[8]

On 11 June, the Diet was convoked and Austria moved that all Federal military contingents except Prussia's be mobilised.[8] Prussia responded by laying before the Diet a scheme of reform of ten articles, the most salient being the exclusion of Austria from the Confederation and the election of a representative body in the remainder; Prussia moved its immediate adoption.[8] The Diet voted on the Austrian proposal on 14 June, which was carried by nine votes to six.[8][9] The three Hanseatic cities, through their joint envoy Friedrich Krüger, voted against the Austrian proposal and made a declaration (formulated by Lübeck) that the events in Holstein did not justify the mobilisation of Federal forces because the danger of an immediate collision had passed.

On 16 June, Emil von Richthofen, the Prussian envoy to the Hanseatic states, presented to the Hamburg Senate and other German governments an "identical note" asking for an alliance on the basis of Prussia's reform proposal placed before the Diet and requesting that its troops be mobilised and placed at the disposal Prussia.[10]

Under the direction of Merck, the Senate Foreign Affairs Commission (Hamburg's foreign ministry), dealt with the Prussian proposals on 17 June. The result was negative, because the Commission believed that the Prussian alliance was not in Hamburg's interests. Instead, they proposed to hold a conference with the other two Hanseatic cities in order to proceed together on this question. Prior to this conference, Merck endeavoured to determine the specific consequences of a rejection of the Prussian alliance for Hamburg. Merck learned more about Prussian intentions through diplomatic channels with the Hanseatic Minister-Resident in Berlin, Friedrich Geffcken, reporting that the Prussian Minister Alexander von Schleinitz said the King had stated that Prussia did not want to act against the Hanseatic cities, as they voted with Prussia in the Federal Diet on 14 June.[10]

The Lübeck Senate supported the Prussian view that the Confederation should no longer exist, because of the illegal action of mobilisation and proposed that their Federal Diet envoy Krüger be recalled. But Merck wanted to wait and went to see the Lübeck Senate on 19 June to persuade them of this course.[10]

On 21 June, representatives of the Hanseatic cities met in Hamburg to discuss the measures demanded by Prussia. Richthofen took part in this conference and emphasised that ending relations with Prussia's opponents was indispensable as a sign of friendly neutrality, and that therefore their Federal Diet envoy in Frankfurt, Krüger, must be recalled. The meeting agreed to recall Krüger on 29 June.[10] Richthofen now tried to persuade the Senate of Hamburg to give in to other demands, to send a military contingent to help Prussia and to agree to a new federation. The Hamburg Senate met on 22 June and approved the recall of Krüger, but, apparently encouraged by reassuring reports from Geffcken, decided to reject the Prussian alliance offer. The only concession was the promise to do nothing hostile to Prussia and to promote federal reform in the future. To soften the impression of rejection, Merck visited Richthofen on 23 June to inform him in advance of the result of the Senate meeting.[10]

On 24 June, Richthofen met two prominent members of the House of Burgesses (Burgerschaft), Isaac Wolffson (former President of that chamber and member of the Right party) and Johannes Halben (leader of the Left party), to inform them of the intended rejection of the Prussian proposals by the Senate. He pointed out that Prussia would not accept a refusal without further action. He mentioned that Prussia would dissolve the Senate and take over the government. The Burgerschaft would remain undisturbed, as would the population, if they kept quiet. Otherwise, 10,000 Prussian troops would occupy the city. Merck, to whom Wolffson and Halben reported this, sent Krüger, who had been in Hamburg since 22 June, to Richthofen to obtain certainty about the Prussian threats.[10]

The Senate resumed meeting on 25 June. Already some senators had moved away from rejection of the alliance. In a detailed presentation, Merck described to the Senate the changed situation since their resolution of 22 June. He regarded the positive attitude of Lübeck to the Prussian alliance and the threats of Richthofen as particularly serious. He was particularly afraid that, after the accession of all other north German states to the alliance, Hamburg would stand completely isolated. Hamburg's independence was thus seriously threatened. In these circumstances, Merck continued, the Senate must examine whether, in a matter concerning continued political existence, the Senate could hold to its legally based position.[10]

Then at the 26 June Senate meeting, Merck said that to avoid occupation of Hamburg, dissolution of the government or further coercion, it was now necessary to give way. All of northern Germany had joined Prussia, and one could not be sure what energetic steps Prussia could take.[11] Krüger, still their Federal Diet envoy, was not without influence on the decisions during the critical hours – he then returned to Frankfurt to make a joint statement on behalf of the Hanseatic cities. His attitude had been cautious since 16 June. A milder answer to Prussia than originally proposed on 22 June was then sent.[12]

Merck also wrote to the Hamburg Resident in London, in order to create understanding in Britain for the forced connection to Prussia and thereby to preserve the benefit of Hamburg's good relations with Britain. Then, exhausted, a nervous breakdown compelled him to hand over the business to Senator Kirchenpauer.[13]

Merck, who had now recovered, tried again to convince the Burgerschaft of the inevitability of the decision.[13] The day after the Austrian defeat at the Battle of Königgrätz, on 4 July, the Senate submitted to the Burgerschaft the following urgent requests: (i) Assent to the alliance with Prussia, subject to further negotiations on the details. (ii) Support the continuation of the Brigade with Oldenburg, Bremen and Lübeck. (iii) Authorise the costs of mobilisation. The House assented by 113 votes to 54.[11] Thus enabled, Merck informed Richthofen on 5 July that Hamburg constitutionally approved her accession to the Prussian alliance, accepting the guarantees given by Prussia and mobilising the Hamburg troops to be at the disposal of Prussia.[11] In August, two battalions of Hamburg troops, joined by a battalion from Lubeck and two Prussian battalions, were sent to Frankfurt to replace Prussian troops in that area. These were needed for the occupation of Darmstadt, Heidelberg, and Mannheim.[14]

On 18 August, Geffcken signed in Berlin a one-year duration treaty between Hamburg and Prussia, concluding an alliance to preserve the independence and integrity of their states. For this purpose all troops were placed under Prussian supreme command. They would hold elections to an imperial parliament and their plenipotentiaries would meet in Berlin to draft a constitution for the new federation. With the conclusion of this treaty, the dramatic struggle for the accession of the last north German state to the Prussian alliance was over.[15]

Other duties

Merck, in addition to the Syndicate for Foreign Affairs, was given many other official functions, both in public and private, such as President of the Kunsthalle and the Hamburg City Hall Construction Commission, also chairman of the International Horticultural Exhibition of 1869.

Postscript

He was spared seeing the occurrence Hamburg's absorption in the German Customs Union, the so-called “Zoll Anchluss”, as he died in October 1880 a few months before the conclusion of the treaty in 1881.[1]

Notes

  1. ^ a b Carl Hermann Merck in General German Biography (ADB ) de.wikisource.org/wiki/ADB:Merck,_Carl_Hermann Retrieved Jan 2018
  2. ^ Hamburg, Deutschland und die Welt, 2nd ed. 1952, by Percy Ernst Schramm, publ Hoffmann & Campe; p. 212
  3. ^ Hamburgischer Staats Kalender 1846, publ. by Friedrich Hermann Nestler and Melle, Hamburg, 1846
  4. ^ Westminster Review Vol 37 Oct 1842, publ.Joseph Mason, New York (US ed.); p.225
  5. ^ Karl Sieveking in General German Biography (ADB ) de.wikisource.org/wiki/ADB:Sieveking,_Karl Retrieved Jan 2018
  6. ^ Edward Banks in General German Biography (ADB ) de.wikisource.org/wiki/ADB:Banks,_Edward Retrieved Jan 2018
  7. ^ a b Die diplomatischen Beziehungen zwischen Deutschland und Japan 1854-1868 (Diplomatic relations between Germany and Japan 1854-1868) by Holmer Stahncke, publ. Franz Steiner Verlag (ISBN 3515046186), December 1, 1987; p.73
  8. ^ a b c d Overthrow of the Germanic Confederation by Prussia in 1866, by Sir Alexander Malet, former British Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Frankfort; Publ. Longmans, London 1870; pp 181-184
  9. ^ As described by Mallet, the large states had one vote each, whilst the smaller states were in groups each with one vote. The free cities combined had one vote, the 17th voice or Curie
  10. ^ a b c d e f g “Hamburg Im Bundesrat: Die Mitwirkung Hamburgs an Der Bildung Des Reichswillens 1867-1890”, by Hans-Georg Schönhoff, Publ. Hamburg, 1967; pp 13-17
  11. ^ a b c “Hamburg Im Bundesrat: Die Mitwirkung Hamburgs an Der Bildung Des Reichswillens 1867-1890”, by Hans-Georg Schönhoff, Publ. Hamburg, 1967; p. 19
  12. ^ Bismarck und die norddeutschen Kleinstaaten im Jahre 1866, by Karl Lange, pPubl. C. Heymann, Berlin 1930; pp 125 and 129
  13. ^ a b Hamburg, Deutschland und die Welt, 2nd ed. 1952, by Percy Ernst Schramm, publ Hoffmann & Campe; p. 486
  14. ^ Overthrow of the Germanic Confederation by Prussia in 1866, by Sir Alexander Malet, former British Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Frankfort; Publ. Longmans, London 1870; p. 369
  15. ^ “Hamburg Im Bundesrat: Die Mitwirkung Hamburgs an Der Bildung Des Reichswillens 1867-1890”, by Hans-Georg Schönhoff, Publ. Hamburg, 1967; pp 24-25

References

March 13, 2023
carl, merck, carl, hermann, merck, 1809, october, 1880, leading, hamburg, statesmen, 19th, century, holding, office, syndicus, from, 1847, until, death, 1880, contents, early, life, syndicus, merck, 1866, crisis, other, duties, postscript, notes, referencesear. Carl Hermann Merck 3 May 1809 16 October 1880 was one of the leading Hamburg statesmen of the 19th century holding the office of Syndicus from 1847 until his death in 1880 1 Carl Merck Contents 1 Early life 2 Syndicus 3 Merck and 1866 crisis 4 Other duties 5 Postscript 6 Notes 7 ReferencesEarly life EditHis father Heinrich Johann Merck 1770 1853 originally from Schweinfurt Franconia was a Hamburg merchant and became a Senator in 1820 Carl Merck attended school at the Johanneum in Hamburg and the Gymnasium in Rinteln He then studied law and political science in Leipzig Gottingen and Heidelberg universities being awarded a doctorate at Heidelberg in 1831 Rather than pursue a career in Law he travelled widely nominally on behalf of his father s firm to further his education For several years he lived successively in England France Switzerland Italy Greece Turkey and Egypt In 1840 Merck returned to Hamburg to devote himself more and more to the public affairs of his native city First he took part in the establishment of the Hamburg Bergedorf railway the first railway line which was undertaken in north Germany After the Great fire of Hamburg of May 1842 he joined as a Secretary in the then formed Technical Commission for reconstruction which included British engineer William Lindley Syndicus EditIn 1843 the position of Senate Secretary became free which as a rule opened the prospect of becoming a Syndicus because a Syndicus would normally have progressed from Secretary Both Merck and his friend from Heidelberg University Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer were interested and they submitted their applications at precisely the same time The competition resolved itself as the Senate elected Kirchenpauer to be a senator on 4 December and then gave the free secretary office to Merck on 22 December From this Merck rose as he had hoped in July1847 to become one of the four Syndics 2 He was elected Syndicus replacing Karl Sieveking joining Syndics Wilhelm Amsinck Johann Kauffmann and Edward Banks 3 The four syndics sat in the Senate with the senators and took part in the debates but had no vote The office at that time was somewhat analogous to that of a cabinet minister which did not exist as such in Hamburg To them were entrusted all important negotiations and the preparation of every legislative enactment 4 Sieveking had been in charge of the Foreign Affairs of the State of Hamburg since 1820 when he became a Syndicus 5 After Sieveking s death Banks was entrusted with the direction of foreign affairs From 1848 Banks took up a number of diplomatic posts abroad and later suffered from ill health 6 Merck then took on the foreign affairs role Since then Merck was at the centre of public life in Hamburg Hermann Merck was a representative of Hanseatic particularism par excellence Merck who himself came from a wealthy merchant family sought to guarantee the welfare of the city and its trade and promote the continuity of Hamburg s policy of neutrality and the preservation of its independence He belonged to the anti Prussian party in the Senate of Hamburg because Prussia for him embodied the power state and he did not think the creation of something good and durable was likely if the policy was based on power rather than law 7 Although the law of 1849 gave the Syndics only a consultative function they were ranked between the senators and the two mayors However the Constitution of Hamburg of 1860 narrowed their rights so that they now ranked behind the senators and they also lost their title Magnificence Merck s special position in the Senate can be measured by the fact that an exception was made in his case and he retained the title rank and responsibilities 7 Merck and 1866 crisis EditFollowing the Second Schleswig War of 1864 Schleswig and Holstein became a Prusso Austrian condominium with Prussia occupying the former and Austria the latter On 8 June 1866 Prussian general Von Manteuffel crossed the river Eider into Holstein having warned the Austrians that he was exercising Prussia s condominate right to establish garrisons in some unoccupied points of Holstein Austria withdrew from Holstein but requested the Federal Diet Bundestag of the German Confederation to mobilise militarily against Prussia 8 On 11 June the Diet was convoked and Austria moved that all Federal military contingents except Prussia s be mobilised 8 Prussia responded by laying before the Diet a scheme of reform of ten articles the most salient being the exclusion of Austria from the Confederation and the election of a representative body in the remainder Prussia moved its immediate adoption 8 The Diet voted on the Austrian proposal on 14 June which was carried by nine votes to six 8 9 The three Hanseatic cities through their joint envoy Friedrich Kruger voted against the Austrian proposal and made a declaration formulated by Lubeck that the events in Holstein did not justify the mobilisation of Federal forces because the danger of an immediate collision had passed On 16 June Emil von Richthofen the Prussian envoy to the Hanseatic states presented to the Hamburg Senate and other German governments an identical note asking for an alliance on the basis of Prussia s reform proposal placed before the Diet and requesting that its troops be mobilised and placed at the disposal Prussia 10 Under the direction of Merck the Senate Foreign Affairs Commission Hamburg s foreign ministry dealt with the Prussian proposals on 17 June The result was negative because the Commission believed that the Prussian alliance was not in Hamburg s interests Instead they proposed to hold a conference with the other two Hanseatic cities in order to proceed together on this question Prior to this conference Merck endeavoured to determine the specific consequences of a rejection of the Prussian alliance for Hamburg Merck learned more about Prussian intentions through diplomatic channels with the Hanseatic Minister Resident in Berlin Friedrich Geffcken reporting that the Prussian Minister Alexander von Schleinitz said the King had stated that Prussia did not want to act against the Hanseatic cities as they voted with Prussia in the Federal Diet on 14 June 10 The Lubeck Senate supported the Prussian view that the Confederation should no longer exist because of the illegal action of mobilisation and proposed that their Federal Diet envoy Kruger be recalled But Merck wanted to wait and went to see the Lubeck Senate on 19 June to persuade them of this course 10 On 21 June representatives of the Hanseatic cities met in Hamburg to discuss the measures demanded by Prussia Richthofen took part in this conference and emphasised that ending relations with Prussia s opponents was indispensable as a sign of friendly neutrality and that therefore their Federal Diet envoy in Frankfurt Kruger must be recalled The meeting agreed to recall Kruger on 29 June 10 Richthofen now tried to persuade the Senate of Hamburg to give in to other demands to send a military contingent to help Prussia and to agree to a new federation The Hamburg Senate met on 22 June and approved the recall of Kruger but apparently encouraged by reassuring reports from Geffcken decided to reject the Prussian alliance offer The only concession was the promise to do nothing hostile to Prussia and to promote federal reform in the future To soften the impression of rejection Merck visited Richthofen on 23 June to inform him in advance of the result of the Senate meeting 10 On 24 June Richthofen met two prominent members of the House of Burgesses Burgerschaft Isaac Wolffson former President of that chamber and member of the Right party and Johannes Halben leader of the Left party to inform them of the intended rejection of the Prussian proposals by the Senate He pointed out that Prussia would not accept a refusal without further action He mentioned that Prussia would dissolve the Senate and take over the government The Burgerschaft would remain undisturbed as would the population if they kept quiet Otherwise 10 000 Prussian troops would occupy the city Merck to whom Wolffson and Halben reported this sent Kruger who had been in Hamburg since 22 June to Richthofen to obtain certainty about the Prussian threats 10 The Senate resumed meeting on 25 June Already some senators had moved away from rejection of the alliance In a detailed presentation Merck described to the Senate the changed situation since their resolution of 22 June He regarded the positive attitude of Lubeck to the Prussian alliance and the threats of Richthofen as particularly serious He was particularly afraid that after the accession of all other north German states to the alliance Hamburg would stand completely isolated Hamburg s independence was thus seriously threatened In these circumstances Merck continued the Senate must examine whether in a matter concerning continued political existence the Senate could hold to its legally based position 10 Then at the 26 June Senate meeting Merck said that to avoid occupation of Hamburg dissolution of the government or further coercion it was now necessary to give way All of northern Germany had joined Prussia and one could not be sure what energetic steps Prussia could take 11 Kruger still their Federal Diet envoy was not without influence on the decisions during the critical hours he then returned to Frankfurt to make a joint statement on behalf of the Hanseatic cities His attitude had been cautious since 16 June A milder answer to Prussia than originally proposed on 22 June was then sent 12 Merck also wrote to the Hamburg Resident in London in order to create understanding in Britain for the forced connection to Prussia and thereby to preserve the benefit of Hamburg s good relations with Britain Then exhausted a nervous breakdown compelled him to hand over the business to Senator Kirchenpauer 13 Merck who had now recovered tried again to convince the Burgerschaft of the inevitability of the decision 13 The day after the Austrian defeat at the Battle of Koniggratz on 4 July the Senate submitted to the Burgerschaft the following urgent requests i Assent to the alliance with Prussia subject to further negotiations on the details ii Support the continuation of the Brigade with Oldenburg Bremen and Lubeck iii Authorise the costs of mobilisation The House assented by 113 votes to 54 11 Thus enabled Merck informed Richthofen on 5 July that Hamburg constitutionally approved her accession to the Prussian alliance accepting the guarantees given by Prussia and mobilising the Hamburg troops to be at the disposal of Prussia 11 In August two battalions of Hamburg troops joined by a battalion from Lubeck and two Prussian battalions were sent to Frankfurt to replace Prussian troops in that area These were needed for the occupation of Darmstadt Heidelberg and Mannheim 14 On 18 August Geffcken signed in Berlin a one year duration treaty between Hamburg and Prussia concluding an alliance to preserve the independence and integrity of their states For this purpose all troops were placed under Prussian supreme command They would hold elections to an imperial parliament and their plenipotentiaries would meet in Berlin to draft a constitution for the new federation With the conclusion of this treaty the dramatic struggle for the accession of the last north German state to the Prussian alliance was over 15 Other duties EditMerck in addition to the Syndicate for Foreign Affairs was given many other official functions both in public and private such as President of the Kunsthalle and the Hamburg City Hall Construction Commission also chairman of the International Horticultural Exhibition of 1869 Postscript EditHe was spared seeing the occurrence Hamburg s absorption in the German Customs Union the so called Zoll Anchluss as he died in October 1880 a few months before the conclusion of the treaty in 1881 1 Notes Edit a b Carl Hermann Merck in General German Biography ADB de wikisource org wiki ADB Merck Carl Hermann Retrieved Jan 2018 Hamburg Deutschland und die Welt 2nd ed 1952 by Percy Ernst Schramm publ Hoffmann amp Campe p 212 Hamburgischer Staats Kalender 1846 publ by Friedrich Hermann Nestler and Melle Hamburg 1846 Westminster Review Vol 37 Oct 1842 publ Joseph Mason New York US ed p 225 Karl Sieveking in General German Biography ADB de wikisource org wiki ADB Sieveking Karl Retrieved Jan 2018 Edward Banks in General German Biography ADB de wikisource org wiki ADB Banks Edward Retrieved Jan 2018 a b Die diplomatischen Beziehungen zwischen Deutschland und Japan 1854 1868 Diplomatic relations between Germany and Japan 1854 1868 by Holmer Stahncke publ Franz Steiner Verlag ISBN 3515046186 December 1 1987 p 73 a b c d Overthrow of the Germanic Confederation by Prussia in 1866 by Sir Alexander Malet former British Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Frankfort Publ Longmans London 1870 pp 181 184 As described by Mallet the large states had one vote each whilst the smaller states were in groups each with one vote The free cities combined had one vote the 17th voice or Curie a b c d e f g Hamburg Im Bundesrat Die Mitwirkung Hamburgs an Der Bildung Des Reichswillens 1867 1890 by Hans Georg Schonhoff Publ Hamburg 1967 pp 13 17 a b c Hamburg Im Bundesrat Die Mitwirkung Hamburgs an Der Bildung Des Reichswillens 1867 1890 by Hans Georg Schonhoff Publ Hamburg 1967 p 19 Bismarck und die norddeutschen Kleinstaaten im Jahre 1866 by Karl Lange pPubl C Heymann Berlin 1930 pp 125 and 129 a b Hamburg Deutschland und die Welt 2nd ed 1952 by Percy Ernst Schramm publ Hoffmann amp Campe p 486 Overthrow of the Germanic Confederation by Prussia in 1866 by Sir Alexander Malet former British Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Frankfort Publ Longmans London 1870 p 369 Hamburg Im Bundesrat Die Mitwirkung Hamburgs an Der Bildung Des Reichswillens 1867 1890 by Hans Georg Schonhoff Publ Hamburg 1967 pp 24 25References Edit Carl Hermann Merck Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie ADB in German vol 21 Leipzig Duncker amp Humblot 1885 pp 405 406 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Carl Merck amp oldid 1030331967, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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