Papen cabinet
The Papen cabinet, headed by the independent Franz von Papen, was the nineteenth government of the Weimar Republic. It took office on 1 June 1932 when it replaced the second Brüning cabinet, which had resigned the same day after it lost the confidence of President Paul von Hindenburg.
Cabinet of Franz von Papen | |
|---|---|
19th Cabinet of Weimar Germany | |
| 1 June 1932 – 17 November 1932 (until 3 December 1932 as caretaker government) | |
Members of the cabinet | |
| Date formed | 1 June 1932 |
| Date dissolved | 3 December 1932 (6 months and 2 days) |
| People and organisations | |
| President | Paul von Hindenburg |
| Chancellor | Franz von Papen |
| Member party | German National People's Party |
| Status in legislature | Minority Presidential Cabinet 37 / 608 (6%) |
| Opposition parties | Nazi Party Social Democratic Party Communist Party of Germany Centre Party Bavarian People's Party German State Party |
| History | |
| Election(s) | July 1932 federal election |
| Legislature term(s) | 6th Reichstag of the Weimar Republic |
| Predecessor | Second Brüning cabinet |
| Successor | Schleicher cabinet |
Papen's cabinet, made up of right-wing independents and members of the German National People's Party (DNVP), was a continuation of the presidential cabinets that had begun under Heinrich Brüning. It governed using emergency decrees issued by Hindenburg that bypassed the participation of the Reichstag. In the Papen government's most dramatic move, Hindenburg allowed Papen to oust the elected government of the state of Prussia and name himself Prussian Reich commissioner, an action that was a significant step in the weakening of the Weimar Republic's democratic foundations.
In November 1932, following the second Reichstag election in less than a year, Hindenburg lost faith in Papen. Papen's cabinet formally resigned on 17 November 1932, but it continued in office in a caretaker capacity until Hindenburg replaced it on 3 December with the cabinet of his close aide General Kurt von Schleicher.[1]
End of the Brüning cabinet edit
Papen's predecessor as chancellor, Heinrich Brüning, had been unable to build a stable ruling coalition in the Reichstag in order to pass the deflationary austerity measures that he thought were necessary to combat the effects of the Great Depression on the German economy.[2] With the support of President Paul von Hindenburg, Brüning governed using the emergency decrees authorized in Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution. The worsening economy and his growing unpopularity among the people of Germany, combined with a number of policy differences with Hindenburg, caused him to lose the President's confidence by early 1932. At the urging of Reichswehr General Kurt von Schleicher and other close advisors, Hindenburg replaced him with von Papen.[3]
Appointment and cabinet formation edit
Papen, then of the Catholic Centre Party, had come to Schleicher's attention as a candidate for chancellor through an article he wrote for the newspaper Der Ring in which he called for building a "genuinely conservative state-bloc" to fight the chaos to which he said Germany had been brought by the Weimar democracy.[4]
The Centre Party's leadership let Papen know that if he were offered the chancellorship and replaced Brüning (also of the Centre Party), they would oppose him. As a result of the objections, Papen initially wanted to turn down Hindenburg's offer, but the President appealed to his patriotic sense of duty and habit of soldierly obedience.[3] Papen let himself be convinced and resigned from the Centre Party the day before he took office.[5]
Even though he had been a member of the Prussian Landtag and had contacts among monarchists, the military and leading men of business, Papen had no political following. His appointment as chancellor came as a total surprise to most of the German public.[6] In the Reichstag he had the support only of the nationalist and conservative German National People's Party (DNVP) and German People's Party (DVP).
Papen's cabinet was formed all but exclusively on Schleicher's personnel suggestions.[3] When Schleicher heard the complaint that Papen was no head for the government, he is said to have responded, "He isn't supposed to be one. But he is a hat."[7] Papen's government became known as the "Cabinet of Barons", a name first used by the Social Democrat's newspaper Vorwärts in its headline about the new government on 1 June 1932. Six of the cabinet's members were from the nobility and only three were commoners.[8] The leading figure among them was Reichswehr Minister von Schleicher, who had been politically active behind the scenes for years. He became widely known to the public only when he took the position in Papen's cabinet.[9]
The cabinet primarily backed the interests of military leadership and the Junker owners of large agricultural estates east of the Elbe river. Industrialists were represented only secondarily and workers and the middle classes not at all. In the widespread belief that the cabinet would be worse than the Brüning cabinet at managing the economic crisis, the German stock market fell when its members were announced .[7]
Members edit
The cabinet consisted of the following ministers:[10]
| Portfolio | Minister | Took office | Left office | Party | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chancellorship | 1 June 1932 | 3 December 1932 | Independent | ||
| Vice-Chancellorship | Vacant | – | – | ||
| Foreign Affairs | 1 June 1932 | 3 December 1932 | Independent | ||
| Interior | 1 June 1932 | 3 December 1932 | DnVp | ||
| Justice | 1 June 1932 | 3 December 1932 | DnVp | ||
| Labour | Hermann Warmbold (acting) | 1 June 1932 | 6 June 1932 | Independent | |
Hugo Schäffer | 6 June 1932 | 3 December 1932 | Independent | ||
| Reichswehr | 1 June 1932 | 3 December 1932 | Independent | ||
| Economic Affairs | Hermann Warmbold | 1 June 1932 | 3 December 1932 | Independent | |
| Finance | 1 June 1932 | 3 December 1932 | Independent | ||
| Food and Agriculture | 1 June 1932 | 3 December 1932 | DnVp | ||
| Transport | 1 June 1932 | 3 December 1932 | Independent | ||
| Postal Affairs | 1 June 1932 | 3 December 1932 | Independent | ||
| Without portfolio | 29 October 1932 | 3 December 1932 | Independent | ||
| 29 October 1932 | 3 December 1932 | Independent | |||
Policy statement edit
Plans for a change to an authoritarian constitution had been taking shape among Hindenburg's close advisors before Papen's chancellorship. Papen himself had developed ideas for a "New State" that would combine the offices of chancellor and Prussian minister president, free the chancellor from dependence on the confidence of the Reichstag, and create an aristocratic upper house of parliament whose members would be appointed by the president. The plan had obvious similarities to the former German Empire and was intended to lead towards a restoration of the monarchy.[7]
Papen's inaugural policy statement, which was the first that was broadcast over the radio instead of being delivered in person in front of the Reichstag, did not mention the plans for his new state but did unmistakably outline his government's general direction. Rather than proposing any specific measures, Papen accused previous Weimar governments of mismanaging the parliamentary democracy. Through a continually increasing state socialism, he said, the governments had tried to turn Germany into a sort of welfare institution. He contrasted the moral erosion of the German people, which had been exacerbated by an "unholy class war" and amplified by cultural Bolshevism, to the enduring basis of the Christian worldview.[11] In his belief, liberal individualism and the egalitarian solidarity of the Left had brought the German body politic to the edge on an abyss.[8] He ended by saying that his planned dissolution of the Reichstag would result in "the nation being faced with a clear and unambiguous decision as to the forces it is willing to follow on the path to the future. The government, independent of parties, will lead the struggle for the spiritual and economic recovery of the nation, for the rebirth of the new Germany."[12]
The Vorwärts newspaper of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) called it a "unique declaration of class war from above":
We will counter it with a declaration of class war from below. The battle between the barons and the people must be fought! Only when this haughty supremacy is finally conquered will a true community of the people be possible. The government that issued the declaration is a government after Hitler's heart. The barons want the National Socialists to be elected! Give them the answer that they deserve.[12]
Presidential government edit
Per a prior agreement with Hindenburg and Hitler, Papen dissolved the Reichstag on 4 June 1932 and called for new elections in the hope that the Nazi Party would win the most seats and allow him to set up an authoritarian government.[13] On 16 June he lifted the ban on the Nazi Sturmabteilung (SA) and Schutzstaffel (SS)[6] that had been imposed on 13 April under the Brüning government.[14] Using the political violence that took place during the election campaign as a pretext, he ousted the SPD-led coalition government of Prussia in the so-called Prussian coup d'état (Preußenschlag) of 20 July and by emergency decree declared himself Reich commissioner of Prussia, a step that further weakened the democracy of the Weimar Republic[15] and fulfilled one of the goals of his "New State".
In the July 1932 elections, the Nazi Party won 37% of the vote to the SPD's 22%. When the new Reichstag assembled on 12 September, Papen attempted to put an end to the growing alliance between the Nazis and the Centre Party.[16] By two decrees from Hindenburg, Papen dissolved the Reichstag and suspended elections beyond the constitutionally mandated 60 days. The Communist Party presented a motion of no confidence in the government, and when it passed Papen again called for new elections.[17]
Dismissal edit
Following the November 1932 elections in which the Nazi Party's share of the vote slipped to 33%, Papen, under pressure from Schleicher, resigned on 17 November and formed a caretaker government. He told his cabinet that he planned to declare martial law, which would allow him to rule as a dictator.[18] Realizing that Schleicher was moving to replace him, Papen asked Hindenburg to dismiss Schleicher as Reichswehr minister. Hindenburg instead appointed Schleicher chancellor on 3 December 1932.[19]
References edit
- ^ "Why the Nazis achieved power". BBC bitesize. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ^ Grevelhörster, Ludger (2000). Kleine Geschichte der Weimarer Republik 1918–1933 [A Brief History of the Weimar Republic 1918–1933] (in German). Münster: Aschendorff. p. 169. ISBN 9783402053638.
- ^ a b c Neumann, Klaus (1991). "Franz von Papen". Internet-Portal Westfälische Geschichte (in German). Retrieved 1 July 2023.
- ^ Jones, Larry Eugene (2005). "Franz Von Papen, the German Center Party, and the Failure of Catholic Conservatism". Central European History. 38 (2): 206. doi:10.1163/156916105775563670. JSTOR 4547531. S2CID 145606603 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Winkler, Heinrich August (1993). Weimar 1918–1933 Die Geschichte der ersten deutschen Demokratie [Weimar 1918–1933 The History of the First German Democracy] (in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. p. 478. ISBN 3-406-376460.
- ^ a b "Franz von Papen". Britannica online. 12 January 2000. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
- ^ a b c Sturm, Reinhard (23 December 2011). "Zerstörung der Demokratie 1930 – 1932: Regierung von Papen" [Destruction of the Democracy 1930 – 1932: The von Papen Government]. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (in German). Retrieved 12 July 2023.
- ^ a b Hübner, Christoph (2014). Die Rechtskatholiken, die Zentrumspartei und die katholische Kirche in Deutschland bis zum Reichskonkordat von 1933: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Scheiterns der Weimarer Republik [The Right-Wing Catholics, the Centre Party and the Catholic Church in Germany until the Reich Concordat of 1933: A Contribution to the History of the Failure of the Weimar Republic] (in German). Münster: Lit Verlag. p. 698. ISBN 978-3643127105.
- ^ Winkler 1993, p. 478–479.
- ^ "Das Kabinett von Papen". Das Bundesarchiv (in German). Retrieved 10 August 2023.
- ^ Winkler 1993, p. 480-481.
- ^ a b Winkler 1993, p. 481.
- ^ Turner, Henry Ashby (1996). Hitler's Thirty Days to Power: January 1933. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. p. 8. ISBN 9780201407143.
- ^ Hauner, Milan (2005). Hitler. A Chronology of His Life and Time. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 81. ISBN 978-0230584495.
- ^ Schulze, Hagen (2001). Germany: A New History. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 241–243. ISBN 978-0674005457.
- ^ Longerich, Peter (2019). Hitler: A Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-0198796091.
- ^ Dorpalen, Andreas (1964). Hindenburg and the Weimar Republic. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 362. ISBN 978-0691051260.
- ^ Kolb, Eberhard (1988). The Weimar Republic. London: Unwin Hyman. p. 122. ISBN 978-0049430495.
- ^ Longerich 2019, p. 264.