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Titular church

January 11, 2023

For a list, see List of titular churches.

In the Catholic Church, a titular church is a church in Rome that is assigned to a member of the clergy who is created a cardinal. These are Catholic churches in the city, within the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Rome, that serve as honorary designations symbolising the relationship of cardinals to the pope, the bishop of Rome.[1][2] According to the 1983 Code of Canon Law, a cardinal may assist his titular church through counsel or through patronage, although "he has no power of governance over it, and he should not for any reason interfere in matters concerning the administration of its good, or its discipline, or the service of the church".[3]

There are two ranks of titular churches: titles and deaconries. A title (Latin: titulus) is a titular church that is assigned to a cardinal priest (a member of the second order of the College of Cardinals), whereas a deaconry (Latin: diaconia) is normally assigned to a cardinal deacon (a member of the third order of the college).[3] If a cardinal priest or a cardinal deacon is later appointed a cardinal bishop (a member of the first order of the college), he is typically transferred from his titular church to the vacant title of a suburbicarian diocese in the vicinity of Rome. Patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches who are created cardinal bishops are not assigned titles of suburbicarian dioceses.[3]

A cardinal may request that he be transferred to another titular church in a consistory; in addition, when a cardinal deacon opts to become a cardinal priest (usually after ten years), he may request either that his deaconry be elevated pro hac vice ('for this occasion') to a title or that he be transferred from his deaconry to a vacant title.[3] Other churches in Rome can also be established as new titular churches. Occasionally, a titular church may be held in commendam ('in trust') by a cardinal who has been transferred to a different titular church or to a suburbicarian diocese.[4]

History

Before the legalization of Christianity in Rome the tituli were private buildings used as Christian churches—also called domus ecclesiae or "house churches"—and each took the name of the owner of the building, either a wealthy donor, or a priest appointed by the Church authorities to run it.[5] For instance, the Titulus Aemilianae, now the church of the Santi Quattro Coronati, drew its name from its foundress, who doubtless owned the extensive suburban Roman villa whose foundations remain under the church and whose audience hall became the ecclesiastical basilica. The most ancient reference to such a Roman church is in the Apology against the Arians of Athanasius[5] in the fourth century, which speaks of a council of bishops assembled "in the place where the Priest Vitus held his congregation".[6]

By the end of the 5th century such churches numbered 25, as is confirmed by the Liber Pontificalis. The same number, though with different identities, is given in the reports of councils held in Rome in 499 and 595. In 1120, however, the number is given as 28.[5] In modern times, many more have received the status of "tituli" or titular churches, while others over the centuries have been abandoned. Some of the latter have been demolished by natural events, war or urban development.

In 1059, the right of electing the pope was reserved to the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees, the priests in charge of the "tituli" churches, and the clergy in charge of the deaconries. These were known collectively as the cardinals. Given the importance of this privilege, the term "cardinal" came to be understood as bestowing high rank.

Accordingly, when it became customary to attribute for honorific reasons the title of cardinal to ecclesiastics living outside Rome,[when?] each was assigned theoretical responsibility for one or other of the Roman churches,[7] a legal fiction establishing their position within the Pope's diocese of Rome. It was understood that they had no obligation to reside in Rome, and so were not personally responsible for the pastoral care of the titular churches assigned to them. This practice is still in force today.

Present situation

Today, the cardinal priests have a loose patronal relationship with their titular churches, whose cardinal protector they are called. Their names and coats of arms are inscribed on plaques in the churches, they are expected to preach at the church occasionally when they are in Rome, and many raise funds for their church's maintenance and restoration, but they no longer participate in the actual management of the churches. There are (as of 2015) 160 presbyteral titular churches.

Many cardinals are assigned to tituli with some connection to their home see or country, such as the national churches in Rome. For example, Jean-Claude Turcotte, former archbishop of Montreal, was made Cardinal Priest of the Santi Martiri Canadesi (Holy Canadian Martyrs); André Vingt-Trois, former Archbishop of Paris, is the cardinal priest of San Luigi dei Francesi (St. Louis, King of France).

Cardinal deacons

In the wider sense, the term titular church is also loosely applied to the deaconries diaconiae in Rome assigned to the cardinal-deacons.

Originally, a deaconry was a charitable institution in Christian Rome, first mentioned in connection with Pope Benedict II (684–685). It would seem that in an early period there were seven deaconries, each corresponding to one of the seven divisions of the city. As the terms implies, each was entrusted to a deacon. Pope Adrian I (772–795) fixed their number at 18, a number that remained constant until the 16th century.[5]

Since the medieval period, men appointed cardinal deacons are often holders of high office in the Roman Curia. However, there have also been some recent developments since it was established that cardinals over the age of 80 would not participate in the conclave that elects a new Pope. Despite this new rule, the Popes have continued to appoint as cardinals a limited number of priests or bishops who have already reached 80 years of age. Often such men are assigned to the order of cardinal deacons. Among the cases that may arise are those of a bishop or archbishop who is widely esteemed but is not made a cardinal for some specific (though rarely publicly announced) reason. It may be, for example, that such a appointment, given while he is under the age of 80, would increase in a disproportionate way the number of cardinals from a single country eligible to participate in the next conclave, or else it would risk creating an expectation that his successors will in future necessarily be made cardinals, too. In other cases, it has become the custom for the Pope to appoint from time to time as cardinals a small number of highly regarded theologians who have already reached the age of 80. Often in these cases, the rank assigned has been that of cardinal deacon.

There is also a practice of changing the rank of the cardinalatial church from deaconry to priestly title or vice versa, permanently or, as the phrase goes, pro hac vice (for this turn). For instance, a man appointed a cardinal deacon will by definition be assigned a church that has the rank of a "deaconry". It is customary for a cardinal deacon, after ten years, to be able to petition for promotion to the rank of cardinal priest. This is usually granted. In this case, he may be assigned a completely different cardinalatial church which has the rank of a "titulus". However, a commonly used alternative procedure is to raise the church to which he is already attached pro hac vice to the rank of a "titulus".

In 2015 there were 67 "deaconries" assigned or assignable to one of the cardinals.

Cardinal bishops

Further information: Suburbicarian diocese

The cardinal bishops were originally the successors of the residential bishops who governed the seven dioceses around Rome known as suburbicarian dioceses. They had varying roles in the running of the diocese of Rome, sometimes functioning similarly to present-day auxiliary bishops. Cardinal bishops are now honorarily granted the title of a suburbicarian diocese, with the dean of the College of Cardinals additionally gaining that of Ostia.

Patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches who become cardinals (individually, not by right of their office) constitute an exception: their own patriarchal see is counted as their cardinal title.[8] They belong to the order of cardinal bishops and, in the order of precedence, come before the cardinal priests and immediately after the cardinals who hold the titles of the seven suburbicarian sees.

See also

References

  1. ^ Cossio, Aluigi (1913). "Titulus" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  2. ^ Witte, Arnold (2019-12-09). "Cardinals and Their Titular Churches". A Companion to the Early Modern Cardinal: 333–350. doi:10.1163/9789004415447_023.
  3. ^ a b c d "The College of Cardinals General Documentazion". Holy See Press Office. 17 February 2014. The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. from the original on 17 March 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
  4. ^ Ott, Michael (1913). "In Commendam" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  5. ^ a b c d Aluigi Cossio, "Titulus" in Catholic Encyclopedia 1912
  6. ^ Athanasius, Apologia contra Arianos, 20.
  7. ^ Richardson 2009, pp. 183–234.
  8. ^ Code of Canon Law, canon 350 §3

Bibliography

  • Balch, David L. (2008). Roman Domestic Art and Early House Churches. Tubingen: Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-149383-6.
  • Barker, Ethel Ross (1913). "VI". Rome of the Pilgrims and Martyrs: A Study in the Martyrologies, Itineraries, Syllogae, & Other Contemporary Documents. London: Methuen & Company, Limited. p. 325.
  • Belardo, Mario (1939). De iuribus Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalium in titulis (in Latin). Rome: Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis.
  • Bez, Henricus Antonius (1767). Diss. de origine et antiquitate eminentissimorum S. R. C. cardinalium (in Latin). Heidelberg: Haener.
  • Duchesne, Louis (1887). "Les titres presbyteraux et les diaconies," Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire (in French). Vol. VII. Paris-Rome: École franca̧ise de Rome. 1887. pp. 217–243.
  • Hülsen, Christian (1927). Le chiese di Roma nel medio evo: cataloghi ed appvnti. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag. ISBN 978-3-487-40631-2.
  • Kehr, Paul Fridolin (1906). Italia pontificia, I: Roma. Berlin: Weidmann. pp. 1–7.
  • Kirsch, Johann Peter (1919). Die römischen Titelkirchen im Altertum. Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur des Altertums, 9. Bd. , 1. und 2. Hft (in German). Paderborn: F. Schöningh.
  • H. W. Klewitz, "Die Entstehung des Kardinalskollegiums," Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. Kanonische Abteilung 25 (1936), 115–221.
  • Krautheimer, R., Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romae, vol. 3.
  • Kuttner, Stephan (1945). "Cardinalis: The History of a Canonical Concept". Traditio. 3: 129–214. JSTOR 27830076.
  • Lanzoni, Francesco (1925). "I titoli presbiteriali di Roma antica nella storia e nella leggenda," Rivista di archeologia cristiana II (1925), 195–257. (in Italian)
  • Richardson, Carol M., Reclaiming Rome: cardinals in the fifteenth century, Leiden: Brill, 2009. ISBN 978-90-04-17183-1
  • Witte, Arnold (2020). "Cardinals and Their Titular Churches". In Mary Hollingsworth, Miles Pattenden and Arnold Witte (eds.), A Companion to the Early Modern Cardinal (pp. 333-350). (Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition; Vol. 91). Brill. ISBN 978-9004415447

External links

  • GCatholic Cardinal titles
  • GCatholic Cardinal deaconries

January 11, 2023
titular, church, list, list, titular, churches, catholic, church, titular, church, church, rome, that, assigned, member, clergy, created, cardinal, these, catholic, churches, city, within, jurisdiction, diocese, rome, that, serve, honorary, designations, symbo. For a list see List of titular churches In the Catholic Church a titular church is a church in Rome that is assigned to a member of the clergy who is created a cardinal These are Catholic churches in the city within the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Rome that serve as honorary designations symbolising the relationship of cardinals to the pope the bishop of Rome 1 2 According to the 1983 Code of Canon Law a cardinal may assist his titular church through counsel or through patronage although he has no power of governance over it and he should not for any reason interfere in matters concerning the administration of its good or its discipline or the service of the church 3 There are two ranks of titular churches titles and deaconries A title Latin titulus is a titular church that is assigned to a cardinal priest a member of the second order of the College of Cardinals whereas a deaconry Latin diaconia is normally assigned to a cardinal deacon a member of the third order of the college 3 If a cardinal priest or a cardinal deacon is later appointed a cardinal bishop a member of the first order of the college he is typically transferred from his titular church to the vacant title of a suburbicarian diocese in the vicinity of Rome Patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches who are created cardinal bishops are not assigned titles of suburbicarian dioceses 3 A cardinal may request that he be transferred to another titular church in a consistory in addition when a cardinal deacon opts to become a cardinal priest usually after ten years he may request either that his deaconry be elevated pro hac vice for this occasion to a title or that he be transferred from his deaconry to a vacant title 3 Other churches in Rome can also be established as new titular churches Occasionally a titular church may be held in commendam in trust by a cardinal who has been transferred to a different titular church or to a suburbicarian diocese 4 Contents 1 History 2 Present situation 3 Cardinal deacons 4 Cardinal bishops 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External linksHistory EditBefore the legalization of Christianity in Rome the tituli were private buildings used as Christian churches also called domus ecclesiae or house churches and each took the name of the owner of the building either a wealthy donor or a priest appointed by the Church authorities to run it 5 For instance the Titulus Aemilianae now the church of the Santi Quattro Coronati drew its name from its foundress who doubtless owned the extensive suburban Roman villa whose foundations remain under the church and whose audience hall became the ecclesiastical basilica The most ancient reference to such a Roman church is in the Apology against the Arians of Athanasius 5 in the fourth century which speaks of a council of bishops assembled in the place where the Priest Vitus held his congregation 6 By the end of the 5th century such churches numbered 25 as is confirmed by the Liber Pontificalis The same number though with different identities is given in the reports of councils held in Rome in 499 and 595 In 1120 however the number is given as 28 5 In modern times many more have received the status of tituli or titular churches while others over the centuries have been abandoned Some of the latter have been demolished by natural events war or urban development In 1059 the right of electing the pope was reserved to the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees the priests in charge of the tituli churches and the clergy in charge of the deaconries These were known collectively as the cardinals Given the importance of this privilege the term cardinal came to be understood as bestowing high rank Accordingly when it became customary to attribute for honorific reasons the title of cardinal to ecclesiastics living outside Rome when each was assigned theoretical responsibility for one or other of the Roman churches 7 a legal fiction establishing their position within the Pope s diocese of Rome It was understood that they had no obligation to reside in Rome and so were not personally responsible for the pastoral care of the titular churches assigned to them This practice is still in force today Present situation EditToday the cardinal priests have a loose patronal relationship with their titular churches whose cardinal protector they are called Their names and coats of arms are inscribed on plaques in the churches they are expected to preach at the church occasionally when they are in Rome and many raise funds for their church s maintenance and restoration but they no longer participate in the actual management of the churches There are as of 2015 160 presbyteral titular churches Many cardinals are assigned to tituli with some connection to their home see or country such as the national churches in Rome For example Jean Claude Turcotte former archbishop of Montreal was made Cardinal Priest of the Santi Martiri Canadesi Holy Canadian Martyrs Andre Vingt Trois former Archbishop of Paris is the cardinal priest of San Luigi dei Francesi St Louis King of France Cardinal deacons EditIn the wider sense the term titular church is also loosely applied to the deaconries diaconiae in Rome assigned to the cardinal deacons Originally a deaconry was a charitable institution in Christian Rome first mentioned in connection with Pope Benedict II 684 685 It would seem that in an early period there were seven deaconries each corresponding to one of the seven divisions of the city As the terms implies each was entrusted to a deacon Pope Adrian I 772 795 fixed their number at 18 a number that remained constant until the 16th century 5 Since the medieval period men appointed cardinal deacons are often holders of high office in the Roman Curia However there have also been some recent developments since it was established that cardinals over the age of 80 would not participate in the conclave that elects a new Pope Despite this new rule the Popes have continued to appoint as cardinals a limited number of priests or bishops who have already reached 80 years of age Often such men are assigned to the order of cardinal deacons Among the cases that may arise are those of a bishop or archbishop who is widely esteemed but is not made a cardinal for some specific though rarely publicly announced reason It may be for example that such a appointment given while he is under the age of 80 would increase in a disproportionate way the number of cardinals from a single country eligible to participate in the next conclave or else it would risk creating an expectation that his successors will in future necessarily be made cardinals too In other cases it has become the custom for the Pope to appoint from time to time as cardinals a small number of highly regarded theologians who have already reached the age of 80 Often in these cases the rank assigned has been that of cardinal deacon There is also a practice of changing the rank of the cardinalatial church from deaconry to priestly title or vice versa permanently or as the phrase goes pro hac vice for this turn For instance a man appointed a cardinal deacon will by definition be assigned a church that has the rank of a deaconry It is customary for a cardinal deacon after ten years to be able to petition for promotion to the rank of cardinal priest This is usually granted In this case he may be assigned a completely different cardinalatial church which has the rank of a titulus However a commonly used alternative procedure is to raise the church to which he is already attached pro hac vice to the rank of a titulus In 2015 there were 67 deaconries assigned or assignable to one of the cardinals Cardinal bishops EditFurther information Suburbicarian diocese The cardinal bishops were originally the successors of the residential bishops who governed the seven dioceses around Rome known as suburbicarian dioceses They had varying roles in the running of the diocese of Rome sometimes functioning similarly to present day auxiliary bishops Cardinal bishops are now honorarily granted the title of a suburbicarian diocese with the dean of the College of Cardinals additionally gaining that of Ostia Patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches who become cardinals individually not by right of their office constitute an exception their own patriarchal see is counted as their cardinal title 8 They belong to the order of cardinal bishops and in the order of precedence come before the cardinal priests and immediately after the cardinals who hold the titles of the seven suburbicarian sees See also EditList of titular churches in Rome listing present titular churches and their incumbents Churches of Rome Suburbicarian dioceseReferences Edit Cossio Aluigi 1913 Titulus In Herbermann Charles ed Catholic Encyclopedia New York Robert Appleton Company Witte Arnold 2019 12 09 Cardinals and Their Titular Churches A Companion to the Early Modern Cardinal 333 350 doi 10 1163 9789004415447 023 a b c d The College of Cardinals General Documentazion Holy See Press Office 17 February 2014 The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church Archived from the original on 17 March 2013 Retrieved 16 February 2018 Ott Michael 1913 In Commendam In Herbermann Charles ed Catholic Encyclopedia New York Robert Appleton Company a b c d Aluigi Cossio Titulus in Catholic Encyclopedia 1912 Athanasius Apologia contra Arianos 20 Richardson 2009 pp 183 234 Code of Canon Law canon 350 3Bibliography EditBalch David L 2008 Roman Domestic Art and Early House Churches Tubingen Mohr Siebeck ISBN 978 3 16 149383 6 Barker Ethel Ross 1913 VI Rome of the Pilgrims and Martyrs A Study in the Martyrologies Itineraries Syllogae amp Other Contemporary Documents London Methuen amp Company Limited p 325 Belardo Mario 1939 De iuribus Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalium in titulis in Latin Rome Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis Bez Henricus Antonius 1767 Diss de origine et antiquitate eminentissimorum S R C cardinalium in Latin Heidelberg Haener Duchesne Louis 1887 Les titres presbyteraux et les diaconies Melanges d archeologie et d histoire in French Vol VII Paris Rome Ecole franca ise de Rome 1887 pp 217 243 Hulsen Christian 1927 Le chiese di Roma nel medio evo cataloghi ed appvnti Hildesheim Georg Olms Verlag ISBN 978 3 487 40631 2 Kehr Paul Fridolin 1906 Italia pontificia I Roma Berlin Weidmann pp 1 7 Kirsch Johann Peter 1919 Die romischen Titelkirchen im Altertum Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur des Altertums 9 Bd 1 und 2 Hft in German Paderborn F Schoningh H W Klewitz Die Entstehung des Kardinalskollegiums Zeitschrift der Savigny Stiftung fur Rechtsgeschichte Kanonische Abteilung 25 1936 115 221 Krautheimer R Corpus Basilicarum Christianarum Romae vol 3 Kuttner Stephan 1945 Cardinalis The History of a Canonical Concept Traditio 3 129 214 JSTOR 27830076 Lanzoni Francesco 1925 I titoli presbiteriali di Roma antica nella storia e nella leggenda Rivista di archeologia cristiana II 1925 195 257 in Italian Richardson Carol M Reclaiming Rome cardinals in the fifteenth century Leiden Brill 2009 ISBN 978 90 04 17183 1 Witte Arnold 2020 Cardinals and Their Titular Churches In Mary Hollingsworth Miles Pattenden and Arnold Witte eds A Companion to the Early Modern Cardinal pp 333 350 Brill s Companions to the Christian Tradition Vol 91 Brill ISBN 978 9004415447External links EditGCatholic Cardinal titles GCatholic Cardinal deaconries Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Titular church amp oldid 1084972033, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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