fbpx
Wikipedia

Janiculum

January 07, 2023

The Janiculum (/dʒəˈnɪkjʊləm/; Italian: Gianicolo [dʒaˈniːkolo]), occasionally the Janiculan Hill, is a hill in western Rome, Italy. Although it is the second-tallest hill (the tallest being Monte Mario) in the contemporary city of Rome, the Janiculum does not figure among the proverbial Seven Hills of Rome, being west of the Tiber and outside the boundaries of the ancient city.

Janiculum
Hill of Rome
Latin nameIaniculum
Italian nameGianicolo
RioneTrastevere
BuildingsAcademia de España in Rome, American Academy in Rome,
Acqua Paola, Water Mill (site)
ChurchesSan Pietro in Montorio, San Pancrazio
Events1849 battle
Ancient Roman religionaugurs
Mythological figuresJanus
The Janiculum Hill seen from NE. At lower left, the church of San Pietro in Montorio. At lower center, the Academia de España in Rome. At middle right, the Acqua Paola. At top center, the roof of the American Academy in Rome.

Sights

The Janiculum is one of the best locations in Rome for a scenic view of central Rome with its domes and bell towers. Other sights on the Janiculum include the church of San Pietro in Montorio, on what was formerly thought to be the site of St Peter's crucifixion; a small shrine known as the Tempietto, designed by Donato Bramante, marks the supposed site of Peter's death. The Janiculum also houses a Baroque fountain built by Pope Paul V in the late 17th century, the Fontana dell'Acqua Paola, and several foreign research institutions, including the American Academy in Rome and the Spanish Academy in Rome. The Hill is also the location of The American University of Rome, Pontifical Urban University, and Pontifical North American College, as well as the Orto Botanico dell'Università di Roma "La Sapienza" and the Palazzo Montorio, residence of the Ambassadors of Spain.

The Villa Lante al Gianicolo by Giulio Romano (1520–21) is an important early building by the Mannerist master, also with magnificent views.

History

Ancient history and mythology

The Janiculum was a center for the cult of the god Janus: its position overlooking the city made it a good place for augurs to observe the auspices.

In Roman mythology, Janiculum is the name of an ancient town founded by the god Janus (the two-faced god of beginnings). In Book VIII of the Aeneid by Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro), King Evander shows Aeneas (the Trojan hero of this epic poem) the ruins of Saturnia and Janiculum on the Capitoline Hill near the Arcadian city of Pallanteum (the future site of Rome) (see line 54, Bk. 8). Virgil uses these ruins to stress the significance of the Capitoline Hill as the religious center of Rome.

According to Livy, the Janiculum was incorporated into ancient Rome during the time of king Ancus Marcius to prevent an enemy from occupying it. It was fortified by a wall, and a bridge was built across the Tiber to join it to the rest of the city.[1]

During the war between Rome and Clusium in 508 BC, it is said that the forces of Lars Porsena occupied the Janiculum and laid siege to Rome.[2]

The water mills

See also: List of Roman watermills

The Aurelian Walls were continued up the hill by the emperor Aurelian (reigned AD 270–275) to include the water mills used to grind grain to provide bread flour for the city. The mills were supplied from an aqueduct, where it plunged down a steep hill. Thus the site resembles Barbegal, although excavations in the late 1990s suggest that they may have been undershot rather than overshot in design (i. e. with the stream entering at the bottom of the wheel, not the top). The mills were in use in AD 537, when the Goths besieging the city cut off their water supply. But they were later restored and may have remained in operation until at least the time of Pope Gregory IV (827–844).[3]

19th century to present

The Janiculum is the site of a battle in 1849 between the forces of Garibaldi, defending the revolutionary Roman Republic against French forces, who were fighting to restore the temporal power of the Pope over Rome. Several monuments to Garibaldi and to the fallen in the wars of Italian independence are on the Janiculum.

Daily at noon, a cannon fires once from the Janiculum in the direction of the Tiber as a time signal. This tradition goes back to December 1847, when the cannon of the Castel Sant'Angelo gave the sign to the surrounding belltowers to start ringing at midday. In 1904, the ritual was transferred to the Janiculum and continued until 1939. On 21 April 1959, popular appeal convinced the Commune of Rome to resume the tradition after a twenty-year interruption.

The hill is featured in the third section of Ottorino Respighi's tone poem Pines of Rome.

Monuments

The crest of the Janiculum is dominated by the 1895 equestrian Monument to Garibaldi, designed by Italian sculptor Emilio Gallori. This site was chosen for its proximity to the Villa Doria Pamphili, where Garibaldi mounted a military defense of the short-lived Roman Republic in late April 1849.[4]

The hill also features a number of statues and monuments of prominent Italians. A 2011 guide published by the local Associazione Amilcare Cipriani group, after an extensive restoration of these monuments, lists a total of 84 busts on the hill.[5]

See also

References

  1. ^ Livy, Ab urbe condita, 1:33
  2. ^ Livy, Ab urbe condita, 2.9–15
  3. ^ Örjan Wikander, 'Water-mills in Ancient Rome' Opuscula Romana XII (1979), 13–36.
  4. ^ The Architecture of Modern Italy: Vol. 1: The Challenge of Tradition, 1750-1900, by Terry Kirk, 2005, page 239
  5. ^ http://www.appasseggio.it/getFile.php?id=306 (Italian-language; pdf file)

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gianicolo.
  •   Media related to Gianicolo (Rome) at Wikimedia Commons
  • The Janiculum at Lacus Curtius
  • Roman Bookshelf – The Pauline Fountain (Janiculum) – views from the 18th and 19th century
  • Recent excavations of the mills
  • Passegiata del Gianicolo (in Italian)

Coordinates: 41°53′30″N 12°27′40″E / 41.89167°N 12.46111°E / 41.89167; 12.46111

January 07, 2023
janiculum, italian, gianicolo, dʒaˈniːkolo, occasionally, janiculan, hill, hill, western, rome, italy, although, second, tallest, hill, tallest, being, monte, mario, contemporary, city, rome, does, figure, among, proverbial, seven, hills, rome, being, west, ti. The Janiculum dʒ e ˈ n ɪ k j ʊ l e m Italian Gianicolo dʒaˈniːkolo occasionally the Janiculan Hill is a hill in western Rome Italy Although it is the second tallest hill the tallest being Monte Mario in the contemporary city of Rome the Janiculum does not figure among the proverbial Seven Hills of Rome being west of the Tiber and outside the boundaries of the ancient city JaniculumHill of RomeLatin nameIaniculumItalian nameGianicoloRioneTrastevereBuildingsAcademia de Espana in Rome American Academy in Rome Acqua Paola Water Mill site ChurchesSan Pietro in Montorio San PancrazioEvents1849 battleAncient Roman religionaugursMythological figuresJanusThe Janiculum Hill seen from NE At lower left the church of San Pietro in Montorio At lower center the Academia de Espana in Rome At middle right the Acqua Paola At top center the roof of the American Academy in Rome Contents 1 Sights 2 History 2 1 Ancient history and mythology 2 2 The water mills 2 3 19th century to present 3 Monuments 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksSights EditThe Janiculum is one of the best locations in Rome for a scenic view of central Rome with its domes and bell towers Other sights on the Janiculum include the church of San Pietro in Montorio on what was formerly thought to be the site of St Peter s crucifixion a small shrine known as the Tempietto designed by Donato Bramante marks the supposed site of Peter s death The Janiculum also houses a Baroque fountain built by Pope Paul V in the late 17th century the Fontana dell Acqua Paola and several foreign research institutions including the American Academy in Rome and the Spanish Academy in Rome The Hill is also the location of The American University of Rome Pontifical Urban University and Pontifical North American College as well as the Orto Botanico dell Universita di Roma La Sapienza and the Palazzo Montorio residence of the Ambassadors of Spain The Villa Lante al Gianicolo by Giulio Romano 1520 21 is an important early building by the Mannerist master also with magnificent views History EditAncient history and mythology Edit The Janiculum was a center for the cult of the god Janus its position overlooking the city made it a good place for augurs to observe the auspices In Roman mythology Janiculum is the name of an ancient town founded by the god Janus the two faced god of beginnings In Book VIII of the Aeneid by Virgil Publius Vergilius Maro King Evander shows Aeneas the Trojan hero of this epic poem the ruins of Saturnia and Janiculum on the Capitoline Hill near the Arcadian city of Pallanteum the future site of Rome see line 54 Bk 8 Virgil uses these ruins to stress the significance of the Capitoline Hill as the religious center of Rome According to Livy the Janiculum was incorporated into ancient Rome during the time of king Ancus Marcius to prevent an enemy from occupying it It was fortified by a wall and a bridge was built across the Tiber to join it to the rest of the city 1 During the war between Rome and Clusium in 508 BC it is said that the forces of Lars Porsena occupied the Janiculum and laid siege to Rome 2 The water mills Edit See also List of Roman watermills The Aurelian Walls were continued up the hill by the emperor Aurelian reigned AD 270 275 to include the water mills used to grind grain to provide bread flour for the city The mills were supplied from an aqueduct where it plunged down a steep hill Thus the site resembles Barbegal although excavations in the late 1990s suggest that they may have been undershot rather than overshot in design i e with the stream entering at the bottom of the wheel not the top The mills were in use in AD 537 when the Goths besieging the city cut off their water supply But they were later restored and may have remained in operation until at least the time of Pope Gregory IV 827 844 3 19th century to present Edit The Janiculum is the site of a battle in 1849 between the forces of Garibaldi defending the revolutionary Roman Republic against French forces who were fighting to restore the temporal power of the Pope over Rome Several monuments to Garibaldi and to the fallen in the wars of Italian independence are on the Janiculum Daily at noon a cannon fires once from the Janiculum in the direction of the Tiber as a time signal This tradition goes back to December 1847 when the cannon of the Castel Sant Angelo gave the sign to the surrounding belltowers to start ringing at midday In 1904 the ritual was transferred to the Janiculum and continued until 1939 On 21 April 1959 popular appeal convinced the Commune of Rome to resume the tradition after a twenty year interruption The hill is featured in the third section of Ottorino Respighi s tone poem Pines of Rome Monuments EditThe crest of the Janiculum is dominated by the 1895 equestrian Monument to Garibaldi designed by Italian sculptor Emilio Gallori This site was chosen for its proximity to the Villa Doria Pamphili where Garibaldi mounted a military defense of the short lived Roman Republic in late April 1849 4 The hill also features a number of statues and monuments of prominent Italians A 2011 guide published by the local Associazione Amilcare Cipriani group after an extensive restoration of these monuments lists a total of 84 busts on the hill 5 See also EditSeven hills of Rome Aventine Hill Aventino Caelian Hill Celio Capitoline Hill Capitolino Cispian Hill Cispio Esquiline Hill Esquilino Monte Mario Mons Sacer Oppian Hill Oppio Palatine Hill Palatino Palazzolo Pincian Hill Pincio Quirinal Hill Quirinale Vatican Hill Vaticano Velian Hill Velia Viminal Hill Viminale References Edit Livy Ab urbe condita 1 33 Livy Ab urbe condita 2 9 15 Orjan Wikander Water mills in Ancient Rome Opuscula Romana XII 1979 13 36 The Architecture of Modern Italy Vol 1 The Challenge of Tradition 1750 1900 by Terry Kirk 2005 page 239 http www appasseggio it getFile php id 306 Italian language pdf file External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gianicolo Media related to Gianicolo Rome at Wikimedia Commons The Janiculum at Lacus Curtius Roman Bookshelf The Pauline Fountain Janiculum views from the 18th and 19th century Recent excavations of the mills Passegiata del Gianicolo in Italian Coordinates 41 53 30 N 12 27 40 E 41 89167 N 12 46111 E 41 89167 12 46111 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Janiculum amp oldid 1085951727, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.