Since 1984, six complete bone flutes, as well as the fragments of at least thirty more,[1] have been excavated from several early NeolithicJiahu culture tombs in Jiahu, Wuyan County, Henan Province, in Central China.[2] They have been dated to 6000 BCE.[3]
Descriptionedit
The bone flutes have average dimensions of approximately 20 cm × 1.1 cm (7.9 in × 0.4 in), and are made from the legs of the red-crowned crane.[4][5] They are open-ended and vary in the number of their finger holes, from one to eight; the 4 holed version has 3 holes in front and one thumb hole in back.[citation needed] The Jiahu bone whistles are much shorter than the flutes, with lengths of 5.7 to 10.5 cm (2 to 4 in), and generally having a smaller amount of holes. The number of holes and the spacing between the holes determined the musical range and scale or mode in which the flute was intended to function. Lee and Shen believed that the Jiahu culture understood the "resonance of an air column" (see open tube and closed tube) and were able to create an instrument that contained their "complete interval preference of Chinese music". Blowing across the open end of an end-blown bone flute to produce a musical sound, is accomplished in the same way, and produces a similar effect, as blowing across the open top of a bottle. The eight-holed flute can play "all harmonic intervals and two registers." These harmonic intervals are said to be a "function of culture" and were of a larger set compared to that now familiar in the West. Bone flutes were apparently also played as part of sacrificial rites, and employed in bird hunting. Gudi are not very common now, but there are some musicians today who play them.
^Zhang, Juzhong; Harbottle, Garman; Wang, Changsui; Kong, Zhaochen (1999-09-23). "Oldest playable musical instruments found at Jiahu early Neolithic site in China". Nature. 401 (6751): 366–368. doi:10.1038/43865. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 16862110.
^Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics, 河南省文化研究所 (January 1989). "河南舞阳贾湖新石器时代遗址第二至六次发掘简报(in Chinese)". Wenwu 文物 (1): 1–14,47. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
Chang, Lulu Huang. From Confucius to Kublai Khan. Canada: The Institute of Mediaeval Music, 1993. (2-7)
Lee, Yuan-Yuan and Sin-Yan Shen. Chinese Musical Instruments. Chicago: Chinese Music Society of North America, 1999. (63-66)
Shen, Sin-Yan. China: A Journey into Its Musical Art. Chicago: Chinese Music Society of North America, 2000. (107-108)
So, Jenny F. ed. Music in the Age of Confucius. Washington, D.C.: Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M Sackler Gallery, 2000. (88-90)
Wu, Ben. "Archaeology and History of Musical Instruments in China". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music East Asia: China, Japan, and Korea. Vol. 7. Ed Robert C. Provine, Yosihiko Tokumaru, and J Laurence Witzleban. New York: Routledge, 2002. (105-6)
Zhang, Juzhong; Harbottle, Garman; Wang, Changsui; Kong, Zhaochen (September 1999). "Oldest playable musical instruments found at Jiahu early Neolithic site in China". Nature. 401 (6751): 366–368. Bibcode:1999Natur.401..366Z. doi:10.1038/43865. PMID 16862110.
Further readingedit
Huang, Xiang-peng (黄翔鹏) (1989). "Wuyang Jiahu gudi de ceyin yanjiu (舞阳贾湖骨笛的测音研究) " [Pitch Measurement Studies of Bone Flutes from Jiahu of Wuyang County]. Wenwu (文物) [Cultural Relics], no. 1:15–17. Reprinted in 黄翔鹏文存 [Collected Essays of Huang Xiang-Peng], 2 vols, edited by Zhongguo Yishu Yanjiuyuan Yinyue Yanjiusuo (中国艺术研究院音乐研究所), 557–60. Ji'nan, China: Shandong Wenyi Chubanshe, 2007. ISBN978-7-5329-2669-5.
Wu, Zhao (吴钊) (1991). "Jiahu guiling gudi yu Zhongguo yinyue wenming zhi yuan (贾湖龟铃骨笛与中国音乐文明之源)" [The relation of Jiahu bone flutes and turtle shell shakers to the origin of Chinese music]. Wenwu (文物) [Cultural Relics], no. 3: 50–55.
gudi, instrument, jiahu, gǔdí, chinese, 贾湖骨笛, oldest, known, musical, instruments, from, china, dating, back, around, 6000, gudi, means, bone, flute, chinese, gudi, flutes, discovered, jiahu, display, henan, museum, contents, history, description, gallery, als. The Jiahu gǔdi Chinese 贾湖骨笛 are the oldest known musical instruments from China dating back to around 6000 BCE Gudi means bone flute in Chinese One of the gudi flutes discovered at Jiahu on display at the Henan Museum Contents 1 History 2 Description 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 Further reading 8 External links 8 1 Sample musicHistory editSince 1984 six complete bone flutes as well as the fragments of at least thirty more 1 have been excavated from several early Neolithic Jiahu culture tombs in Jiahu Wuyan County Henan Province in Central China 2 They have been dated to 6000 BCE 3 Description editThe bone flutes have average dimensions of approximately 20 cm 1 1 cm 7 9 in 0 4 in and are made from the legs of the red crowned crane 4 5 They are open ended and vary in the number of their finger holes from one to eight the 4 holed version has 3 holes in front and one thumb hole in back citation needed The Jiahu bone whistles are much shorter than the flutes with lengths of 5 7 to 10 5 cm 2 to 4 in and generally having a smaller amount of holes The number of holes and the spacing between the holes determined the musical range and scale or mode in which the flute was intended to function Lee and Shen believed that the Jiahu culture understood the resonance of an air column see open tube and closed tube and were able to create an instrument that contained their complete interval preference of Chinese music Blowing across the open end of an end blown bone flute to produce a musical sound is accomplished in the same way and produces a similar effect as blowing across the open top of a bottle The eight holed flute can play all harmonic intervals and two registers These harmonic intervals are said to be a function of culture and were of a larger set compared to that now familiar in the West Bone flutes were apparently also played as part of sacrificial rites and employed in bird hunting Gudi are not very common now but there are some musicians today who play them Gallery edit nbsp nbsp nbsp See also editChinese flutes Divje Babe Flute Dizi End blown flute Music of China Paleolithic flutes Traditional Chinese musical instrumentsReferences edit Zhang Juzhong Harbottle Garman Wang Changsui Kong Zhaochen 1999 09 23 Oldest playable musical instruments found at Jiahu early Neolithic site in China Nature 401 6751 366 368 doi 10 1038 43865 ISSN 1476 4687 PMID 16862110 Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics 河南省文化研究所 January 1989 河南舞阳贾湖新石器时代遗址第二至六次发掘简报 in Chinese Wenwu 文物 1 1 14 47 Retrieved 25 July 2021 Picard Francois 28 May 2015 8 December 2014 Gudi Grove Music Online Oxford Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 gmo 9781561592630 article L2281191 ISBN 978 1 56159 263 0 subscription or UK public library membership required Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics January 1989 河南舞阳贾湖新石器时代遗址第二至六次发掘简报 in Chinese Wenwu 文物 1 12 Retrieved 25 July 2021 Huo Kun July 2017 贾湖骨笛乐音初义 in Chinese 北方音乐 North Music 37 7 27 28 Retrieved 25 July 2021 Sources editThis article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations May 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Chang Lulu Huang From Confucius to Kublai Khan Canada The Institute of Mediaeval Music 1993 2 7 Lee Yuan Yuan and Sin Yan Shen Chinese Musical Instruments Chicago Chinese Music Society of North America 1999 63 66 Shen Sin Yan China A Journey into Its Musical Art Chicago Chinese Music Society of North America 2000 107 108 So Jenny F ed Music in the Age of Confucius Washington D C Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M Sackler Gallery 2000 88 90 Wu Ben Archaeology and History of Musical Instruments in China The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music East Asia China Japan and Korea Vol 7 Ed Robert C Provine Yosihiko Tokumaru and J Laurence Witzleban New York Routledge 2002 105 6 Zhang Juzhong Harbottle Garman Wang Changsui Kong Zhaochen September 1999 Oldest playable musical instruments found at Jiahu early Neolithic site in China Nature 401 6751 366 368 Bibcode 1999Natur 401 366Z doi 10 1038 43865 PMID 16862110 Further reading editHuang Xiang peng 黄翔鹏 1989 Wuyang Jiahu gudi de ceyin yanjiu 舞阳贾湖骨笛的测音研究 Pitch Measurement Studies of Bone Flutes from Jiahu of Wuyang County Wenwu 文物 Cultural Relics no 1 15 17 Reprinted in 黄翔鹏文存 Collected Essays of Huang Xiang Peng 2 vols edited by Zhongguo Yishu Yanjiuyuan Yinyue Yanjiusuo 中国艺术研究院音乐研究所 557 60 Ji nan China Shandong Wenyi Chubanshe 2007 ISBN 978 7 5329 2669 5 Wu Zhao 吴钊 1991 Jiahu guiling gudi yu Zhongguo yinyue wenming zhi yuan 贾湖龟铃骨笛与中国音乐文明之源 The relation of Jiahu bone flutes and turtle shell shakers to the origin of Chinese music Wenwu 文物 Cultural Relics no 3 50 55 External links editFlutes under Wind Section Musical Description at the Wayback Machine archived October 27 2009 Natural History Magazine Sample music edit Turkey Bone Flute Samples in Article Retrieved from https en 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