Henry I of France
Henry I (4 May 1008 – 4 August 1060) was King of the Franks from 1031 to 1060. The royal demesne of France reached its smallest size during his reign, and for this reason he is often seen as emblematic of the weakness of the early Capetians. This is not entirely agreed upon, however, as other historians regard him as a strong but realistic king, who was forced to conduct a policy mindful of the limitations of the French monarchy.
| Henry I | |
|---|---|
Effigy of Henry from his seal | |
| King of the Franks | |
| Reign | 20 July 1031 – 4 August 1060 |
| Coronation | 14 May 1027, Reims (co-king) |
| Predecessor | Robert II |
| Successor | Philip I |
| Born | 4 May 1008 Reims, Kingdom of France |
| Died | 4 August 1060 (aged 52) Vitry-aux-Loges, Kingdom of France |
| Burial | Saint Denis Basilica, Paris, France |
| Spouses | Matilda of Frisia Anne of Kiev |
| Issue more... | Philip I of France Hugh I, Count of Vermandois |
| House | Capet |
| Father | Robert II of France |
| Mother | Constance of Arles |
Reign edit
A member of the House of Capet, Henry was born in Reims, the son of King Robert II (972–1031) and Constance of Arles (986–1034).[1] In the early-Capetian tradition, he was crowned King of France at the Cathedral of Reims on 14 May 1027,[2] while his father still lived. He had little influence and power until he became sole ruler on his father's death four years later.
The reign of Henry I, like those of his predecessors, was marked by territorial struggles. Initially, he joined his younger brother Robert, with the support of their mother, in a revolt against his father (1025). His mother, however, supported Robert as heir to the old king, on whose death Henry was left to deal with his rebel sibling.[3] In 1032, he placated his brother by giving him the Duchy of Burgundy[3] as an appanage, which their father Robert II originally gave to Henry in 1016.[4]
In an early strategic move, Henry came to the rescue of his very young nephew-in-law, the newly appointed Duke William of Normandy (who would go on to become William the Conqueror), to suppress a revolt by William's vassals. In 1047, Henry secured the dukedom for William in their decisive victory over the vassals at the Battle of Val-ès-Dunes near Caen;[5] however, Henry would later support the barons against William until the former's death in 1060.[6]
In 1054, William married Matilda, the daughter of the count of Flanders, which Henry saw as a threat to his throne.[7] In 1054, and again in August 1057, Henry invaded Normandy, but lost twice at the battles of Mortemer and Varaville.[7]
Henry had three meetings with Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor—all at Ivois. In early 1043, he met him to discuss the marriage of the emperor with Agnes of Poitou, the daughter of Henry's vassal.[8] In October 1048, the two Henries met again and signed a treaty of friendship.[9] The final meeting took place in May 1056 and concerned disputes over Theobald III and the County of Blois.[9] The debate over the duchy became so heated that Henry accused the emperor of breach of contract and subsequently left.[9] In 1058, Henry was selling bishoprics and abbacies, ignoring the accusations of simony and tyranny by the Papal legate Cardinal Humbert.[10] In 1060, Henry rebuilt the Saint-Martin-des-Champs Priory just outside Paris. Despite the royal acquisition of a part of the County of Sens in 1055, the loss of Burgundy in 1032 meant that Henry I's twenty-nine-year reign saw feudal power in France reach its pinnacle.
King Henry I died on 4 August 1060 in Vitry-en-Brie, France, and was interred in the Basilica of St Denis. He was succeeded by his son, Philip I of France, and Henry's queen Anne of Kiev ruled as regent. At the time of his death, he was besieging Thimert, which had been occupied by the Normans since 1058.[11]
Marriages edit
Henry I was betrothed to Matilda, the daughter of Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor, but she died prematurely in 1034.[12] Henry then married Matilda of Frisia, but she died in 1044.[13] Casting further afield in search of a third wife, Henry married Anne of Kiev on 19 May 1051.[13] They had:
- Philip I (c. 1052 – 30 July 1108).[14]
- Emma (1054 – 1109?).[citation needed]
- Robert (d. 1060).[15]
- Hugh "the Great" of Vermandois (1057–1102).[16]
Henry and Anne of Kiev are additionally said to have been the parents of the beatified figure Edigna.[17]
References edit
- ^ Bradbury 2007, p. 93.
- ^ Clark 2006, p. 87.
- ^ a b Hallam & Everard 2013, p. 95.
- ^ Bradbury 2007, p. 100.
- ^ Douglas 1999, p. 1026.
- ^ Brown 1969, p. 49.
- ^ a b Bradbury 2007, pp. 106–108.
- ^ Zey 2008, p. 62.
- ^ a b c Weinfurter 1999, p. 107.
- ^ Hallam 1980, p. 104.
- ^ Douglas 1964, pp. 74–75.
- ^ Wolfram 2000, p. 38.
- ^ a b Bradbury 2007, pp. 108–109.
- ^ Bradbury 2007, p. 111.
- ^ Raffensperger 2012, p. 95.
- ^ Gilbert of Mons 2005, p. 28.
- ^ Zeilinger, Ingrid (16 January 2021). "Sie ist die Dorfpatronin von Puch" [She is the village patroness of Puch]. Münchner Merkur. Serie: Straßen und ihre Namenspatrone (in German). Retrieved 14 November 2021.
Sources edit
- Bradbury, Jim (2007). The Capetians: The History of a Dynasty. Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Brown, R. Allen (1969). The Normans and the Norman Conquest. Boydell Press.
- Clark, William W. (2006). Medieval Cathedrals. Greenwood Publishing.
- Douglas, David Charles (1964). William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England. University of California Press.
- Douglas, David C (1999). William the Conqueror. Yale University Press.
- Gilbert of Mons (2005). Chronicle of Hainaut. Translated by Napran, Laura. The Boydell Press.
- Hallam, Elizabeth (1980). The Capetians 987–1328. Longman Group.
- Hallam, Elizabeth; Everard, Judith (2013). Capetian France 987–1328. Routledge.
- Raffensperger, Christian (2012). Reimagining Europe. Harvard University Press.
- Weinfurter, Stefan (1999). The Salian Century: Main Currents in an Age of Transition. University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Wolfram, Herwig (2000). Conrad II, 990–1039: Emperor of Three Kingdoms. Translated by Kaiser, Denise A. The Pennsylvania State University Press.
- Zey, Claudia (2008). "Frauen und Tochter der salischen Herrsher, Zum Wandel salischer Hieratspolitik in der Krise". In Struve, Tilman (ed.). Die Salier, das Reich und der Niederrhein (in German). Bohlau Verlag GmbH & Cie.