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Medical Renaissance

March 03, 2023

The Medical Renaissance, from around 1400 to 1700 CE, was a period of progress in European medical knowledge, with renewed interest in the ideas of the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations along with Arabic-Persian medicine, following the translation into Latin of many works from these societies. Medical discoveries during the Medical Renaissance are credited with paving the way for modern medicine.

The front cover illustration of De Humani Corporis Fabrica, On the Fabric of the Human Body, written by Andreas Vesalius, showing a public dissection being carried out by Vesalius himself.

Background

 
De Re Anatomica by Realdo Colombo, 1572

The Medical Renaissance began just as the original Renaissance did, in the early 16th century. Medical researchers continued their Renaissance-evoked practices into the late 17th century. [1][2] Progress made during the Medical Renaissance depended on several factors.[3][4] Printed books based on movable type, adopted in Europe from the middle of the 15th century, allowed the diffusion of medical ideas and anatomical diagrams. Linacre, Erasmus, Leonicello and Sylvius are among the list of the first scholars most credited for the starting of the Medical Renaissance.[2] Following after is Andreas Vesalius's publication of De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human body) in 1543. Better knowledge of the original writings of Galen in particular, developed into the learned medicine tradition through the more open attitudes of Renaissance humanism. Religious control of the teachings of the medical profession and universities diminished, and dissection was more often possible.

Individuals

Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)

Main article: Science and inventions of Leonardo da Vinci
 
This drawing by Leonardo da Vinci of a foetus in the womb is one of many detailed anatomical drawings by the artist

Leonardo da Vinci made many contributions in the fields of science and technology. His research centered around his desire to learn more about how the human brain processes visual and sensory information and how that connects to the soul. Though his artwork was widely observed before, some of his original research was not made public until the 20th century. Some of da Vinci's research involved studying vision. He believed that visual information entered the body through the eye, then continued by sending nerve impulses through the optic nerve, and eventually reaching the soul. Da Vinci subscribed to the ancient notion that the soul was housed in the brain.

He did research on the role of the spinal cord in humans by studying frogs. He noted that as soon as the frogs medulla of the spine is broken, the frog would die. This led him to believe that the spine is the basis for the sense of touch, cause of movement, and the origin of nerves. As a result of his studies on the spinal cord, he also came to the conclusion that all peripheral nerves begin from the spinal cord. Da Vinci also did some research on the sense of smell. He is credited with being the first to define the olfactory nerve as one of the cranial nerves.[5]

Leonardo da Vinci made his anatomical sketches based on observing and dissecting 30 cadavers. His sketches were very detailed and included organs, muscles of superior extremity, the hand, and the skull. Leonardo was well known for his three-dimensional drawings. His anatomical drawings were not found until 380 years after his death.[6]

Ambroise Paré (1510–1590)

Main article: Ambroise Paré

Paré was a French surgeon, anatomist and an inventor of surgical instruments. He was a military surgeon during the French campaigns in Italy of 1533–36. It was here that, having run out of boiling oil (which was the accepted way of treating firearm wounds), Paré turned to an ancient Roman remedy: turpentine, egg yolk and oil of roses. He applied it to the wounds and found that it relieved pain and sealed the wound effectively. Paré also introduced the ligatures of arteries; silk threads would be used to tie up the arteries of amputated limbs to try to stop the bleeding. As antiseptics had not yet been invented this method led to an increased fatality rate and was abandoned by medical professionals of the time.[7]

Additionally, Paré set up a school for midwives in Paris and designed artificial limbs.[citation needed]

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Andreas Vesalius.
 
Illustration of the structure of the nervous system from De humani corporis fabrica by Vesalius

Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564)

Main article: Andreas Vesalius

Andreas Vesalius was born in 1514 around midnight in Brussels, then part of Habsburg Netherlands, to a long lineage of doctors.[8] His father was also an apothecary to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.[8] He would be born into the period of The Revival of Learning. He gained an interest in anatomy at a young age and began dissecting mice, moles, cats, and dogs. [8]Vesalius picked up from the work of Galen (129–c. 200 CE) which was based on the dissection of animals from pigs to apes.[9]  The works of Galen would be accepted until Vesalius. He would challenge the medieval views of human anatomy made by Galen that had been taught for centuries. Vesalius paved he foundation of modern anatomy and most of his ideas are accepted today.

Vesalius went to school in Louvain and would enter the university there.[8] His education was majorly taught by Humanistic teachers. Vesalius spent many hours in cemeteries in the burial ground of the Church of the Innocents in Paris to study the bones that were misplaced from improper burial.[8] Eventually, Vesalius and his friend stole one complete skeleton from the gallows; this was the first body Vesalius was able to dissect completely. He would go on to befriend judges and doctors, to gain access to human bodies of those who had just died for dissection. This would start rumors that connected Vesalius to Vivisection.[10]Vesalius did want the most recent deceased cadavers and vivisection was frowned upon both then and currently. Vesalius eventually became a Doctor of Medicine at the age of 22. He noticed that many of his hands on experiences and findings with cadavers contradicted Galen's teachings, to the point he would discarded all them.[8] His students grew to be devoted followers and they would go grave robbing with Vesalius especially if a female was involved.[10]

 
A print portrait of Andreas Vesalius in his book De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem.
 
As mentioned, this is one of Vesalius' most known images used in the De Humani Corporis Fabrica that showed parts of the human body.

He wrote around 14 books on his findings in anatomy, including his best known book De humani corporis fabrica.[8]It was revolutionary because of the accuracy and precision of his descriptions and images of organs and would refute Galen's belief that human anatomy is closely related to apes.[11] The book was a dedication to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Vesalius published De humani corporis fabrica at the age of 28.[11] With him being so young, it made his contributions harder to accept. De Fabrica was a milestone in medical science as it detailed many aspects of the human cadaver as well as presenting it in the form of art. Its imagery drew on new Renaissance methods in art. An example of his work is a picture of a dissected corpse hung by a rope through its eye sockets with the upper diaphragm on a wall behind the corpse.[11] The book gave clear identification of the organs in the human body while also removing the aspects that he found flawed with Galen's teachings.

Vesalius was an important part of the Medical Renaissance. He is remembered as a critic of the inaccurate teachings of Galen, and one of the founders of modern anatomy.

William Harvey (1578–1657)

Main article: William Harvey

William Harvey was an English medical doctor-physicist, known for his contributions in heart and blood movement. William Harvey fully believed all medical knowledge should be universal, and he made this his works goal. Accomplished historians credit him for his boldness in his experimental work and his everlasting eagerness to implement modern practice.[12] Although not the first to propose pulmonary circulation (Ibn al-Nafis, Michael Servetus and Realdo Colombo preceded him), he is credited as the first person in the Western world to give quantitative arguments for the circulation of blood around the body.[13] William Harvey's extensive work on the body's circulation can be found in the written work titles, "The Motu Cordis".This work opens up with clear definitions of anatomy as well as types of anatomy which clearly outlined a universal meaning of these words for various Renaissance physicians. Anatomy, as defined by William Harvey is, "the faculty that by ocular inspection and dissection [grasps] the uses and actions of the parts."[12] In other words, to be able to identify the actions or roles each part of the body plays in the overall function of the body by dissection, followed by visual identification. These were the foundation for the further research on the heart and blood vessels.[14]

Hieronymus Fabricius (1537–1619)

Main article: Hieronymus Fabricius

Hieronymus Fabricius is an anatomist and surgeon that prepared a human and animal anatomy atlas and these illustrations were used in his work, Tabulae Pictae. This work includes illustrations from many different artists and Fabricius is credited for providing a turning point in anatomical illustration. Fabricius' illustrations were of natural size and natural colors. After Fabricius' death, Tabulae Pictae disappeared and wasn't again discovered until 1909.[6] Fabricus focused on the human brain and the fissures that are inside of the brain. In Tabulae Pictae, he described the cerebral fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe.[15] He also studied veins and was the first to discover the valves inside of veins.[15]

See also

References

  1. ^ Bradley, C. P. (2006-01-01). "Medical Renaissance in Florence". European Journal of General Practice. 12 (2): 51. doi:10.1080/13814780600940767. ISSN 1381-4788. PMID 16945876. S2CID 23988544.
  2. ^ a b Toledo-Pereyra, Luis H. (2015-05-04). "Medical Renaissance". Journal of Investigative Surgery. 28 (3): 127–130. doi:10.3109/08941939.2015.1054747. ISSN 0894-1939. PMID 26065591. S2CID 207482973.
  3. ^ OCR GCSE: Medicine Through Time
  4. ^ Parragon, World History Encyclopedia
  5. ^ Pevsner, Jonathan (2002). "Leonardo da Vinci's contributions to neuroscience". Trends in Neurosciences. 25 (4): 217–220. doi:10.1016/S0166-2236(00)02121-4. PMID 11998691. S2CID 9833298.
  6. ^ a b Ghosh, Sanjib Kumar (2015-03-01). "Evolution of illustrations in anatomy: A study from the classical period in Europe to modern times". Anatomical Sciences Education. 8 (2): 175–188. doi:10.1002/ase.1479. ISSN 1935-9780. PMID 25053471. S2CID 15451344.
  7. ^ Grendler, Paul F. (1999). Encyclopedia of the Renaissanc. New York: Scribner's. p. 399. ISBN 978-0-684-80511-5.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Keeton, Morris (1936). "Andreas Vesalius: His Times, His Life, His Work". BIOS. 7 (2): 97–109. ISSN 0005-3155. JSTOR 4604123.
  9. ^ Singer, P. N. (2021), "Galen", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2021 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2022-12-06
  10. ^ a b Park, Katharine (1994). "The Criminal and the Saintly Body: Autopsy and Dissection in Renaissance Italy*". Renaissance Quarterly. 47 (1): 1–33. doi:10.2307/2863109. ISSN 0034-4338. JSTOR 2863109. PMID 11639270. S2CID 31817948.
  11. ^ a b c Gumpert, Martin (1948). "Vesalius". Scientific American. 178 (5): 24–31. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0548-24. ISSN 0036-8733. JSTOR 24945814.
  12. ^ a b Distelzweig, Peter (2014-01-01). ""Meam de motu & usu cordis, & circuitu sanguinis sententiam": teleology in William Harvey's De motu cordis". Gesnerus. 71 (2): 258–270. doi:10.1163/22977953-07102005. ISSN 0016-9161. PMID 25707098. S2CID 35973541.
  13. ^ Spotlight Science 9 (GCSE Science Text Book)
  14. ^
  15. ^ a b Collice, Massimo; Collice, Rosa; Riva, Alessandro (2008-10-01). "Who Discovered the Sylvian Fissure?". Neurosurgery. 63 (4): 623–628. doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000327693.86093.3f. ISSN 0148-396X. PMID 18981875. S2CID 207140931.

Further reading

  • Andrew Wear; Roger Kenneth French; Iain M. Lonie (1985). The Medical Renaissance of the Sixteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30112-1.
  • Siraisi, Nancy G. (1 January 1986). "Medieval and Renaissance Medicine: Continuity and Diversity". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 41 (4): 391–394. doi:10.1093/jhmas/41.4.391. PMID 3534071.

External links

  • MSS 95, Item 15 Medical, alchemical, and craft materials recipes, 15th and 16th centuries. at OPenn

March 03, 2023
medical, renaissance, from, around, 1400, 1700, period, progress, european, medical, knowledge, with, renewed, interest, ideas, ancient, greek, roman, civilizations, along, with, arabic, persian, medicine, following, translation, into, latin, many, works, from. The Medical Renaissance from around 1400 to 1700 CE was a period of progress in European medical knowledge with renewed interest in the ideas of the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations along with Arabic Persian medicine following the translation into Latin of many works from these societies Medical discoveries during the Medical Renaissance are credited with paving the way for modern medicine The front cover illustration of De Humani Corporis Fabrica On the Fabric of the Human Body written by Andreas Vesalius showing a public dissection being carried out by Vesalius himself Contents 1 Background 2 Individuals 2 1 Leonardo da Vinci 1452 1519 2 2 Ambroise Pare 1510 1590 2 3 Andreas Vesalius 1514 1564 2 4 William Harvey 1578 1657 2 5 Hieronymus Fabricius 1537 1619 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksBackground Edit De Re Anatomica by Realdo Colombo 1572 The Medical Renaissance began just as the original Renaissance did in the early 16th century Medical researchers continued their Renaissance evoked practices into the late 17th century 1 2 Progress made during the Medical Renaissance depended on several factors 3 4 Printed books based on movable type adopted in Europe from the middle of the 15th century allowed the diffusion of medical ideas and anatomical diagrams Linacre Erasmus Leonicello and Sylvius are among the list of the first scholars most credited for the starting of the Medical Renaissance 2 Following after is Andreas Vesalius s publication of De humani corporis fabrica On the Fabric of the Human body in 1543 Better knowledge of the original writings of Galen in particular developed into the learned medicine tradition through the more open attitudes of Renaissance humanism Religious control of the teachings of the medical profession and universities diminished and dissection was more often possible Individuals EditLeonardo da Vinci 1452 1519 Edit Main article Science and inventions of Leonardo da Vinci This drawing by Leonardo da Vinci of a foetus in the womb is one of many detailed anatomical drawings by the artist Leonardo da Vinci made many contributions in the fields of science and technology His research centered around his desire to learn more about how the human brain processes visual and sensory information and how that connects to the soul Though his artwork was widely observed before some of his original research was not made public until the 20th century Some of da Vinci s research involved studying vision He believed that visual information entered the body through the eye then continued by sending nerve impulses through the optic nerve and eventually reaching the soul Da Vinci subscribed to the ancient notion that the soul was housed in the brain He did research on the role of the spinal cord in humans by studying frogs He noted that as soon as the frogs medulla of the spine is broken the frog would die This led him to believe that the spine is the basis for the sense of touch cause of movement and the origin of nerves As a result of his studies on the spinal cord he also came to the conclusion that all peripheral nerves begin from the spinal cord Da Vinci also did some research on the sense of smell He is credited with being the first to define the olfactory nerve as one of the cranial nerves 5 Leonardo da Vinci made his anatomical sketches based on observing and dissecting 30 cadavers His sketches were very detailed and included organs muscles of superior extremity the hand and the skull Leonardo was well known for his three dimensional drawings His anatomical drawings were not found until 380 years after his death 6 Ambroise Pare 1510 1590 Edit Main article Ambroise Pare Pare was a French surgeon anatomist and an inventor of surgical instruments He was a military surgeon during the French campaigns in Italy of 1533 36 It was here that having run out of boiling oil which was the accepted way of treating firearm wounds Pare turned to an ancient Roman remedy turpentine egg yolk and oil of roses He applied it to the wounds and found that it relieved pain and sealed the wound effectively Pare also introduced the ligatures of arteries silk threads would be used to tie up the arteries of amputated limbs to try to stop the bleeding As antiseptics had not yet been invented this method led to an increased fatality rate and was abandoned by medical professionals of the time 7 Additionally Pare set up a school for midwives in Paris and designed artificial limbs citation needed Wikiquote has quotations related to Andreas Vesalius Illustration of the structure of the nervous system from De humani corporis fabrica by Vesalius Andreas Vesalius 1514 1564 Edit Main article Andreas Vesalius Andreas Vesalius was born in 1514 around midnight in Brussels then part of Habsburg Netherlands to a long lineage of doctors 8 His father was also an apothecary to Charles V Holy Roman Emperor 8 He would be born into the period of The Revival of Learning He gained an interest in anatomy at a young age and began dissecting mice moles cats and dogs 8 Vesalius picked up from the work of Galen 129 c 200 CE which was based on the dissection of animals from pigs to apes 9 The works of Galen would be accepted until Vesalius He would challenge the medieval views of human anatomy made by Galen that had been taught for centuries Vesalius paved he foundation of modern anatomy and most of his ideas are accepted today Vesalius went to school in Louvain and would enter the university there 8 His education was majorly taught by Humanistic teachers Vesalius spent many hours in cemeteries in the burial ground of the Church of the Innocents in Paris to study the bones that were misplaced from improper burial 8 Eventually Vesalius and his friend stole one complete skeleton from the gallows this was the first body Vesalius was able to dissect completely He would go on to befriend judges and doctors to gain access to human bodies of those who had just died for dissection This would start rumors that connected Vesalius to Vivisection 10 Vesalius did want the most recent deceased cadavers and vivisection was frowned upon both then and currently Vesalius eventually became a Doctor of Medicine at the age of 22 He noticed that many of his hands on experiences and findings with cadavers contradicted Galen s teachings to the point he would discarded all them 8 His students grew to be devoted followers and they would go grave robbing with Vesalius especially if a female was involved 10 A print portrait of Andreas Vesalius in his book De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem As mentioned this is one of Vesalius most known images used in the De Humani Corporis Fabrica that showed parts of the human body He wrote around 14 books on his findings in anatomy including his best known book De humani corporis fabrica 8 It was revolutionary because of the accuracy and precision of his descriptions and images of organs and would refute Galen s belief that human anatomy is closely related to apes 11 The book was a dedication to Charles V Holy Roman Emperor Vesalius published De humani corporis fabrica at the age of 28 11 With him being so young it made his contributions harder to accept De Fabrica was a milestone in medical science as it detailed many aspects of the human cadaver as well as presenting it in the form of art Its imagery drew on new Renaissance methods in art An example of his work is a picture of a dissected corpse hung by a rope through its eye sockets with the upper diaphragm on a wall behind the corpse 11 The book gave clear identification of the organs in the human body while also removing the aspects that he found flawed with Galen s teachings Vesalius was an important part of the Medical Renaissance He is remembered as a critic of the inaccurate teachings of Galen and one of the founders of modern anatomy William Harvey 1578 1657 Edit Main article William Harvey William Harvey was an English medical doctor physicist known for his contributions in heart and blood movement William Harvey fully believed all medical knowledge should be universal and he made this his works goal Accomplished historians credit him for his boldness in his experimental work and his everlasting eagerness to implement modern practice 12 Although not the first to propose pulmonary circulation Ibn al Nafis Michael Servetus and Realdo Colombo preceded him he is credited as the first person in the Western world to give quantitative arguments for the circulation of blood around the body 13 William Harvey s extensive work on the body s circulation can be found in the written work titles The Motu Cordis This work opens up with clear definitions of anatomy as well as types of anatomy which clearly outlined a universal meaning of these words for various Renaissance physicians Anatomy as defined by William Harvey is the faculty that by ocular inspection and dissection grasps the uses and actions of the parts 12 In other words to be able to identify the actions or roles each part of the body plays in the overall function of the body by dissection followed by visual identification These were the foundation for the further research on the heart and blood vessels 14 Hieronymus Fabricius 1537 1619 Edit Main article Hieronymus Fabricius Hieronymus Fabricius is an anatomist and surgeon that prepared a human and animal anatomy atlas and these illustrations were used in his work Tabulae Pictae This work includes illustrations from many different artists and Fabricius is credited for providing a turning point in anatomical illustration Fabricius illustrations were of natural size and natural colors After Fabricius death Tabulae Pictae disappeared and wasn t again discovered until 1909 6 Fabricus focused on the human brain and the fissures that are inside of the brain In Tabulae Pictae he described the cerebral fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe 15 He also studied veins and was the first to discover the valves inside of veins 15 See also EditLearned medicineReferences Edit Bradley C P 2006 01 01 Medical Renaissance in Florence European Journal of General Practice 12 2 51 doi 10 1080 13814780600940767 ISSN 1381 4788 PMID 16945876 S2CID 23988544 a b Toledo Pereyra Luis H 2015 05 04 Medical Renaissance Journal of Investigative Surgery 28 3 127 130 doi 10 3109 08941939 2015 1054747 ISSN 0894 1939 PMID 26065591 S2CID 207482973 OCR GCSE Medicine Through Time Parragon World History Encyclopedia Pevsner Jonathan 2002 Leonardo da Vinci s contributions to neuroscience Trends in Neurosciences 25 4 217 220 doi 10 1016 S0166 2236 00 02121 4 PMID 11998691 S2CID 9833298 a b Ghosh Sanjib Kumar 2015 03 01 Evolution of illustrations in anatomy A study from the classical period in Europe to modern times Anatomical Sciences Education 8 2 175 188 doi 10 1002 ase 1479 ISSN 1935 9780 PMID 25053471 S2CID 15451344 Grendler Paul F 1999 Encyclopedia of the Renaissanc New York Scribner s p 399 ISBN 978 0 684 80511 5 a b c d e f g Keeton Morris 1936 Andreas Vesalius His Times His Life His Work BIOS 7 2 97 109 ISSN 0005 3155 JSTOR 4604123 Singer P N 2021 Galen in Zalta Edward N ed The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Winter 2021 ed Metaphysics Research Lab Stanford University retrieved 2022 12 06 a b Park Katharine 1994 The Criminal and the Saintly Body Autopsy and Dissection in Renaissance Italy Renaissance Quarterly 47 1 1 33 doi 10 2307 2863109 ISSN 0034 4338 JSTOR 2863109 PMID 11639270 S2CID 31817948 a b c Gumpert Martin 1948 Vesalius Scientific American 178 5 24 31 doi 10 1038 scientificamerican0548 24 ISSN 0036 8733 JSTOR 24945814 a b Distelzweig Peter 2014 01 01 Meam de motu amp usu cordis amp circuitu sanguinis sententiam teleology in William Harvey s De motu cordis Gesnerus 71 2 258 270 doi 10 1163 22977953 07102005 ISSN 0016 9161 PMID 25707098 S2CID 35973541 Spotlight Science 9 GCSE Science Text Book Kids Work gt History of Medicine a b Collice Massimo Collice Rosa Riva Alessandro 2008 10 01 Who Discovered the Sylvian Fissure Neurosurgery 63 4 623 628 doi 10 1227 01 neu 0000327693 86093 3f ISSN 0148 396X PMID 18981875 S2CID 207140931 Further reading EditAndrew Wear Roger Kenneth French Iain M Lonie 1985 The Medical Renaissance of the Sixteenth Century Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 30112 1 Siraisi Nancy G 1 January 1986 Medieval and Renaissance Medicine Continuity and Diversity Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 41 4 391 394 doi 10 1093 jhmas 41 4 391 PMID 3534071 External links EditMSS 95 Item 15 Medical alchemical and craft materials recipes 15th and 16th centuries at OPenn Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Medical Renaissance amp oldid 1137456050, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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