Matilda of Flanders

Not to be confused with Matilda of Flanders, Duchess of Brabant.

Matilda of Flanders (French: Mathilde; Dutch: Machteld; German: Mechtild) (c. 1031 – 2 November 1083) was Queen of England and Duchess of Normandy by marriage to William the Conqueror, and regent of Normandy during his absences from the duchy.^[1] She was the mother of nine children who survived to adulthood, including two kings, William II and Henry I.^[2]

Matilda of Flanders
Statue of Matilda of Flanders, one of the twenty Reines de France et Femmes illustres in the Jardin du Luxembourg, Paris, by Carle Elshoecht (1850)
Queen consort of England
Tenure	25 December 1066 – 2 November 1083
Coronation	11 May 1068
Born	c. 1031
Died	2 November 1083 (aged c. 52)
Burial	l'Abbaye aux Dames Caen, Normandy
Spouse	William I of England (m. 1051/2)
Issue Detail	Robert II, Duke of Normandy Richard of Normandy Adeliza Cecilia William II, King of England Constance, Duchess of Brittany Adela, Countess of Blois Henry I, King of England
House	Flanders
Father	Baldwin V, Count of Flanders
Mother	Adela of France

In 1031, Matilda was born into the House of Flanders, the only daughter of Count Baldwin V of Flanders and Adela of France. Flanders was of strategic importance to England and most of Europe as a "stepping stone between England and the Continent" necessary for strategic trade and for keeping the Scandinavian intruders from England.^[3] In addition, her mother was the daughter of Robert II of France. For these reasons, Matilda was of grander birth than William, who was illegitimate, and, according to some more romantic tellings of the story, she initially refused his proposal on this account. Like many royal marriages of the period, it breached the rules of consanguinity, then at their most restrictive (to seven generations or degrees of relatedness); Matilda and William were third-cousins once removed. She was about 20 when they married in 1051/2; William was some four years older, and had been Duke of Normandy since he was about eight (in 1035).

The marriage appears to have been successful, and William is not recorded to have had any illegitimate children. Matilda was about 35, and had already borne all but two of her children, when William embarked on the Norman conquest of England, sailing in his flagship Mora, which Matilda had given him. She governed the Duchy of Normandy in his absence, joining him in England after more than a year, to be crowned in an elaborate ceremony.^[4] She subsequently returned to Normandy, but crossed to England repeatedly, and ruled England in William's absence between the years 1081 and 1083. Matilda also regularly served as regent in Normandy. She was about 52 when she died in Normandy in 1083.

Apart from governing Normandy and supporting her brother's interests in Flanders, Matilda took a close interest in the education of her children, who were unusually well educated for contemporary royalty. The boys were tutored by the Italian Lanfranc, who was made Archbishop of Canterbury in 1070, while the girls learned Latin in Sainte-Trinité Abbey in Caen, founded by William and Matilda as part of the papal dispensation allowing their marriage.

Rumours of romances

There were rumours that Matilda had been in love with the English ambassador to Flanders and with the great Anglo-Saxon thegn Brictric, son of Algar, who (according to the account by the Continuator of Wace and others^[5]) in his youth declined her advances. Whatever the truth of the matter, years later she is said to have used her authority to confiscate Brictric's lands and throw him into prison, where he died.^[6]

Marriage

Matilda, or Maud, was the daughter of Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, and Adela, herself daughter of King Robert II of France.^[7][8]

 

Seal of William the Conqueror

According to legend, when the Norman duke William the Bastard (later called the Conqueror) sent his representative to ask for Matilda's hand in marriage, she told the representative that she was far too high-born to consider marrying a bastard.^[a] After hearing this response, William rode from Normandy to Bruges, forced himself into her bedroom and soundly beat her.^[9] Another version has the illegitimate duke dragging her from her horse and pursuing his rough courtship in the roadside mud.^[10][11] Naturally, Baldwin took offence at this; but, before they could draw swords, Matilda settled the matter^[12] by refusing to marry anyone but William.^[13]

Historians have regarded the tale as more fictional than historical; the marriage itself may in fact have been arranged by William and Baldwin, as both would have welcomed an alliance between Flanders and Normandy.^[14][15] William and Matilda were married after a delay in c. 1051–2,^[16] despite a papal ban by Pope Leo IX at the Council of Reims on the grounds of consanguinity.^[17] A papal dispensation was finally awarded in 1059 by Pope Nicholas II.^[18] Lanfranc, at the time prior of Bec Abbey, negotiated the arrangement in Rome and it came only after William and Matilda agreed to found two churches as penance: the Abbaye aux Hommes and the Abbaye aux Dames.^[19]

Their marriage was by all accounts very happy and fruitful. Matilda bore her husband at least eight children in a period of twenty years, and most contemporaries believed that William was never unfaithful to her.^[20][15]

Duchess of Normandy

When William was preparing to invade England, Matilda outfitted a ship, the Mora, out of her own funds and gave it to him.^[21] Additionally, William gave Normandy to his wife during his absence. Matilda successfully guided the duchy through this period in the name of her fourteen-year-old son;^[specify] no major uprisings or unrest occurred.^[22] She served as regent in Normandy during the absence of William six times: in 1066–1067, in 1067–1068, in 1069, in 1069–1072, in 1074 and, finally, in 1075–1076.^[23]

Even after William conquered England and became its king, she delayed her visit to her new kingdom until she could be crowned on Pentecost (Whit Sunday) in 1068, almost two years after it was won.^[24][25] Despite William's conquest, she spent most of her time in Normandy, governing the duchy, supporting her brother's interests in Flanders, and sponsoring ecclesiastic houses there. Only one of her children was born in England; Henry was born in Yorkshire when Matilda accompanied her husband in the Harrying of the North.^[26] She arrived in England in April 1068 and was crowned alongside William, who was re-crowned at the same time in order to demand the court's respect.^[10]

Queen of England

Matilda was crowned queen on 11 May 1068 in Westminster during the feast of Pentecost, in a ceremony presided over by the archbishop of York. Three new phrases were incorporated to cement the importance of a queen, stating that she was divinely placed by God, shared in royal power, and blessed her people by her power and virtue.^[27][28] Her claims to authority were enhanced through a special acclamation, or laudes, crafted especially for her.^[29]

For many years it was thought that Matilda had some involvement in the creation of the Bayeux Tapestry (commonly called La Tapisserie de la Reine Mathilde in French), but historians no longer believe that; it seems to have been commissioned by William's half-brother Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, and made by English artists in Kent.^[30]

Matilda and William had nine or ten children together. He is believed to have been faithful to her and neither he or she are known to have produced a child outside their marriage; there is no evidence of any illegitimate children born to William.^[31] Despite her royal duties, Matilda was deeply invested in her children's well-being. All were known for being remarkably educated. Her daughters were educated and taught to read Latin at Sainte-Trinité in Caen, founded by Matilda and William in response to the recognition of their marriage.^[32] For her sons, she secured Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury of whom she was an ardent supporter. Both she and William approved of the Archbishop's desire to revitalise the Church.^[33]

William was furious when he discovered she sent large sums of money to their exiled son Robert.^[34] She effected a truce between them at Easter 1080.^{[citation needed][11]}

She stood as godmother for Matilda of Scotland, who would become Queen of England after marrying Matilda's son Henry I. During the christening, the baby pulled Queen Matilda's headdress down on top of herself, which was seen as an omen that the younger Matilda would be queen some day as well.^[35]

Death and burial

 

Tomb of Matilda of Flanders at the Abbaye aux Dames, Caen

 

Tomb of William the Conqueror at the Abbey of Saint-Étienne, Caen

Matilda fell ill during the summer of 1083 and died on 2 November 1083.^[1] Her husband was present for her final confession.^[36] William swore to give up hunting, his favorite sport, to express his grief after the death of his wife.^[37][38][39] He himself died four years later in 1087.^[40]

Contrary to the common belief that she was buried at St. Stephen's, also called l'Abbaye-aux-Hommes in Caen, Normandy, where William was eventually buried, she is entombed in Caen at l'Abbaye aux Dames, which is the community of Sainte-Trinité. Of particular interest is the 11th-century slab, a sleek black ledger stone decorated with her epitaph, marking her grave at the rear of the church. In contrast, the grave marker for William's tomb was replaced as recently as the beginning of the 19th century.

Over time Matilda's tomb was desecrated and her original coffin destroyed. Her remains were placed in a sealed box and reburied under the original black slab.^[41] In 1959 Matilda's incomplete skeleton was examined and her femur and tibia were measured to determine her height. Her height was 5 feet (152 cm), a normal female height for the time.^[41] However, as a result of this examination she was misreported as being 4 feet 2 inches (127 cm)^[42] leading to the myth that she was extremely small.

Children

Matilda and William had four sons and at least five daughters.^[20] The birth order of the boys is clear, but no source gives the relative order of birth of the daughters.^[20]

1. Robert (c.1053 – 10 February 1134),^[43][44] Duke of Normandy, married Sybil of Conversano, daughter of Geoffrey of Conversano.^[45]
2. Richard, (c.1055 – c.1069-74)^[43]
3. Adeliza (or Adelida,^[46] Adelaide^[47]), (c.1057, – c.1073),^[43] reportedly betrothed to Harold II of England, probably a nun of St Léger at Préaux.^[46]
4. Cecilia (or Cecily), (c.1058 – 1127).^[43] Abbess of Holy Trinity, Caen.^[43][48]
5. William Rufus, (c.1060 – 2 August 1100),^[43][44] King of England, killed in the New Forest.
6. Matilda (c.1061 – c.1086)^[43][47] possibly died much later (according to Trevor Foulds's suggestion that she was identical to Matilda d'Aincourt^[49][50]).
7. Constance (c.1062 – 1090),^[43] married Alan IV Fergent, Duke of Brittany.^[51]
8. Adela, (c.1067 – 1137),^[43] married Stephen, Count of Blois.^[51] Mother of King Stephen of England.
9. Henry (late 1068 – 1 December 1135)^[43][44] King of England, married Edith of Scotland, daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland. His second wife was Adeliza of Louvain.^[47]
10. Agatha, betrothed to Harold II of England, Alfonso VI of Castile, and possibly Herbert I, Count of Maine, but died unmarried.^[b][51]

References

Notes

1. Matilda's principal attribute was her descent from Charlemagne and her many royal ancestors, her closest being her grandfather Robert II of France. She was the niece of King Henry I of France, William's suzerain, and at his death in 1060, first cousin to his successor King Philip I of France. A member of the aristocracy, she was closely related to most of the royal families of Europe. A marriage to a member of the (Carolingian) royal family was a means of upward mobility for a soldier or nobleman like William. Her descent from Alfred the Great (whose daughter Ælfthryth was the mother of Arnulf I, Count of Flanders, and great-great-great-great-grandmother of Matilda) also proved a legitimizing factor as queen of England. See Hilton 2010, p. 17, Le Jan 2000, p. 56, Notes 14, 57, Wareham 2005, p. 3
2. It is not certain Adeliza and Agatha were not the same daughter, but if they were different daughters William of Jumièges seems to bear the responsibility for confusing the two. None of the daughters' ages is known according to Orderic Vitalis. See Douglas 1964, p. 395; Ordericus Vitalis 1854, pp. 181–182, n. 1

Citations

1. van Houts 2004b.
2. Gathagan 2016.
3. Oksanen 2012, p. 6.
4. Gathagan 2020a.
5. Thorn, Thorn & Morris 1985, Part 2 (notes), 24,21, quoting Freeman 1871, Appendix, note 0.
6. Freeman 1871, pp. 761–764.
7. Schwennicke 1984, Tafeln 5, 11, 81.
8. "Matilda: William the Conqueror's queen". HistoryExtra. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
9. "In Bayeux, France, the story of the last conquest of England comes alive". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
10. Strickland, Agnes (1840). Lives of the Queens of England. Boston: Aldine Book Publishing Company. p. 13.
11. Lancelott, Francis (1890). The Queens of England and Their Times. New York: D. Appleton and Company. pp. 15–18.
12. Hilliam 2004, p. 20.
13. Hilton 2010, p. 17.
14. Douglas 1964, p. 79.
15. Gillingham 1975, p. 26.
16. Keats-Rohan 1999, p. 495.
17. Morris 2012, p. 67.
18. Hilton 2010, p. 18.
19. Bates 1982, p. 199.
20. Douglas 1964, p. 393.
21. van Houts 1988, p. 166.
22. Hilton 2010, pp. 31–32.
23. Borman 2011.
24. Huneycutt 2003, p. 50.
25. Gathagan 2020b, p. 90.
26. Hilton 2010, p. 35.
27. Hilton 2010, p. 33.
28. Huneycutt 2003, p. 51.
29. Gathagan 2001, p. 37. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGathagan2001 (help)
30. Norton 2001, p. 3.
31. Given-Wilson & Curteis 1984, p. 59.
32. Hilton 2010, p. 29.
33. Hilton 2010, p. 37.
34. "Matilda of Flanders, duchess of Normandy, queen of England". Epistolae: Medieval Women's Latin Letters. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
35. Huneycutt 2003, p. 10.
36. Hilton 2010, p. 39.
37. B. A., Mundelein College; M. Div., Meadville/Lombard Theological School. "Matilda of Flanders: William the Conqueror's Queen". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
38. Hilliam 2004, p. 91.
39. Hilliam 2011, p. 172.
40. Douglas 1964, p. 362.
41. Dewhurst 1981, pp. 271–272.
42. Douglas 1964, p. 370.
43. Turner, Ralph V. (1990). "The Children of Anglo-Norman Royalty and Their Upbringing". Medieval Prosopography. 11 (2): 45. ISSN 0198-9405. JSTOR 45048108.
44. Douglas 1964, p. 394.
45. Thompson 2004.
46. van Houts 2004a.
47. Fryde et al. 1996, p. 35.
48. Gathagan 2017, p. 841.
49. Sharpe 2007, pp. 1–27.
50. Nottingham Medieval Studies 36: 42–78.
51. Douglas 1964, p. 395.

Sources

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• Borman, T. (2011). Matilda: Wife of the Conqueror, First Queen of England. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4481-0386-7.
• Dewhurst, Sir John (1981). "A historical obstetric enigma: how tall was Matilda?". Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1 (4): 271–272. doi:10.3109/01443618109067396. ISSN 0144-3615.
• Douglas, David C. (1964). William The Conqueror. Berkeley; Los Angeles: University of California Press.
• Freeman, Edward Augustus (1871). The History of the Norman Conquest of England. Vol. IV. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Fryde, E. F.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (3rd ed.). Cambridge: University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
• Gathagan, Laura L. (2016). "'Mother of heroes, most beautiful of mothers': Mathilda of Flanders and royal motherhood in the eleventh century". Virtuous or Villainess? The Image of the Royal Mother from the Early Medieval to the Early Modern Era edited Ellie Woodacre and Carrie Fleiner: 37–63. ISBN 1137513144.
• Gathagan, Laura L. (2017). "'You Conquer Countless Enemies even as a Maiden': the Conqueror's Daughter and Dynastic Rule at Holy Trinity, Caen". History: the Journal of the Historical Association edited Katy Dutton: 37–63. ISSN 0018-2648.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Matilda of Flanders, Queen of England.

Matilda of Flanders House of Flanders Born: c. 1031 Died: 2 November 1083
Royal titles
Preceded by Adela of France	Duchess consort of Normandy 1053 – 2 November 1083	Vacant Title next held by Sybilla of Conversano
Vacant Title last held by Edith of Mercia	Queen consort of England 25 December 1066 – 2 November 1083	Vacant Title next held by Matilda of Scotland