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End-Botomian mass extinction

January 07, 2023

The end-Botomian mass extinction event, also known as the late early Cambrian extinctions, refer to two extinction intervals that occurred during Stages 4 and 5 of the Cambrian Period, approximately 513 to 509 million years ago. Estimates for the decline in global diversity over these events range from 50% of marine genera[1] up to 80%.[2] Among the organisms affected by this event were the small shelly fossils, archaeocyathids (an extinct group of sponges), trilobites, brachiopods, hyoliths, and mollusks.[1][3][4][5]

CambrianOrdovicianSilurianDevonianCarboniferousPermianTriassicJurassicCretaceousPaleogeneNeogene
Botomian
Marine extinction intensity during the Phanerozoic
%
Millions of years ago
CambrianOrdovicianSilurianDevonianCarboniferousPermianTriassicJurassicCretaceousPaleogeneNeogene
Apparent extinction intensity, i.e. the fraction of genera going extinct at any given time, as reconstructed from the fossil record. (Graph not meant to include recent epoch of Holocene extinction event)

Causes

There are several hypotheses for the causes of these extinctions. There is evidence that major changes in the carbon cycle[6][7][8][9] and sea level occurred during this time.[1][10] Evidence also exists for the development of anoxia (a loss of oxygen) in some environments in the oceans.[1][11][12]

One hypothesis that unifies this evidence links these environmental changes to widespread volcanic eruptions caused by the emplacement of the Kalkarindji Large Igneous Province or LIP.[13][14] These widespread eruptions would have injected large amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere causing warming of the climate and subsequent acidification and loss of oxygen in the oceans.[13] However the precise timing between the eruptions and the extinction events remain unresolved.[14]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Zhuravlev, Andrey Yu.; Wood, Rachel A. (1996). "Anoxia as the cause of the mid-Early Cambrian (Botomian) extinction event". Geology. 24 (4): 311. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0311:aatcot>2.3.co;2. ISSN 0091-7613.
  2. ^ Signor, Philip W. (1992). "Taxonomic diversity and faunal turnover in the Early Cambrian: Did the most severe mass extinction of the Phanerozoic occur in the Botomian stage?". The Paleontological Society Special Publications. 6: 272. doi:10.1017/S2475262200008327. ISSN 2475-2622.
  3. ^ Zhuravlev, Andrey Yu. (1996). "Reef ecosytem recovery after the Early Cambrian extinction". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 102 (1): 79–96. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.001.01.06. ISSN 0305-8719.
  4. ^ Porter, S.M. (May 2004). "Halkieriids in Middle Cambrian Phosphatic Limestones from Australia". Journal of Paleontology. 78 (3): 574–590. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.573.6134. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0574:HIMCPL>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 2008-08-01.
  5. ^ Debrenne, Françoise (1991). "Extinction of the Archaeocyatha". Historical Biology. 5 (2–4): 95–106. doi:10.1080/10292389109380393. ISSN 0891-2963.
  6. ^ Brasier, M. D.; Corfield, R. M.; Derry, L. A.; Rozanov, A. Yu.; Zhuravlev, A. Yu. (1994). "Multiple δ13C excursions spanning the Cambrian explosion to the Botomian crisis in Siberia". Geology. 22 (5): 455. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0455:mcestc>2.3.co;2. ISSN 0091-7613.
  7. ^ Brasier, M D; Sukhov, S S (1998). "The falling amplitude of carbon isotopic oscillations through the Lower to Middle Cambrian: northern Siberia data". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 35 (4): 353–373. doi:10.1139/e97-122. ISSN 0008-4077.
  8. ^ Faggetter, Luke E.; Wignall, Paul B.; Pruss, Sara B.; Newton, Robert J.; Sun, Yadong; Crowley, Stephen F. (2017). "Trilobite extinctions, facies changes and the ROECE carbon isotope excursion at the Cambrian Series 2–3 boundary, Great Basin, western USA" (PDF). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 478: 53–66. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.04.009.
  9. ^ Zhu, Mao-Yan; Zhang, Jun-Ming; Li, Guo-Xiang; Yang, Ai-Hua (2004). "Evolution of C isotopes in the Cambrian of China: implications for Cambrian subdivision and trilobite mass extinctions". Geobios. 37 (2): 287–301. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2003.06.001.
  10. ^ Hallam, A (1999). "Mass extinctions and sea-level changes". Earth-Science Reviews. 48 (4): 217–250. doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(99)00055-0.
  11. ^ Hough, M.L.; Shields, G.A.; Evins, L.Z.; Strauss, H.; Henderson, R.A.; Mackenzie, S. (2006). "A major sulphur isotope event at c . 510 Ma: a possible anoxia-extinction-volcanism connection during the Early-Middle Cambrian transition?: Global warming as a major determining factor in biosphere evolution". Terra Nova. 18 (4): 257–263. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.2006.00687.x.
  12. ^ Pagès, Anais; Schmid, Susanne; Edwards, Dianne; Barnes, Stephen; He, Nannan; Grice, Kliti (2016). "A molecular and isotopic study of palaeoenvironmental conditions through the middle Cambrian in the Georgina Basin, central Australia". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 447: 21–32. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.04.032.
  13. ^ a b Evins, Lena Z.; Jourdan, Fred; Phillips, David (2009). "The Cambrian Kalkarindji Large Igneous Province: Extent and characteristics based on new 40Ar/39Ar and geochemical data". Lithos. 110 (1–4): 294–304. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2009.01.014. hdl:20.500.11937/35356.
  14. ^ a b Glass, Linda M; Phillips, David (2006). "The Kalkarindji continental flood basalt province: A new Cambrian large igneous province in Australia with possible links to faunal extinctions". Geology. 34 (6): 461. doi:10.1130/G22122.1. ISSN 0091-7613.

External links

    • Tommotian fauna

    January 07, 2023
    botomian, mass, extinction, botomian, mass, extinction, event, also, known, late, early, cambrian, extinctions, refer, extinction, intervals, that, occurred, during, stages, cambrian, period, approximately, million, years, estimates, decline, global, diversity. The end Botomian mass extinction event also known as the late early Cambrian extinctions refer to two extinction intervals that occurred during Stages 4 and 5 of the Cambrian Period approximately 513 to 509 million years ago Estimates for the decline in global diversity over these events range from 50 of marine genera 1 up to 80 2 Among the organisms affected by this event were the small shelly fossils archaeocyathids an extinct group of sponges trilobites brachiopods hyoliths and mollusks 1 3 4 5 Botomian Marine extinction intensity during the Phanerozoic Millions of years ago H K Pg Tr J P Tr Cap Late D O S Apparent extinction intensity i e the fraction of genera going extinct at any given time as reconstructed from the fossil record Graph not meant to include recent epoch of Holocene extinction event Causes EditThere are several hypotheses for the causes of these extinctions There is evidence that major changes in the carbon cycle 6 7 8 9 and sea level occurred during this time 1 10 Evidence also exists for the development of anoxia a loss of oxygen in some environments in the oceans 1 11 12 One hypothesis that unifies this evidence links these environmental changes to widespread volcanic eruptions caused by the emplacement of the Kalkarindji Large Igneous Province or LIP 13 14 These widespread eruptions would have injected large amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere causing warming of the climate and subsequent acidification and loss of oxygen in the oceans 13 However the precise timing between the eruptions and the extinction events remain unresolved 14 References Edit a b c d Zhuravlev Andrey Yu Wood Rachel A 1996 Anoxia as the cause of the mid Early Cambrian Botomian extinction event Geology 24 4 311 doi 10 1130 0091 7613 1996 024 lt 0311 aatcot gt 2 3 co 2 ISSN 0091 7613 Signor Philip W 1992 Taxonomic diversity and faunal turnover in the Early Cambrian Did the most severe mass extinction of the Phanerozoic occur in the Botomian stage The Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 272 doi 10 1017 S2475262200008327 ISSN 2475 2622 Zhuravlev Andrey Yu 1996 Reef ecosytem recovery after the Early Cambrian extinction Geological Society London Special Publications 102 1 79 96 doi 10 1144 GSL SP 1996 001 01 06 ISSN 0305 8719 Porter S M May 2004 Halkieriids in Middle Cambrian Phosphatic Limestones from Australia Journal of Paleontology 78 3 574 590 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 573 6134 doi 10 1666 0022 3360 2004 078 lt 0574 HIMCPL gt 2 0 CO 2 Retrieved 2008 08 01 Debrenne Francoise 1991 Extinction of the Archaeocyatha Historical Biology 5 2 4 95 106 doi 10 1080 10292389109380393 ISSN 0891 2963 Brasier M D Corfield R M Derry L A Rozanov A Yu Zhuravlev A Yu 1994 Multiple d13C excursions spanning the Cambrian explosion to the Botomian crisis in Siberia Geology 22 5 455 doi 10 1130 0091 7613 1994 022 lt 0455 mcestc gt 2 3 co 2 ISSN 0091 7613 Brasier M D Sukhov S S 1998 The falling amplitude of carbon isotopic oscillations through the Lower to Middle Cambrian northern Siberia data Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 35 4 353 373 doi 10 1139 e97 122 ISSN 0008 4077 Faggetter Luke E Wignall Paul B Pruss Sara B Newton Robert J Sun Yadong Crowley Stephen F 2017 Trilobite extinctions facies changes and the ROECE carbon isotope excursion at the Cambrian Series 2 3 boundary Great Basin western USA PDF Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 478 53 66 doi 10 1016 j palaeo 2017 04 009 Zhu Mao Yan Zhang Jun Ming Li Guo Xiang Yang Ai Hua 2004 Evolution of C isotopes in the Cambrian of China implications for Cambrian subdivision and trilobite mass extinctions Geobios 37 2 287 301 doi 10 1016 j geobios 2003 06 001 Hallam A 1999 Mass extinctions and sea level changes Earth Science Reviews 48 4 217 250 doi 10 1016 S0012 8252 99 00055 0 Hough M L Shields G A Evins L Z Strauss H Henderson R A Mackenzie S 2006 A major sulphur isotope event at c 510 Ma a possible anoxia extinction volcanism connection during the Early Middle Cambrian transition Global warming as a major determining factor in biosphere evolution Terra Nova 18 4 257 263 doi 10 1111 j 1365 3121 2006 00687 x Pages Anais Schmid Susanne Edwards Dianne Barnes Stephen He Nannan Grice Kliti 2016 A molecular and isotopic study of palaeoenvironmental conditions through the middle Cambrian in the Georgina Basin central Australia Earth and Planetary Science Letters 447 21 32 doi 10 1016 j epsl 2016 04 032 a b Evins Lena Z Jourdan Fred Phillips David 2009 The Cambrian Kalkarindji Large Igneous Province Extent and characteristics based on new 40Ar 39Ar and geochemical data Lithos 110 1 4 294 304 doi 10 1016 j lithos 2009 01 014 hdl 20 500 11937 35356 a b Glass Linda M Phillips David 2006 The Kalkarindji continental flood basalt province A new Cambrian large igneous province in Australia with possible links to faunal extinctions Geology 34 6 461 doi 10 1130 G22122 1 ISSN 0091 7613 External links EditPalaeos BotomianTommotian fauna Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title End Botomian mass extinction amp oldid 1106066640, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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