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Svetlana Chervonnaya

March 10, 2023

Svetlana Alexandrovna Chervonnaya (Russian: Светлана Aлександровна Червонная, born October 14, 1948) is a Russian historian specializing in the political history of the Cold War period and Soviet espionage activities in the United States of America. Along with Ellen Schrecker, Chervonnaya is among scholarly voices arguing against post-Soviet American triumphalism. In the post-Soviet period, Chervonnaya has worked as an investigator and producer of documentary television shows seen in the United States, Germany, and Russia.

Svetlana Chervonnaya in the summer of 1990 as a visitor at Harvard University.

Early life and education

Svetlana Alexandrovna Chervonnaya was born in Moscow on October 14, 1948 to ethnic Jewish parents. Chervonnaya's ancestors hailed from Ukraine, Poland, and Belarus, having been forced to live in such places during Tsarist times due to anti-semitic restrictions upon Jewish residence.[1]

Chervonnaya's father was an investigator in the Procurator General's Office in Moscow, part of the People's Commissariat for Justice headed by Andrei Vyshinsky.[1] He worked non-political cases including economic crimes, gang crimes, and homicide cases.[1] By the time Svetlana started school, he had left the Procurator's office and became a criminal defense attorney.[1]

A great uncle on Svetlana's mother's side, Efim Dreizer, was a victim of the Great Terror of the 1930s. He was arrested, confessed under duress, tried in the first Moscow show trial in 1936 and executed for purportedly participating in a criminal plot in the Red Army directed by Leon Trotsky.[1] His family were treated harshly as the family of a so-called "enemy of the people" and met death and exile during the terror. They were "rehabilitated" (restored to full citizenship rights) during Khrushchev's "Thaw" of 1956-1958; Efim Dreizer was posthumously rehabilitated only in 1988, during Gorbachev's Glasnost campaign.[1]

Chervonnaya graduated from secondary school in 1966 and enrolled in Moscow State University in the department of history, where she was admitted to the elite American history program on the basis of a competitive examination taken at the end of her second year.[1] She specialized in the study of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal and the post-World War II "New Left" in America, writing her diploma work on Malcolm X and black nationalism.[1]

Chervonnaya married in 1970 and has two children, a daughter born in 1974 and a son born in 1987. Her husband, a physicist and mathematician, died of cancer in 1989.

Career

Soviet period

Upon completion of her university work, Chervonnaya was given a post as a member of the junior research staff at the Institute for US and Canadian Studies, the leading research institute for American studies in the Soviet Union, where she concentrated in the study of American political opposition movements.[1] After two years she was promoted to the rank of Junior Fellow and became a Senior Fellow at age 33. She was awarded the Soviet equivalent of a Ph.D. degree in 1977 and remained at the institute for three decades.[1]

Despite her post at the Institute of the USA and Canada, Chervonnaya decided not to join the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, a fact which, combined with her Jewish heritage, made foreign travel impossible during the Brezhnev era.[1]

Chervonnaya's initial academic work related to the study of the contemporary black and Hispanic movements in the United States, about which she published repeatedly in the leading Soviet American studies journal and in books.

Chervonnaya became interested in the spy cases of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg and Alger Hiss in the 1980s, at a time when such topics were regarded as off-limits in the USSR.[1] Since the fall of the USSR in 1991, she has emerged as one of the preeminent specialists on the Espionage history of the USSR and the United States. In this capacity, Chervonnaya has been a consultant and contributor to a number of television documentaries, working as Associate Producer and research historian of "The Rosenberg File: Case Closed," the Moscow Field Producer of "Secrets, Lies, and Atomic Spies," as the Russian Production Coordinator of "Mystery of the U2" and other documentaries.[2]

Post-Soviet period

After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, Chervonnaya worked as a freelance writer and producer of documentary television programming, participating in the production of shows for broadcast in Russia, Germany, and in the United States. In America, Chervonnaya's work has been seen on the Discovery channel (1997), A&E History Channel (1999, 2000, 2001, 2003), and PBS (1999, 2002).[3]

In 2009, backed by a grant from The Nation Institute, a foundation associated with the American magazine The Nation, Chervonnaya launched a scholarly website on Soviet espionage in America, "DocumentsTalk." The site contains primary source documents in pdf form, biographies of leading participants, as well as interpretative discussions. Since May, 2010, she is running the website on her own.

In March and April 2010, Chervonnaya was a visiting scholar at the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies, part of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, DC.[4]

Historical disputes

Chervonnaya's work in the field of espionage history has been the object of some debate. From the middle 1960s onward, scholarly debate on the history of Soviet-American relations and the history of the international Communist political movement has been divided into two more or less mutually exclusive camps — "traditionalism" and "revisionism."[5] These two interpretative constructs are highly correlated with matters of contemporary politics, with "traditionalists" apt to be believers in traditionalist conservatism and "revisionists" apt to be liberal or radical critics of militarism and nationalism.

The criticism of traditionalist historians has occasionally verged on ad hominem attacks. US Air Force historian Eduard Mark has called Chervonnaya "one of the USSR's more prolific propagandists in the twilight years of the USSR,"[6] while Haynes has similarly described Chervonnaya as a "Moscow historian/propagandist."[7]

As a scholar who has explored recently opened archival material on espionage and rejected several interpretations of documents regarded by some "traditionalists" as axiomatic, Chervonnaya remains a somewhat controversial counter-voice to what has been called the "Cold War triumphalism" of traditionalist scholars.[8]

Works

Select books and chapter contributions

As was commonplace among academic publishing in the Soviet Union, many of Chervonnaya's publications take the form of chapters written for collective book projects:
  • "American Students in the Struggle for Civil Rights and Racial Justice," in USA: Students and Politics. Moscow: Nauka, 1974.
  • "The Black American Movement" and "The Chicano Movement," in Mass Movements of Social Protest in the USA. Moscow: Nauka, 1978.
  • "Domestic Factors in American Policy in the Third World," in The USA and Developing Countries in 1970s. Moscow: Nauka, 1981.
  • Under a Code Name and Without. With Igor Geevsky. Moscow: Novosti Press Agency Publishing House, 1985.
  • Race and Ethnicity in the Social and Political Life of the USA. With Igor Geevsky. Moscow: Nauka, 1985.
  • The Black Americans, in the series "Social Science Today." Moscow: 1987.
  • Constitution and the Rights of American Citizens, 1787-1987. Co-editor and co-author. Moscow: Mysl, 1987.
  • The Resolution of Social Conflicts: American Experience. Editor and co-author. Moscow: USA & Canada Institute publication, 1998.
  • "American Mosaic, or Can there be ‘Unum’ in ‘Pluribus?'" in America Coming into the Third Millennium. Moscow: Nauka, 2000.
  • American Political System: Current Dimensions. Editor-in-chief and co-author. Moscow: Nauka, 2000.

Select articles

  • "The Life and Death of Malcolm X," in Modern and Contemporary History, no. 5, 1972. —co-author.
  • "The Chicano Workers Effort at Labor Organizing," in Rabochii klass i sovremennyi mir (The Working Class and the Modern World), no. 5, 1976.
  • "The U.S. Supreme Court and the Civil Rights," in USA: Economics, Politics, Ideology, no. 4, 1978.
  • "Black Congressmen and Africa," in USA: EPI, no. 12, 1978.
  • "Miami Events: Causes and Aftershocks," in USA: Economics, Politics, Ideology, no. 8, 1980.
  • "The Deadlocks of Minority Politics," in USA: Economics, Politics, Ideology, no. 8, 1982.
  • "The Jury in the American Court," in Soviet Justice, no. 21, 1986. —co-author.
  • "The Critical Choices of Russia's Democracy," in William and Mary Bill of Rights Journal, vol. 1, no. 2 (Fall 1992).
  • "American Labor in the Face of Change," in USA: Economics, Politics, Ideology, no. 9, 1993.
  • "New Aspects of Labor-Management Regulation in the USA," in USA: Economics, Politics, Ideology, no. 2, 1995.
  • "Protection of Minority Rights in the USA," in USA: Economics, Politics, Ideology, no. 7, 1995.
  • "Where the Rosenbergs Guilty as Charged? The Soviet Ex-Agent Sheds a New Light on the Rosenberg Case," in New Times, March 23, 1997.
  • "The Secrets of Arlington Hall: The Rosenberg Case through the Eyes of VENONA," in USA: Economics, Politics, Ideology, no. 8, 1997.
  • "Can there be 'Unum' in 'Pluribus'? The Problems of American Identity Revisited," in USA: Economics, Politics, Ideology, no. 10, 1997.
  • "'We Are Patient': Moscow Can Shed Light on the Circumstances in the Rosenberg Case." Interview with Robert Meropol. Nezavisimaia Gazeta, July 11, 1998.
  • "America Through the Mirror of Impeachment," in USA: Politics, Economics, Culture, November 1999. —co-author.
  • "George Bush and the American Society,” in The Changing International Context and the Place of Russia: The Materials of “Expertise” Round-Table. Moscow: Gorbachev Foundation, 2001.
  • "On the Threshold of the Progressive Era," in USA: Politics, Economics, Culture, February 2001. —co-author.
  • "Rudolph Abel: The Legend of the Cold War," in Nezavisimoe Voennoe Obozrenie, July 11, 2003. —co-author.
  • "The Mystery of 'Ales'" (expanded web version), in The American Scholar, June 2007. —co-author.
  • “The Secrets of Venona: The Case of Klaus Fuchs. An Attempt at Historical Investigation,” in: Ethik in der Wissenschaft - Die Verantwortung der Wissenschaftler. Zum Gedenken an den Atomwissenschaftler Klaus Fuchs (29.12.1911–28.1.1988). Herausgegeben von Günter Flach & Klaus Fuchs-Kittowski, Abhandlungen der Leibniz-Sozietät der Wissenschaften, trafo Wissenschaftsverlag, Berlin, 2008.
  • “10 Minutes which shook the world”, "Diletant" (Moscow, Russian language), No. 7, July 2012.
  • "Left Behind: Boris E. Skvirsky and the Chita Delegation at the Washington Conference, 1921-22", "Intelligence and National Security", Vol. 29, No. 1, February 2014 (on-line at "Intelligence and National Security" from April 2013.) —co-author.

Documentaries

  • "The Rosenberg File: Case Closed," produced by Global American Television Inc. for Discovery Channel, 1997. —Investigator and associate producer.
  • "Mystery of the U2," produced by Indigofilms for A&E History Channel, 1999. —Russian production coordinator.
  • "Hugo Junkers Story," produced by Vidicom TV, Germany, 2000. —Russian field director.
  • "History Undercover: Psychic Espionage," produced by Indigofilms for A&E History Channel, 2000. —Russian production coordinator.
  • "Secrets, Lies and Atomic Spies," produced by WGBH and Powderhouse Productions for PBS's "Nova," 2002. —Russian field producer.
  • "POW Generals (Nazi Generals in Soviet Captivity)," produced by Dialog Studio for KULTURA Channel, Moscow, 2002. —Co-writer.
  • "Soviet UFO Sightings," produced by Bill Brummel Productions for A&E History Channel, 2003. —Russian field producer.
  • "Rokovoe reshenie" (The Fateful Decision), produced by Studio 2V for RGTRK, Moscow. First broadcast, March 2004. —Writer and producer.
  • "Russia – America," 3 parts of an 11-part documentary series, Duel’ razvedok (Duel of the Intelligence Services), produced by Studio 2V for RGTRK, Moscow, 2005. —Writer and producer.
  • "Posly surovoi pory" (The Ambassadors of Stormy Times), produced by Aquila TV for TVRC, Petersburg, 2010. —Co-writer.

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Svetlana Chervonnaya, "An Unfinished Story," DocumentsTalk.com, Moscow.
  2. ^ "Svetlana Chervonnaya," Yahoo TV. Retrieved August 15, 2010.
  3. ^ For details, see the annotated list of documentaries in the "Works" section on this page.
  4. ^ "Svetlana Chervonnaya," Kennan Institute. Retrieved August 15, 2010. Due to visa difficulties, Chervonnaya's visit was postponed two months from the planned "January–February" window.
  5. ^ The phrase "revisionism" in this context is not to be confused with the Holocaust denial movement, which ascribes to itself a similar description.
  6. ^ In Re Alger Hiss: A Final Verdict from the Archives of the KGB Journal of Cold War Studies 11.3 (Summer 2009): 26-67
  7. ^ Who’s Afraid of I.F. Stone? Article by D.D. Guttenplan, comment by John Earl Haynes. History News Network July 29, 2009. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
  8. ^ The phrase is that of historian Ellen Schrecker. See: Ellen Schrecker (ed.), Cold War Triumphalism: The Misuse of History after the Fall of Communism. New York: The New Press, 2004.

External links

  • Svetlana Chervonnaya's page on Facebook. Facebook.com
  • Svetlana Chervonnaya, Documents Talk website, DocumentsTalk.com. —Primary source documents and interpretative essays on Cold War history.

March 10, 2023
svetlana, chervonnaya, svetlana, alexandrovna, chervonnaya, russian, Светлана, aлександровна, Червонная, born, october, 1948, russian, historian, specializing, political, history, cold, period, soviet, espionage, activities, united, states, america, along, wit. Svetlana Alexandrovna Chervonnaya Russian Svetlana Aleksandrovna Chervonnaya born October 14 1948 is a Russian historian specializing in the political history of the Cold War period and Soviet espionage activities in the United States of America Along with Ellen Schrecker Chervonnaya is among scholarly voices arguing against post Soviet American triumphalism In the post Soviet period Chervonnaya has worked as an investigator and producer of documentary television shows seen in the United States Germany and Russia Svetlana Chervonnaya in the summer of 1990 as a visitor at Harvard University Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2 1 Soviet period 2 2 Post Soviet period 3 Historical disputes 4 Works 4 1 Select books and chapter contributions 4 2 Select articles 4 3 Documentaries 5 Footnotes 6 External linksEarly life and education EditSvetlana Alexandrovna Chervonnaya was born in Moscow on October 14 1948 to ethnic Jewish parents Chervonnaya s ancestors hailed from Ukraine Poland and Belarus having been forced to live in such places during Tsarist times due to anti semitic restrictions upon Jewish residence 1 Chervonnaya s father was an investigator in the Procurator General s Office in Moscow part of the People s Commissariat for Justice headed by Andrei Vyshinsky 1 He worked non political cases including economic crimes gang crimes and homicide cases 1 By the time Svetlana started school he had left the Procurator s office and became a criminal defense attorney 1 A great uncle on Svetlana s mother s side Efim Dreizer was a victim of the Great Terror of the 1930s He was arrested confessed under duress tried in the first Moscow show trial in 1936 and executed for purportedly participating in a criminal plot in the Red Army directed by Leon Trotsky 1 His family were treated harshly as the family of a so called enemy of the people and met death and exile during the terror They were rehabilitated restored to full citizenship rights during Khrushchev s Thaw of 1956 1958 Efim Dreizer was posthumously rehabilitated only in 1988 during Gorbachev s Glasnost campaign 1 Chervonnaya graduated from secondary school in 1966 and enrolled in Moscow State University in the department of history where she was admitted to the elite American history program on the basis of a competitive examination taken at the end of her second year 1 She specialized in the study of Franklin D Roosevelt s New Deal and the post World War II New Left in America writing her diploma work on Malcolm X and black nationalism 1 Chervonnaya married in 1970 and has two children a daughter born in 1974 and a son born in 1987 Her husband a physicist and mathematician died of cancer in 1989 Career EditSoviet period Edit Upon completion of her university work Chervonnaya was given a post as a member of the junior research staff at the Institute for US and Canadian Studies the leading research institute for American studies in the Soviet Union where she concentrated in the study of American political opposition movements 1 After two years she was promoted to the rank of Junior Fellow and became a Senior Fellow at age 33 She was awarded the Soviet equivalent of a Ph D degree in 1977 and remained at the institute for three decades 1 Despite her post at the Institute of the USA and Canada Chervonnaya decided not to join the Communist Party of the Soviet Union a fact which combined with her Jewish heritage made foreign travel impossible during the Brezhnev era 1 Chervonnaya s initial academic work related to the study of the contemporary black and Hispanic movements in the United States about which she published repeatedly in the leading Soviet American studies journal and in books Chervonnaya became interested in the spy cases of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg and Alger Hiss in the 1980s at a time when such topics were regarded as off limits in the USSR 1 Since the fall of the USSR in 1991 she has emerged as one of the preeminent specialists on the Espionage history of the USSR and the United States In this capacity Chervonnaya has been a consultant and contributor to a number of television documentaries working as Associate Producer and research historian of The Rosenberg File Case Closed the Moscow Field Producer of Secrets Lies and Atomic Spies as the Russian Production Coordinator of Mystery of the U2 and other documentaries 2 Post Soviet period Edit After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 Chervonnaya worked as a freelance writer and producer of documentary television programming participating in the production of shows for broadcast in Russia Germany and in the United States In America Chervonnaya s work has been seen on the Discovery channel 1997 A amp E History Channel 1999 2000 2001 2003 and PBS 1999 2002 3 In 2009 backed by a grant from The Nation Institute a foundation associated with the American magazine The Nation Chervonnaya launched a scholarly website on Soviet espionage in America DocumentsTalk The site contains primary source documents in pdf form biographies of leading participants as well as interpretative discussions Since May 2010 she is running the website on her own In March and April 2010 Chervonnaya was a visiting scholar at the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies part of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington DC 4 Historical disputes EditChervonnaya s work in the field of espionage history has been the object of some debate From the middle 1960s onward scholarly debate on the history of Soviet American relations and the history of the international Communist political movement has been divided into two more or less mutually exclusive camps traditionalism and revisionism 5 These two interpretative constructs are highly correlated with matters of contemporary politics with traditionalists apt to be believers in traditionalist conservatism and revisionists apt to be liberal or radical critics of militarism and nationalism The criticism of traditionalist historians has occasionally verged on ad hominem attacks US Air Force historian Eduard Mark has called Chervonnaya one of the USSR s more prolific propagandists in the twilight years of the USSR 6 while Haynes has similarly described Chervonnaya as a Moscow historian propagandist 7 As a scholar who has explored recently opened archival material on espionage and rejected several interpretations of documents regarded by some traditionalists as axiomatic Chervonnaya remains a somewhat controversial counter voice to what has been called the Cold War triumphalism of traditionalist scholars 8 Works EditSelect books and chapter contributions Edit As was commonplace among academic publishing in the Soviet Union many of Chervonnaya s publications take the form of chapters written for collective book projects American Students in the Struggle for Civil Rights and Racial Justice in USA Students and Politics Moscow Nauka 1974 The Black American Movement and The Chicano Movement in Mass Movements of Social Protest in the USA Moscow Nauka 1978 Domestic Factors in American Policy in the Third World in The USA and Developing Countries in 1970s Moscow Nauka 1981 Under a Code Name and Without With Igor Geevsky Moscow Novosti Press Agency Publishing House 1985 Race and Ethnicity in the Social and Political Life of the USA With Igor Geevsky Moscow Nauka 1985 The Black Americans in the series Social Science Today Moscow 1987 Constitution and the Rights of American Citizens 1787 1987 Co editor and co author Moscow Mysl 1987 The Resolution of Social Conflicts American Experience Editor and co author Moscow USA amp Canada Institute publication 1998 American Mosaic or Can there be Unum in Pluribus in America Coming into the Third Millennium Moscow Nauka 2000 American Political System Current Dimensions Editor in chief and co author Moscow Nauka 2000 Select articles Edit The Life and Death of Malcolm X in Modern and Contemporary History no 5 1972 co author The Chicano Workers Effort at Labor Organizing in Rabochii klass i sovremennyi mir The Working Class and the Modern World no 5 1976 The U S Supreme Court and the Civil Rights in USA Economics Politics Ideology no 4 1978 Black Congressmen and Africa in USA EPI no 12 1978 Miami Events Causes and Aftershocks in USA Economics Politics Ideology no 8 1980 The Deadlocks of Minority Politics in USA Economics Politics Ideology no 8 1982 The Jury in the American Court in Soviet Justice no 21 1986 co author The Critical Choices of Russia s Democracy in William and Mary Bill of Rights Journal vol 1 no 2 Fall 1992 American Labor in the Face of Change in USA Economics Politics Ideology no 9 1993 New Aspects of Labor Management Regulation in the USA in USA Economics Politics Ideology no 2 1995 Protection of Minority Rights in the USA in USA Economics Politics Ideology no 7 1995 Where the Rosenbergs Guilty as Charged The Soviet Ex Agent Sheds a New Light on the Rosenberg Case in New Times March 23 1997 The Secrets of Arlington Hall The Rosenberg Case through the Eyes of VENONA in USA Economics Politics Ideology no 8 1997 Can there be Unum in Pluribus The Problems of American Identity Revisited in USA Economics Politics Ideology no 10 1997 We Are Patient Moscow Can Shed Light on the Circumstances in the Rosenberg Case Interview with Robert Meropol Nezavisimaia Gazeta July 11 1998 America Through the Mirror of Impeachment in USA Politics Economics Culture November 1999 co author George Bush and the American Society in The Changing International Context and the Place of Russia The Materials of Expertise Round Table Moscow Gorbachev Foundation 2001 On the Threshold of the Progressive Era in USA Politics Economics Culture February 2001 co author Rudolph Abel The Legend of the Cold War inNezavisimoe Voennoe Obozrenie July 11 2003 co author The Mystery of Ales expanded web version in The American Scholar June 2007 co author The Secrets of Venona The Case of Klaus Fuchs An Attempt at Historical Investigation in Ethik in der Wissenschaft Die Verantwortung der Wissenschaftler Zum Gedenken an den Atomwissenschaftler Klaus Fuchs 29 12 1911 28 1 1988 Herausgegeben von Gunter Flach amp Klaus Fuchs Kittowski Abhandlungen der Leibniz Sozietat der Wissenschaften trafo Wissenschaftsverlag Berlin 2008 10 Minutes which shook the world Diletant Moscow Russian language No 7 July 2012 Left Behind Boris E Skvirsky and the Chita Delegation at the Washington Conference 1921 22 Intelligence and National Security Vol 29 No 1 February 2014 on line at Intelligence and National Security from April 2013 co author Documentaries Edit The Rosenberg File Case Closed produced by Global American Television Inc for Discovery Channel 1997 Investigator and associate producer Mystery of the U2 produced by Indigofilms for A amp E History Channel 1999 Russian production coordinator Hugo Junkers Story produced by Vidicom TV Germany 2000 Russian field director History Undercover Psychic Espionage produced by Indigofilms for A amp E History Channel 2000 Russian production coordinator Secrets Lies and Atomic Spies produced by WGBH and Powderhouse Productions for PBS s Nova 2002 Russian field producer POW Generals Nazi Generals in Soviet Captivity produced by Dialog Studio for KULTURA Channel Moscow 2002 Co writer Soviet UFO Sightings produced by Bill Brummel Productions for A amp E History Channel 2003 Russian field producer Rokovoe reshenie The Fateful Decision produced by Studio 2V for RGTRK Moscow First broadcast March 2004 Writer and producer Russia America 3 parts of an 11 part documentary series Duel razvedok Duel of the Intelligence Services produced by Studio 2V for RGTRK Moscow 2005 Writer and producer Posly surovoi pory The Ambassadors of Stormy Times produced by Aquila TV for TVRC Petersburg 2010 Co writer Footnotes Edit a b c d e f g h i j k l Svetlana Chervonnaya An Unfinished Story DocumentsTalk com Moscow Svetlana Chervonnaya Yahoo TV Retrieved August 15 2010 For details see the annotated list of documentaries in the Works section on this page Svetlana Chervonnaya Kennan Institute Retrieved August 15 2010 Due to visa difficulties Chervonnaya s visit was postponed two months from the planned January February window The phrase revisionism in this context is not to be confused with the Holocaust denial movement which ascribes to itself a similar description In Re Alger Hiss A Final Verdict from the Archives of the KGB Journal of Cold War Studies 11 3 Summer 2009 26 67 Who s Afraid of I F Stone Article by D D Guttenplan comment by John Earl Haynes History News Network July 29 2009 Retrieved March 21 2021 The phrase is that of historian Ellen Schrecker See Ellen Schrecker ed Cold War Triumphalism The Misuse of History after the Fall of Communism New York The New Press 2004 External links EditSvetlana Chervonnaya s page on Facebook Facebook com Svetlana Chervonnaya Documents Talk website DocumentsTalk com Primary source documents and interpretative essays on Cold War history Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Svetlana Chervonnaya amp oldid 1133349808, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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