Morgan Spurlock
Morgan Valentine Spurlock (born November 7, 1970) is an American documentary filmmaker and television producer.
Morgan Spurlock | |
|---|---|
Spurlock at the 2012 Tribeca Film Festival world premiere of Mansome | |
| Born | Morgan Valentine Spurlock November 7, 1970 |
| Alma mater | New York University |
| Occupation(s) | Film director, television producer, screenwriter, playwright |
| Years active | 1994–present |
| Height | 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) |
| Spouse(s) | Alex Jamieson (m. 2006; div. 2011)Sara Bernstein (m. 2016) |
| Children | 2 |
| Website | www |
Spurlock's films include Super Size Me (2004), Where in the World Is Osama bin Laden? (2008), POM Wonderful Presents: The Greatest Movie Ever Sold (2011), Comic-Con Episode IV: A Fan's Hope (2011), One Direction: This Is Us (2013) and Super Size Me 2: Holy Chicken! (2017). He was the executive producer and star of the reality television series 30 Days (2005–2008). In June 2013, Spurlock became host and producer of the CNN show Morgan Spurlock Inside Man (2013–2016). He is also the co-founder of short-film content marketing company Cinelan, which produced the Focus Forward campaign for GE.[3]
Early life edit
Morgan Valentine Spurlock was born on November 7, 1970, in Parkersburg, West Virginia,[4] and was raised in Beckley, West Virginia. His parents, Ben and Phyllis Spurlock,[5] raised him as a Methodist. He has said he is of Scots-Irish and English descent.[6]
Spurlock was educated at Woodrow Wilson High School, a public high school in the city of Beckley, West Virginia. He graduated with a BFA in film from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts in 1993. He is a member of the fraternity Phi Gamma Delta.[7]
Career edit
Before making the 2004 Academy Award-nominated Super Size Me, Spurlock was a playwright, winning awards for his play The Phoenix at both the New York International Fringe Festival in 1999 and the Route 66 American Playwriting Competition in 2000.[8]
He also created I Bet You Will for MTV. I Bet You Will began as a popular Internet webcast of five-minute episodes featuring ordinary people doing stunts in exchange for money. Examples include eating a full jar of mayonnaise (US$235), eating a "worm burrito" (US$265), and taking shots of corn oil, Pepto-Bismol, lemon juice, hot sauce, cold chicken broth, and cod liver oil (US$450.00 for all nine shots). The webcast was a success, with over a million hits in the first five days.[citation needed] MTV later bought and aired the show, which Spurlock hosted. The list of documentary films that inspired Spurlock includes Brother's Keeper, Hoop Dreams, The Thin Blue Line, Roger and Me, Harlan County USA, and The Last Waltz. He considers Brother's Keeper the greatest documentary of all time.[9][10] In 2008, he signed a deal with Fox Television Studios.[11]
While attending a screening of the movie Catfish, Spurlock approached the film's producers afterwards and called Catfish "the best fake documentary" he had ever seen.[12][13]
In 2017, Spurlock stepped down from his production company after admitting to having committed sexual misconduct in his past, including cheating on his past wives and girlfriends as well as settling a sexual harassment allegation.[14]
Super Size Me edit
Spurlock's docudrama Super Size Me was released in the U.S. on May 7, 2004. This production was later nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature and Spurlock won the first Writers Guild of America Award for Best Documentary Screenplay.[15] He conceived the idea for the film when he was at his parents' house for Thanksgiving, and while watching TV saw a news story about a lawsuit brought against McDonald's by two teenage girls who blamed the fast food chain for their obesity.
The film depicts an experiment he conducted in 2003, in which he ate three McDonald's meals a day every day (and nothing else) for 30 days. The film's title derives from one of the rules of Spurlock's experiment: he would not refuse the "super-size" option whenever it was offered to him but would never ask for it himself. The result, according to Spurlock, was a diet with twice the calories recommended by the USDA. Further, Spurlock attempted to curtail his physical activity to match the exercise habits better of the average American (he previously walked about 5 kilometers\3 miles a day, whereas the average American walks 2 kilometers\1.5 miles).
In his reply documentary Fat Head, Tom Naughton "suggests that Spurlock's calorie and fat counts don't add up" and noted Spurlock's refusal to publish the Super Size Me food log. The Houston Chronicle reports: "Unlike Spurlock, Naughton has a page on his Web site that lists every item (including nutritional information) he ate during his fast-food month."[16]
He was of above average health and fitness when he started the project; he gained 25 pounds (11 kg), became quite puffy, and suffered liver dysfunction and depression by the end. Spurlock's supervising physicians noted the effects caused by his high-calorie diet—once even comparing it to a case of severe binge alcoholism. Following Spurlock's December 2017 assertion that he hadn't been "sober for more than a week" in three decades, the claims of his liver dysfunction being caused by eating McDonald's food solely for 30 days have been called into question.[17]
After completing the project, it took Spurlock fourteen months to return to his normal weight of 185 pounds (84 kg). His then-girlfriend (now ex-wife), Alexandra Jamieson, took charge of his recovery with her "detox diet", which became the basis for her book, The Great American Detox Diet.[18]
Spurlock released a sequel film, Super Size Me 2: Holy Chicken!, in 2017,[19] to be distributed by YouTube Red, but was dropped since Spurlock's admission of sexual misconduct. Samuel Goldwyn Films distributed the film, instead, in September 2019.[20]
Subsequent films edit
Spurlock's second feature documentary, Where in the World Is Osama Bin Laden? premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2008. In the film, and in interviews, Spurlock explores the fight against terrorism and views the argument from both sides, in which he tries to find Osama bin Laden.
Spurlock directed The Simpsons 20th Anniversary Special – In 3-D! On Ice!.[22][23]
Freakonomics is an adaptation of the book of the same name by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, which premiered in April 2010. Spurlock was at the helm of this project alongside five directors (Heidi Ewing, Rachel Grady, Alex Gibney, Seth Gordon and Eugene Jarecki).
The one-hour documentary Committed: The Toronto International Film Festival premiered on AMC on 12 October 2010.[24]
The Greatest Movie Ever Sold is a 2011 documentary film about product placement, marketing and advertising which was reportedly itself financed through product placement.[21][25] The Greatest Movie Ever Sold was shown at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2011.[26] It was released in the US in April 2011. It screened in the New Zealand Film Festival in August 2011 together with an appearance by Spurlock to talk about the movie.
In mid-2010, Spurlock worked with Buffy the Vampire Slayer creator Joss Whedon, Ain't It Cool News founder Harry Knowles, and comic book creator Stan Lee to create the documentary Comic-Con Episode Four: A Fan's Hope, to cover the stories of convention fans.[27][28] Whedon, Lee, and Knowles served as executive producers. Legendary Pictures' Thomas Tull, who independently financed the documentary, told Variety, "We look forward to capturing the spirit, energy and people that Comic-Con has infused into legions of fans, bringing these audiences and projects out of the halls and onto a world stage."[29] On April 6, 2012, Spurlock released the film to selected theaters in the United States, as well as video on demand outlets.
Spurlock hosted and produced the CNN series Morgan Spurlock Inside Man, which aired from June 2013 to August 2016.[30]
Spurlock helped distribute A Brony Tale, a documentary directed by Brent Hodge on the brony phenomenon and on the musician and voice acting career of Ashleigh Ball. The film was selected for theatrical distribution under the label Morgan Spurlock Presents. The film had a July 8, 2014 theater release.[31]
Spurlock teamed up with Hodgee Films again on the 2015 series Consider the Source, in association with Disney's Maker Studios.
30 Days edit
In each episode, a person (sometimes Spurlock himself) or a group of people spend 30 days immersing themselves in a mode of life markedly different from their norm (being in prison, a devout Christian living in a Muslim family, a homophobe staying with a homosexual person, etc.), while Spurlock discusses the relevant social issues involved. FX began airing the show on June 15, 2005. In the premiere episode of the first season, "Minimum Wage", Spurlock and his fiancée lived for 30 days in the Bottoms neighborhood of Columbus, Ohio, earning minimum wage, with no access to outside funds.
In the second-season finale, Spurlock spent 25 days locked in a Henrico County, Virginia (a county outside of Richmond), jail to experience life as an inmate.[32] He did not complete the entire 30 days in jail because the majority of inmates in the state of Virginia serve 85% of the sentence, so once Spurlock reached that benchmark, he was released.[33]
The third season of 30 Days premiered on June 3, 2008.[34] The first episode of the third season, titled "Working in a Coal Mine", was filmed in Bolt, West Virginia, which is located roughly 18 miles (29 km) from the city of Beckley, West Virginia, where Spurlock was raised before leaving for New York.[35]
In late 2008, FX announced it would not renew the 30 Days series, making the third season the last.
Other work edit
- Spurlock optioned the rights for Chris Mooney's book The Republican War on Science in order to create another documentary film,[36] but released the option in 2008.[37]
- Spurlock has a role in the film Drive Thru, a horror film about a fictional fast food restaurant that has its mascot come to life and start killing people. It was released on DVD on May 29, 2007.
- Spurlock presented 50 Documentaries to See Before You Die on Current TV. The show premiered on August 1, 2011.[38]
- On May 28, 2011, Spurlock was the graduation commencement speaker for the MBA Business program at Sonoma State University.
- Spurlock's half-hour documentary series A Day in the Life was to debut on Hulu in mid-August 2011. It follows "incredibly focused" people such as Richard Branson and will.i.am for a full day. The series is exclusive to Hulu.[39]
- Spurlock directed an additional episode of ESPN's 30 for 30 sports documentary series, entitled "The Dotted Line". This documentary takes a look at the competitive world of sports agents. "The Dotted Line" premiered on ESPN October 11, 2011, one day following the premiere of a two-hour documentary, I, Caveman, created and directed by Spurlock for the Science Channel series Curiosity. In it, a group of men and women including Spurlock try to survive in the wild using only Stone Age technology.
- In 2011, Spurlock presented a Ted talk called "The greatest Ted talk ever sold".
- Spurlock is the presenter of a new show in the UK on Sky Atlantic entitled Morgan Spurlock's New Britannia. The show is a comedy based around the differences between the UK and the US.[40]
- Spurlock contributed a brief Foreword to Martin Lindstrom's 2011 book Brandwashed.
- Spurlock's documentary Mansome was announced on March 8, 2012, as a Spotlight selection for the Tribeca Film Festival. The film takes a comedic look at male identity as defined through men's grooming habits featuring celebrity and expert commentary.[41]
- Spurlock directed the 3D concert film One Direction: This Is Us, starring the English-Irish boy band One Direction, and released August 30, 2013 by TriStar Pictures.[42]
- Spurlock wrote a book in 2005 as a follow-up to Super Size Me entitled Don't Eat This Book: Fast Food and the Supersizing of America.
Potential projects edit
Warrior Poets' upcoming slate includes the Untitled Human Intelligence Project, a feature-length documentary that will explore the field of neuroscience and debate the societal and ethical implications of emerging technology; Spurlock will direct as well as produce. Spurlock is also set to direct his first narrative feature film based on Brian Kellow's bestselling bio Can I Go Now about Hollywood superagent Sue Mengers. Additional upcoming projects also include executive producing the Food Network TV series “I Hart Food” starring YouTube sensation Hannah Hart and a collaboration with Sarah Jessica Parker and Refinery29 on the TNT docu-series “Who Run The World?.”[43]
Personal life edit
Spurlock has two sons. The older, Laken James Spurlock, was born on December 9, 2006. His birth is depicted in Spurlock's documentary Where in the World Is Osama bin Laden?, which Spurlock dedicated to Laken. The younger, Kallen Marcus Spurlock, was born on May 22, 2016.[44]
Although Spurlock was raised Methodist, he stated in an interview with TV Guide in 2014 that he is now agnostic.[45]
Sexual misconduct incidents edit
In December 2017, Spurlock wrote a blog post admitting to a history of sexual misconduct.[46][47][48] After publishing his blog post, he stepped down from his position with Warrior Poets, a company he had founded in 2004.[49]
In October 2022, The Washington Post reported that Spurlock had "suffered career death" as a result of his misconduct.[50]
Bibliography edit
- Spurlock, Morgan (2005). Don't Eat This Book: Fast Food and the Supersizing of America. New York, NY: G.P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 0-399-15260-1.
- Spurlock, Morgan (2008). Where in the World Is Osama Bin Laden?. New York, NY: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6652-0.
- Spurlock, Morgan (2011). Comic-Con Episode IV: A Fan's Hope. DK. p. 192. ISBN 978-0756683429.
Filmography edit
Films edit
| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1994 | Léon: The Professional | Production assistant: New York | |
| 1995 | Kiss of Death | Office production assistant | |
| 2004 | Super Size Me | Himself | Director, Writer |
| 2004 | The Future of Food | Executive producer | |
| 2004 | Czech Dream | Executive producer | |
| 2006 | Chalk | Executive producer | |
| 2006 | Class Act | Executive producer | |
| 2007 | Drive Thru | Robbie, The Hella-Burger Manager | |
| 2007 | The Third Wave | Executive producer | |
| 2007 | What Would Jesus Buy? | Producer | |
| 2008 | Where in the World Is Osama Bin Laden? | Himself | Director, writer |
| 2008 | Last Cup: Road to the World Series of Beer Pong | Executive producer | |
| 2009 | The Entrepreneur | Executive producer | |
| 2009 | Simply Raw: Reversing Diabetes in 30 Days | Himself | |
| 2009 | New Brow: Contemporary Underground Art | Himself | |
| 2009 | Abraham Obama | Himself | |
| 2010 | Freakonomics | Himself | Director, writer (segment "A Roshanda by Any Other Name"), Narrator |
| 2010 | Pool Party | Executive Producer | |
| 2011 | The Greatest Movie Ever Sold | Himself | Director, Executive producer, Writer |
| 2011 | Comic-Con Episode IV: A Fan's Hope | Director, writer, producer | |
| 2011 | The Other F Word | Executive producer | |
| 2011 | How We Covered It | Himself | |
| 2011 | The Unauthorized Documentary, Hangover Part II | Himself | |
| 2012 | Mansome | Himself | Director, writer, producer |
| 2012 | Knuckleball! | Executive producer | |
| 2012 | Glue Man | Himself | Stars |
| 2013 | One Direction: This Is Us | Director, producer | |
| 2013 | Web Junkie | Executive producer | |
| 2013 | Dancing in Jaffa | Executive producer | |
| 2013 | Waiting for Mamu | Executive producer | |
| 2013 | Chronic-Con, Episode 420: A New Dope | Himself | |
| 2013 | You Don't Know Jack | Director, writer | |
| 2013 | Misfire: The Rise and Fall of the Shooting Gallery | Himself | |
| 2014 | A Brony Tale | Executive producer | |
| 2014 | I Am Santa Claus | Executive producer | |
| 2014 | We the Economy: 20 Short Films You Can't Afford to Miss | Director, producer | |
| 2014 | That Film About Money | Executive producer | |
| 2015 | Man Under | Executive producer | |
| 2015 | Censored Voices | Executive producer | |
| 2015 | Made in Japan | Executive producer | |
| 2015 | I Am Dale Earnhardt | Himself | |
| 2015 | Crafted | Director | |
| 2015 | The Princess of North Sudan | Producer, in production | |
| 2016 | Rats | Director | |
| 2016 | The Eagle Huntress | Executive producer | |
| 2017 | Tough Guys | Executive producer | |
| 2017 | Super Size Me 2: Holy Chicken! | Himself | Director, writer, producer |
Television edit
| Year | Show | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | I Bet You Will | Host | TV series |
| 2004 | Last Laugh '04 | Himself | not credited, TV movie |
| 2004 | Know Your Enemy: Al Qaeda's Third Wave | Executive producer, TV movie | |
| 2005 | The 50 Greatest Documentaries | Himself | TV movie |
| 2005 | Merry F %$in' Christmas | Himself | TV movie |
| 2005 | The 10th Annual Critics' Choice Awards | Himself | TV movie |
| 2005 | 30 Days | Himself | Creator, Executive producer |
| 2010 | The Simpsons 20th Anniversary Special – In 3-D! On Ice! | Himself | Director |
| 2011 | A Day in the Life | Director, Executive producer | |
| 2012 | Morgan Spurlock's New Britannia | Himself | |
| 2013 | Morgan Spurlock Inside Man | Himself | Director, writer, Executive producer |
| 2013 | Losing It with John Stamos | Creator, Executive producer | |
| 2014 | 7 Deadly Sins | Host | Executive producer, Creator |
References edit
- ^ Alexandra Jamieson (December 21, 2011). . Delicious Vitality. Archived from the original on June 25, 2012. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
- ^ Naja Rayne (May 5, 2016). "Filmmaker Morgan Spurlock Marries Girlfriend of 8 Years". People.com. from the original on July 8, 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
- ^ Fera, Rae Ann (April 26, 2013). "GE Tells the Stories of the World's Innovators with 'Focus Forward'". Fast Co.Create. from the original on July 13, 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
- ^ "Morgan Spurlock Biography". TVGuide.com. from the original on November 2, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
- ^ "Morgan Spurlock". TV Guide. from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
- ^ Smith, Patrick (March 30, 2012). "New Britannia: Morgan Spurlock's latest exposé - delving into 'real Britain'". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022.
- ^ "The Fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta" 2009-01-11 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Roberts, Genevieve (March 31, 2012). "Morgan Spurlock: 'I was doing funny walks around the house aged six'". Independent.co.uk. from the original on May 4, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
- ^ Gibb, Lindsay (March 2008). "The everyman Morgan Spurlock talks about the state of documentaries, not finding Osama bin Laden, and why listening to voices is a good thing". RealScreen: 58.
- ^ Schuker, Lauren A.E. (February 2, 2008). "Hit List: Morgan Spurlock". No. Weekend Journal. Wall Street Journal. from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
- ^ Schneider, Michael (January 10, 2008). "Fox signs overall deal with Spurlock". Variety. from the original on January 23, 2022. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
- ^ Karina Longworth (September 15, 2010). "Doc or Not, Catfish is Stranger Than Fiction". Village Voice. from the original on July 9, 2015. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
- ^ Steve Pond (October 8, 2010). "'Catfish' Star Grilled on Truth, Fiction & Facebook". The Wrap. from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
- ^ Hauser, Christine (December 14, 2017). "Morgan Spurlock: 'I Am Part of the Problem'". The New York Times.
- ^ McNary, Dave (February 15, 2005). "WGA serves up 1st doc kudo to 'Super'". Variety. from the original on February 19, 2019. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
- ^ Hoffman, Ken (January 15, 2008). "Ordering up some food for thought". Houston Chronicle. from the original on November 12, 2019. Retrieved November 12, 2019.
- ^ McAleer, Phelim (May 23, 2018). "A Big Mac Attack, or a False Alarm?". Wall Street Journal. from the original on November 4, 2022. Retrieved October 23, 2022.
- ^ The Great American Detox Diet: The Proven 8-week Programme for Weight Loss, Good Health and Well Being - As Featured in the Hit Movie "Super Size Me": Amazon.co.uk: Alex Jamieson: 9781405077712: Books. Rodale. June 3, 2005. ISBN 9781405077712. from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
- ^ "Toronto Film Review: 'Super Size Me 2: Holy Chicken!'" 2017-12-18 at the Wayback Machine. Variety, September 14, 2017.
- ^ "Super Size Me 2". Samuel Goldwyn Films. from the original on April 19, 2023. Retrieved September 2, 2019.
- ^ a b A video of Spurlock talking about The Greatest Movie Ever Sold 2011-04-09 at the Wayback Machine at TED
- ^ Hulu, The Simpsons 20th Anniversary Special – In 3-D! On Ice! Title Details January 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ TV Squad, Morgan Spurlock on The Simpsons Anniversary Special – In 3-D! On Ice! 2009-10-06 at the Wayback Machine August 1, 2009.
- ^ Peter Sciretta (October 9, 2010). . SlashFilm. Archived from the original on October 11, 2010. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
- ^ "POM Wonderful Presents: The Greatest Movie Ever Sold -- A Sony Pictures Classics Release". POM Wonderful Presents The Greatest Movie Ever Sold. from the original on February 2, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
- ^ "Spurlock premieres 'Greatest Movie Ever Sold' at Sundance - USATODAY.com". USA Today. from the original on April 19, 2012. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
- ^ Spurlock, Morgan (2010). "Looking for people who love Comic-Con". morganspurlock.com. May 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Comic-Con Episode Four: A Fan's Hope – Starring Yourself?" 2010-06-07 at the Wayback Machine. Action Flick Chick. June 4, 2010.
- ^ Graser, Marc (May 20, 2010). "Spurlock, Whedon eye 'Comic-Con' doc". Variety.
- ^ Molloy, Tim. "Morgan Spurlock joins CNN". Yahoo News. from the original on August 27, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
- ^ Mike Fleming Jr (April 22, 2014). "'Morgan Spurlock Presents' Label Hatched To Release Indie Movies - Deadline". Deadline. from the original on July 9, 2014. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
- ^ Associated Press, "Spurlock to go behind bars" 2006-06-15 at the Wayback Machine. June 13, 2006.
- ^ FX "Thirty Days: Season 2 on the FX Network, Season Finale Episode.
- ^ Capone With Morgan Spurlock About Where in the World is Osama Bin Laden? And More!! 2018-11-21 at the Wayback Machine, aintitcool.com, April 18, 2008
- ^ "Spurlock Supersizes West Virginia On The Map" 2009-01-11 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "'Science' Scooped Up" 2018-12-15 at the Wayback Machine. The Washington Post. December 17, 2005
- ^ The Intersection 2008-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Current TV Launches Original Series "50 Documentaries to See Before You Die" Premiering on Monday, August 1". The Futon Critic. May 24, 2011
- ^ Staffers. "Morgan Spurlock doing exclusive Hulu documentary series - Screen & Stream". from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved August 4, 2011.
- ^ Highland Titles with Lord Morgan Spurlock of Glencoe. April 17, 2012. Archived from the original on November 18, 2021 – via YouTube.
- ^ "TFF 2012: Spotlight" 2012-04-10 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ . ComingSoon.net. CraveOnline. November 13, 2012. Archived from the original on November 16, 2012. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
- ^ "Morgan Spurlock › About". Morgan Spurlock. from the original on May 1, 2023. Retrieved May 1, 2023.
- ^ Spurlock, Morgan. "Untitled". WhoSay. from the original on June 23, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
- ^ Logan, Michael (April 11, 2014). "Morgan Spurlock is CNN's Inside Man, Tracking Kardashians, UFOs and More". TV Guide. from the original on April 7, 2016. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
Spurlock: I was raised Methodist but as I grew up and traveled the world and met more and more people from various religions, I have become much more of an agnostic.
- ^ McCausland, Phil (December 13, 2017). "Filmmaker Morgan Spurlock admits to history of sexual misconduct". NBC News. from the original on December 14, 2017. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
- ^ Kinneally, Tim. . Archived from the original on September 10, 2018.
- ^ "I am Part of the Problem". TwitLonger. December 14, 2017. from the original on December 14, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2023.
- ^ Andrews, Travis M. (December 14, 2017). "Morgan Spurlock steps down from his production company after confessing sexual misdeeds in a blog post". The Washington Post. from the original on December 28, 2017. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
- ^ Fetters Maloy, Ashley; Farhi, Paul (October 16, 2022). "Five years on, what happened to the men of #MeToo?". The Washington Post. from the original on October 16, 2022. Retrieved October 17, 2022.