Georgian numerals
The Georgian numerals are the system of number names used in Georgian, a language spoken in the country of Georgia. The Georgian numerals from 30 to 99 are constructed using a base-20 system,[1][2][3] similar to the scheme used in Basque, French for numbers 80 through 99,[4] or the notion of the score in English.
The symbols for numbers in modern Georgian texts are the same Arabic numerals used in English, except that the comma is used as the decimal separator, and digits in large numbers are divided into groups of three using spaces[5] or periods (full stops). An older method for writing numerals exists in which most of letters of the Georgian alphabet (including some obsolete letters) are each assigned a numeric value.[6]
Cardinal numbers
The Georgian cardinal numerals up to ten are primitives, as are the words for 20 and 100, and also "million", "billion", etc. (The word for 1000, though, is not a primitive.) Other cardinal numbers are formed from these primitives via a mixture of decimal (base-10) and vigesimal (base-20) structural principles.[7]
The following chart shows the nominative forms of the primitive numbers. Except for rva (8) and tskhra (9), these words are all consonant-final stems and may lose the final i in certain situations.
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 20 | 100 | 106 | 109 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ნული nuli | ერთი erti | ორი ori | სამი sami | ოთხი otkhi | ხუთი khuti | ექვსი ekvsi | შვიდი švidi | რვა rva | ცხრა tskhra | ათი ati | ოცი otsi | ასი asi | მილიონი milioni | მილიარდი miliardi |
Numbers from 11 to 19 are formed from 1 through 9, respectively, by prefixing t (a shortened form of ati, 10) and adding met'i (= more). In some cases, the prefixed t coalesces with the initial consonant of the root word to form a single consonant (t + s → ts; t + š → č; t + ts → ts), or induces metathesis in the root (t + rv → tvr).[8][9]
| 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| თერთმეტი tertmet'i | თორმეტი tormet'i | ცამეტი tsamet'i | თოთხმეტი totkhmet'i | თხუთმეტი tkhutmet'i | თექვსმეტი tekvsmet'i | ჩვიდმეტი čvidmet'i | თვრამეტი tvramet'i | ცხრამეტი tskhramet'i |
Numbers between 20 and 99 use a vigesimal (base-20) system (comparable to 60–99 in French). 40, 60, and 80 are formed using 2, 3, and 4 (respectively), linked to the word for 20 by m (a vestigial multiplicative):[8][9]
| 20 | 40 | 60 | 80 |
|---|---|---|---|
| ოცი otsi | ორმოცი ormotsi | სამოცი samotsi | ოთხმოცი otkhmotsi |
Any other number between 21 and 99 is formed using 20, 40, 60, or 80, dropping the final i, then adding da (= and) followed by the appropriate number from 1 to 19;[8][9] e.g.:
| 21 | 30 | 38 | 47 | 99 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ოცდაერთი otsdaerti (20 + 1) | ოცდაათი otsdaati (20 + 10) | ოცდათვრამეტი otsdatvramet'i (20 + 18) | ორმოცდაშვიდი ormotsdašvidi (2 x 20 + 7) | ოთხმოცდაცხრამეტი otkhmotsdatskhramet'i (4 x 20 + 19) |
The hundreds are formed by linking 2, 3, . . ., 10 directly to the word for 100 (without the multiplicative m used for 40, 60, and 80). 1000 is expressed as atasi (10 x 100), and multiples of 1000 are expressed using atasi — so, for example, 2000 is ori atasi (2 x 10 x 100).[9]
| 100 | 200 | 300 | 400 | 500 | 600 | 700 | 800 | 900 | 1000 | 2000 | 10 000 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ასი asi | ორასი orasi | სამასი samasi | ოთხასი otkhasi | ხუთასი khutasi | ექვსასი ekvsasi | შვიდასი švidasi | რვაასი rvaasi | ცხრაასი tskhraasi | ათასი atasi | ორი ათასი ori atasi | ათი ათასი ati atasi |
The final i is dropped when a smaller number is added to a multiple of 100;[9] e.g.:
| 250 | 310 | 415 | 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|
| ორას ორმოცდაათი oras ormotsdaati | სამას ათი samas ati | ოთხას თხუთმეტი otkhas tkhutmet'i | ორი ათას ათი ori atas ati |
Ordinal numerals
Numeric values of letters
The Georgian numeral system (Georgian: ქართული ანბანის სათვალავი) is a system of representing numbers using letters of the Georgian alphabet.[6] Numerical values in this system are obtained by simple addition of the component numerals, which are written greatest-to-least from left to right (e.g., ჩღჲთ = 1769, ჩყპზ = 1887, ციბ = 2012).
| Georgian | Value |
|---|---|
| ა | 1 |
| ბ | 2 |
| გ | 3 |
| დ | 4 |
| ე | 5 |
| ვ | 6 |
| ზ | 7 |
| ჱ | 8 |
| თ | 9 |
| ი | 10 |
| კ | 20 |
| ლ | 30 |
| მ | 40 |
| ნ | 50 |
| ჲ | 60 |
| ო | 70 |
| პ | 80 |
| ჟ | 90 |
| რ | 100 |
| ს | 200 |
| ტ | 300 |
| ჳ | 400* |
| უ | 400* |
| ფ | 500 |
| ქ | 600 |
| ღ | 700 |
| ყ | 800 |
| შ | 900 |
| ჩ | 1000 |
| ც | 2000 |
| ძ | 3000 |
| წ | 4000 |
| ჭ | 5000 |
| ხ | 6000 |
| ჴ | 7000 |
| ჯ | 8000 |
| ჰ | 9000 |
| ჵ | 10000 |
*Both letters ჳ and უ are equal to 400 in numerical value.
| ჶ |
| ჷ |
| ჸ |
| ჹ |
| ჺ |
| ჼ |
| ჻ |
These letters have no numerical value.
See also
Notes
- ^ Aronson (1990), p. 279. "From 30 to 99 Georgian numerals are based on the vigesimal system, i.e., a system to base 20, unlike our decimal system to base 10."
- ^ Hewitt (1995), p. 524. "The system from '11' to '19' is analysable as '10-UNIT-more'. From '20' to '99' the system is based on units of 20 (i.e. it is vigesimal, so that, for example, '55' is literally '2-times-20-and-(10-5-more)'."
- ^ Makharoblidze (2009), p. 27. "[The] Georgian system of numbers is based on the counting system of 20. The numbers more than 20 and less than 100 are compound and the first number is [20 multiplied by the preceding numeral ("1" is not shown)] and then [the] remaining number is added."
- ^ Comrie, Bernard (1999). "Haruai Numerals and their Implications for the History and Typology of Numeral Systems". In Gvozdanović, Jadranka (ed.). Numeral Types and Changes Worldwide: Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs 118. Berlin: Morton de Gruyter. p. 88. ISBN 3-11-016113-3.
Base '20' can also be used more sporadically in a system that is basically decimal ... French shows such vigesimality only in the range '80'–'99', with '80' expressed as quatre-vingts 'four-twenties', '91' as quatre-vingt-onze 'four-twenty-eleven', etc.
- ^ "Georgian Style Guide" (PDF). Microsoft Corporation. 2011. p. 17. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
- ^ a b Makharoblidze (2009), p. 7
- ^ Makharoblidze (2009), pp. 28–29.
- ^ a b c Boeder, Winfried (2005). (PDF). Lingua. 115 (1–2): 21. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2003.06.002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
- ^ a b c d e Hewitt (1995), pp. 51–54.
References
- Aronson, Howard I. (1990). Georgian: A Reading Grammar, Corrected Edition. Bloomington, Indiana: Slavica Publishers. ISBN 0-89357-207-1.
- Hewitt, B.G. (1995). Georgian: A Structural Reference Grammar. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins B.V. ISBN 1-55619-726-8.
- Makharoblidze, Tamar (2009). A Short Grammar of Georgian. Munich: Lincom Europe. ISBN 978-3-89586-151-2.