Azhaliism (Chinese: 阿吒力教; pinyin: Āzhālìjiào), also known as Dianmi or Baimi, is a VajrayanaBuddhist religion practiced among the Bai people of Yunnan, China.[1][2] The name comes from lay tantric priests called azhali (Sanskrit: acharyas) who are key figures in the religion, known for their use of spells and mantras.[3]
Azhali (Acharya) was a form of Tantric Buddhism that originated around 821-824 when a monk from India called Li Xian Maishun arrived in Nanzhao (653–902). More monks from India arrived in 825 and 828 and built a temple in Heqing.[4] In 839, an acharya named Candragupta entered Nanzhao. Quanfengyou appointed him as a state mentor and married his sister Yueying to Candragupta. It was said that he meditated in a thatched cottage of Fengding Mountain in the east of Heqing, and became an "enlightened God." He established an altar to propagate tantric doctrines in Changdong Mountain of Tengchong. Candragupta continued to propagate tantric doctrines, translated the tantric scripture The Rites of the Great Consecration, and engaged in water conservancy projects. He left for his homeland later on and possibly went to Tibet to propagate his teachings. When he returned to Nanzhao, he built Wuwei Temple.[5][6]
In 851, an inscription in Jianchuan dedicated images to Maitreya and Amitabha.[7] The Nanzhao king Quanfengyou commissioned Chinese architects from the Tang dynasty to build the Three Pagodas.[7] The last king of Nanzhao established Buddhism as the official state religion.[8] In the Nanzhao Tushu juan, the Nanzhao Buddhist elite are depicted with light skin whereas the people who oppose Buddhism are depicted as short and dark skinned.[9]
The Three Pagoda Temple 三塔寺 controlled the Ranggong Chapel 讓公庵, which the Gao family constructed during the Nanzhao kingdom period. Friends of the famous Neo-Confucian scholar Li Yuanyang 李元陽 (1497–1580) supported the chapel by donating funds to buy farm land for its maintenance as late as the Jiajing reign period (1522–1566). According to tradition, seven holy monks 聖僧 constructed Biaoleng Temple during the Nanzhao kingdom period. A stele dated 1430 (Xuande 5) records that Zhao Yanzhen 趙彥貞 from a local family of officials renovated Longhua Temple (flourished during the Nanzhao to Dali kingdom periods) after its destruction by the Ming army.[10]
— Jianxiong Ma
Azhali is considered a sect of Tantrism or esoteric Buddhism with hybrid traditions showing Chinese, Tibetan and Burmese influences.[11] This tradition was also the major religion of the Dali Kingdom (937–1253). Acharya itself means guru or teacher in Sanskrit. According to Azhali practices among the Bai people, acharyas were allowed to marry and have children. The position of acharya was hereditary. The acharyas became state mentors in Nanzhao and held great influence until the Mongol conquest of China in the 13th century, during which the acharyas called upon various peoples to resist the Mongol rulers and later the Chinese during the Ming conquest of Yunnan. Zhu Yuanzhang banned the dissemination of Azhali Buddhism for a time before setting up an office to administer the religion.[12]
The area had a strong connection with Tantric Buddhism, which has survived to this day[13] at Jianchuan and neighboring areas. The worship of Guanyin and Mahākāla is very different from other forms of Chinese Buddhism.[14] Nanzhao likely had strong religious connections with the Pagan Kingdom in what is today Myanmar, as well as Tibet and Bengal (see Pala Empire).[15]
Key deities in this tradition include Mahakala (known locally as 'Black Sky god') and Acuoye Guanyin. The Shibaoshan (Stone Treasure Mountain) grottoes, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of Shaxi, Yunnan, are examples of the art of this Vajrayana tradition.[16]
Modern eraedit
The tradition faced several challenges during Yuan and Qing rule (such as being banned in 1507 and competition from Han Buddhist schools like Chan) but it continues as a living religion today.[16]
^Orzech, Charles D. (general editor) (2011). Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia. Brill, page 381.
^Howard, Angela F. "The Dhāraṇī pillar of Kunming, Yunnan: A legacy of esoteric Buddhism and burial rites of the Bai people in the kingdom of Dali, 937–1253", Artibus Asiae 57, 1997, pp. 33-72 (see pp. 43–44).
^Hearn, Maxwell K. and Smith, Judith G. Arts of the Sung and Yuan: Papers prepared for an international symposium organized by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in conjunction with the exhibition Splendors of Imperial China: Treasures from the National Palace Museum, Teipei, page 239.
^Megan Bryson, "Baijie and the Bai: Gender and Ethnic Religion in Dali, Yunnan", Asian Ethnology 72, 2013, pp. 3-31
^Megan Bryson, "Mahākāla worship in the Dali kingdom (937-1253) – A study and translation of the Dahei tianshen daochang yi", Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 35, 2012, pp. 3-69
^Thant Myint-U, Where China Meets India: Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia, Part 3
Bryson, Megan (2016), Goddess on the Frontier: Religion, Ethnicity, and Gender in Southwest China, Stanford University Press
Huang, Zhengliang; Zhang, Xilu (2013). "Research Review of Bai Esoteric Buddhist Azhali Religion Since the 20th Century". Journal of Dali University.
Huang, Caiwen (2020), The Lancang Guard and the Construction of Ming society in northwest Yunnan
Wu, Jiang (2011). Enlightenment in Dispute: The Reinvention of Chan Buddhism in Seventeenth-Century China. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN0199895562.
May 08, 2024
azhaliism, chinese, 阿吒力教, pinyin, Āzhālìjiào, also, known, dianmi, baimi, vajrayana, buddhist, religion, practiced, among, people, yunnan, china, name, comes, from, tantric, priests, called, azhali, sanskrit, acharyas, figures, religion, known, their, spells, . Azhaliism Chinese 阿吒力教 pinyin Azhalijiao also known as Dianmi or Baimi is a Vajrayana Buddhist religion practiced among the Bai people of Yunnan China 1 2 The name comes from lay tantric priests called azhali Sanskrit acharyas who are key figures in the religion known for their use of spells and mantras 3 The Xingjiao Temple in Shaxi is a Ming dynasty Buddhist temple of the Bai people Contents 1 History 2 Deities 3 Modern era 4 See also 5 Citations 6 BibliographyHistory editAzhali Acharya was a form of Tantric Buddhism that originated around 821 824 when a monk from India called Li Xian Maishun arrived in Nanzhao 653 902 More monks from India arrived in 825 and 828 and built a temple in Heqing 4 In 839 an acharya named Candragupta entered Nanzhao Quanfengyou appointed him as a state mentor and married his sister Yueying to Candragupta It was said that he meditated in a thatched cottage of Fengding Mountain in the east of Heqing and became an enlightened God He established an altar to propagate tantric doctrines in Changdong Mountain of Tengchong Candragupta continued to propagate tantric doctrines translated the tantric scripture The Rites of the Great Consecration and engaged in water conservancy projects He left for his homeland later on and possibly went to Tibet to propagate his teachings When he returned to Nanzhao he built Wuwei Temple 5 6 In 851 an inscription in Jianchuan dedicated images to Maitreya and Amitabha 7 The Nanzhao king Quanfengyou commissioned Chinese architects from the Tang dynasty to build the Three Pagodas 7 The last king of Nanzhao established Buddhism as the official state religion 8 In the Nanzhao Tushu juan the Nanzhao Buddhist elite are depicted with light skin whereas the people who oppose Buddhism are depicted as short and dark skinned 9 The Three Pagoda Temple 三塔寺 controlled the Ranggong Chapel 讓公庵 which the Gao family constructed during the Nanzhao kingdom period Friends of the famous Neo Confucian scholar Li Yuanyang 李元陽 1497 1580 supported the chapel by donating funds to buy farm land for its maintenance as late as the Jiajing reign period 1522 1566 According to tradition seven holy monks 聖僧 constructed Biaoleng Temple during the Nanzhao kingdom period A stele dated 1430 Xuande 5 records that Zhao Yanzhen 趙彥貞 from a local family of officials renovated Longhua Temple flourished during the Nanzhao to Dali kingdom periods after its destruction by the Ming army 10 Jianxiong Ma Azhali is considered a sect of Tantrism or esoteric Buddhism with hybrid traditions showing Chinese Tibetan and Burmese influences 11 This tradition was also the major religion of the Dali Kingdom 937 1253 Acharya itself means guru or teacher in Sanskrit According to Azhali practices among the Bai people acharyas were allowed to marry and have children The position of acharya was hereditary The acharyas became state mentors in Nanzhao and held great influence until the Mongol conquest of China in the 13th century during which the acharyas called upon various peoples to resist the Mongol rulers and later the Chinese during the Ming conquest of Yunnan Zhu Yuanzhang banned the dissemination of Azhali Buddhism for a time before setting up an office to administer the religion 12 The area had a strong connection with Tantric Buddhism which has survived to this day 13 at Jianchuan and neighboring areas The worship of Guanyin and Mahakala is very different from other forms of Chinese Buddhism 14 Nanzhao likely had strong religious connections with the Pagan Kingdom in what is today Myanmar as well as Tibet and Bengal see Pala Empire 15 Deities edit nbsp Acuoye Guanyin Dali Kingdom Key deities in this tradition include Mahakala known locally as Black Sky god and Acuoye Guanyin The Shibaoshan Stone Treasure Mountain grottoes about 10 kilometres 6 2 mi north of Shaxi Yunnan are examples of the art of this Vajrayana tradition 16 Modern era editThe tradition faced several challenges during Yuan and Qing rule such as being banned in 1507 and competition from Han Buddhist schools like Chan but it continues as a living religion today 16 See also editBenzhuism Chinese Buddhism Chinese folk religion Chongsheng Temple Yunnan VajrayanaCitations edit Huang amp Zhang 2013 Wu 2011 p 441 Orzech Charles D general editor 2011 Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia Brill page 381 Howard Angela F The Dharaṇi pillar of Kunming Yunnan A legacy of esoteric Buddhism and burial rites of the Bai people in the kingdom of Dali 937 1253 Artibus Asiae 57 1997 pp 33 72 see pp 43 44 India China Encyclopedia Vol 1 2014 p 256 Hearn Maxwell K and Smith Judith G Arts of the Sung and Yuan Papers prepared for an international symposium organized by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in conjunction with the exhibition Splendors of Imperial China Treasures from the National Palace Museum Teipei page 239 a b Bryson 2016 p 32 Nanzhao State and Dali State City of Dali Archived from the original on 2006 09 03 Bryson 2016 p 35 Huang 2020 p 55 Orzech Charles D general editor 2011 Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia Brill page 379 India China Encyclopedia Vol 1 2014 p 151 Megan Bryson Baijie and the Bai Gender and Ethnic Religion in Dali Yunnan Asian Ethnology 72 2013 pp 3 31 Megan Bryson Mahakala worship in the Dali kingdom 937 1253 A study and translation of the Dahei tianshen daochang yi Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 35 2012 pp 3 69 Thant Myint U Where China Meets India Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia Part 3 a b Esoteric Buddhism in the Dali region http www shaxichina com pray buddhism in shaxi htm Archived 2017 09 05 at the Wayback MachineBibliography editBryson Megan 2013 Baijie and the Bai Bryson Megan 2016 Goddess on the Frontier Religion Ethnicity and Gender in Southwest China Stanford University Press Huang Zhengliang Zhang Xilu 2013 Research Review of Bai Esoteric Buddhist Azhali Religion Since the 20th Century Journal of Dali University Huang Caiwen 2020 The Lancang Guard and the Construction of Ming society in northwest Yunnan Wu Jiang 2011 Enlightenment in Dispute The Reinvention of Chan Buddhism in Seventeenth Century China USA Oxford University Press ISBN 0199895562 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Azhaliism amp oldid 1209019776, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
