Zhangzhung (Tibetan: ཞང་ཞུང་, Wylie: zhang zhung) is an extinctSino-Tibetan language that was spoken in Zhangzhung in what is now western Tibet. It is attested in a bilingual text called A Cavern of Treasures (mDzod phug) and several shorter texts.
A small number of documents preserved in Dunhuang contain an undeciphered language that has been called Old Zhangzhung, but the identification is controversial.
A Cavern of Treasures (Tibetan: མཛོད་ཕུག་, Wylie: mdzod phug) is a terma uncovered by Shenchen Luga (Tibetan: གཤེན་ཆེན་ཀླུ་དགའ་, Wylie: gshen chen klu dga') in the early eleventh century.[2] Martin identifies the importance of this scripture for studies of the Zhangzhung language:
For students of Tibetan culture in general, the mDzod phug is one of the most intriguing of all Bön scriptures, since it is the only lengthy bilingual work in Zhang-zhung and Tibetan (some of the shorter but still significant sources for Zhang-zhung are signalled in Orofino 1990)."[3]
External relationshipsedit
Bradley (2002) says Zhangzhung "is now agreed" to have been a Kanauri or West Himalayish language. Guillaume Jacques (2009) rebuts earlier hypotheses that Zhangzhung might have originated in eastern (rather than western) Tibet by having determined it to be a non-Qiangic language.[4]
Widmer (2014:53–56)[5] classifies Zhangzhung within the eastern branch of West Himalayish, and lists the following cognates between Zhangzhung and Proto-West Himalayish.
Gloss
Zhangzhung
Proto-West Himalayish
barley
zad
*zat
blue
ting
*tiŋ-
diminutive suffix
-tse
*-tse ~ *-tsi
ear
ra tse
*re
fat
tsʰas
*tsʰos
girl
tsa med
*tsamet
god
sad
*sat
gold ?
zang
*zaŋ
heart
she
*ɕe
old (person)
shang ze
*ɕ(j)aŋ
red
mang
*maŋ
white
shi nom
*ɕi
Scriptsedit
A number of scripts are recorded as being used for writing the Zhangzhung language. These are the Marchen script and its several descendants:[6]
F. W. Thomas suggested that three undeciphered Dunhuang manuscripts in a Tibetan script were written in an older form of the Zhangzhung language.[8][9] This identification has been accepted by Takeuchi Tsuguhito (武内紹人), who called the language "Old Zhangzhung" and added two further manuscripts.[10] Two of these manuscripts are in the Stein collection of the British Library (IOL Tib J 755 (Ch. Fragment 43) and Or.8212/188) and three in the Pelliot collection of the Bibliothèque Nationale (Pelliot tibétain 1247, 1251 and 1252). In each case, the relevant text is written on the reverse side of a scroll containing an earlier Chinese Buddhist text.[10] The texts are written in a style of Tibetan script dating from the late 8th or early 9th centuries. Takeuchi and Nishida claim to have partially deciphered the documents, which they believe to be separate medical texts.[11] However, David Snellgrove, and more recently Dan Martin, have rejected Thomas's identification of the language of these texts as a variant of Zhangzhung.[12][13]
^Berzin, Alexander (2005). The Four Immeasurable Attitudes in Hinayana, Mahayana, and Bön. Study Buddhism. Source: [1] (accessed: June 6, 2016)
^Martin, Dan (2000). "Comparing Treasuries: Mental states and other mdzod phug lists and passages with parallels in Abhidharma works of Vasubandhu and Asanga, or in Prajnaparamita Sutras: A progress report". In Karmay, S.G.; Nagano, Y. (eds.). New Horizons in Bon Studies. Senri Ethnological Reports. Vol. 15. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology. pp. 21–88. doi:10.15021/00002197. p. 21.
^Jacques, Guillaume (2009). "Zhangzhung and Qiangic Languages". In Yasuhiko Nagano (ed.). Issues in Tibeto-Burman Historical Linguistics (PDF). Senri Ethnological Studies. Vol. 75. pp. 121–130.
^Widmer, Manuel. 2014. "A tentative classification of West Himalayish." In A descriptive grammar of Bunan, 33-56. Bern: University of Bern.
^West, Andrew (30 April 2011). "N4032: Proposal to encode the Marchen script in the SMP of the UCS" (PDF).
^West, Andrew (2013-10-22). "N4491: Final proposal to encode the Marchen script in the SMP of the UCS" (PDF).
^Thomas, F. W. (1933). "The Z̀aṅ-z̀uṅ language". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 65 (2): 405–410. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00074943. JSTOR 25194777.
^Thomas, F. W. (1967). "The Z̀aṅ-z̀uṅ language" (PDF). Asia Major. 13 (1): 211–217.
^ abTakeuchi, Tsuguhito (2002). "The Old Zhangzhung Manuscript Stein Or 8212/188". In Christopher Beckwith (ed.). Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–11. ISBN978-90-04-12424-0.
^Takeuchi, Tsuguhito; Nishida, Ai (2009). "The Present Stage of Deciphering Old Zhangzhung". In Nagano, Yasuhiko (ed.). Issues in Tibeto-Burman Historical Linguistics (PDF). Senri Ethnological Studies. Vol. 75. pp. 151–165.
^Snellgrove, David L. (1959). "Review of Giuseppe Tucci, Preliminary Report on Two Scientific Expeditions in Nepal, Serie Orientale Roma no. 10, Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente (Rome 1956)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 22 (2): 377–378. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00068944. JSTOR 609450. S2CID 190715371.
^Martin, Dan (2013). "Knowing Zhang-zhung: the very idea" (PDF). Journal of the International Association for Bon Research. 1: 175–197.
Further readingedit
Martin, Dan (n.d.). "Comparing Treasuries: Mental states and other mdzod phug lists and passages with parallels in Abhidharma works of Vasubandhu and Asanga, or in Prajnaparamita Sutras: A progress report." University of Jerusalem.
David Bradley (2002) "The Subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman", in Chris Beckwith, Henk Blezer, eds., Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages. Brill.
Martin, Dan (2004). Zhang-zhung Dictionary.
Haarh, Erik. The Zhang-zhung Language: A Grammar and Dictionary of the Unexplored Language of the Tibetan Bönpos. Universitetsforlaget i Aarhus og Munksgaard, 1968.
Hummel, Seigbert and Guido Vogliotti, ed. and trans. On Zhang-zhung. Dharamsala: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, 2000.
Namgyal Nyima Dagkar. "Concise Analysis of Zhang Zhung Terms in the Documents of Dunhuang." In Tibet, Past and Present: Tibetan Studies I, edited by Henk Blezer, Proceedings of the Ninth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000, vol. 1, pp. 429–439. Leiden: Brill, 2002.
Namgyal Nyima (Rnam rgyal nyi ma). Zhang-zhung – Tibetan – English Contextual Dictionary. Berlin, 2003. Description: This new dictionary of Zhangzhung terminology from the Bön tradition of Tibetan religion includes 3875 entries drawn from 468 sources. These entries include Tibetan and English definitions as well as the citation of passages in which they occur with full bibliographical information for these passages.
January 01, 1970
zhang, zhung, language, zhangzhung, tibetan, ཞང, wylie, zhang, zhung, extinct, sino, tibetan, language, that, spoken, zhangzhung, what, western, tibet, attested, bilingual, text, called, cavern, treasures, mdzod, phug, several, shorter, texts, zhangzhungzhang,. Zhangzhung Tibetan ཞང ཞ ང Wylie zhang zhung is an extinct Sino Tibetan language that was spoken in Zhangzhung in what is now western Tibet It is attested in a bilingual text called A Cavern of Treasures mDzod phug and several shorter texts ZhangzhungZhang ZhungNative toZhangzhungRegionWestern Tibet and Central AsiaEra7th 10th century 1 Language familySino Tibetan Tibeto Kanauri West HimalayishAlmoraZhangzhungWriting systemMarchen scriptTibetan scriptLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code xzh class extiw title iso639 3 xzh xzh a Linguist ListGlottologzhan1239 A small number of documents preserved in Dunhuang contain an undeciphered language that has been called Old Zhangzhung but the identification is controversial Contents 1 A Cavern of Treasures mDzod phug 2 External relationships 3 Scripts 4 Old Zhangzhung 5 See also 6 References 7 Further readingA Cavern of Treasures mDzod phug editA Cavern of Treasures Tibetan མཛ ད ཕ ག Wylie mdzod phug is a terma uncovered by Shenchen Luga Tibetan གཤ ན ཆ ན ཀ དགའ Wylie gshen chen klu dga in the early eleventh century 2 Martin identifies the importance of this scripture for studies of the Zhangzhung language For students of Tibetan culture in general the mDzod phug is one of the most intriguing of all Bon scriptures since it is the only lengthy bilingual work in Zhang zhung and Tibetan some of the shorter but still significant sources for Zhang zhung are signalled in Orofino 1990 3 External relationships editBradley 2002 says Zhangzhung is now agreed to have been a Kanauri or West Himalayish language Guillaume Jacques 2009 rebuts earlier hypotheses that Zhangzhung might have originated in eastern rather than western Tibet by having determined it to be a non Qiangic language 4 Widmer 2014 53 56 5 classifies Zhangzhung within the eastern branch of West Himalayish and lists the following cognates between Zhangzhung and Proto West Himalayish Gloss Zhangzhung Proto West Himalayish barley zad zat blue ting tiŋ diminutive suffix tse tse tsi ear ra tse re fat tsʰas tsʰos girl tsa med tsamet god sad sat gold zang zaŋ heart she ɕe old person shang ze ɕ j aŋ red mang maŋ white shi nom ɕiScripts editA number of scripts are recorded as being used for writing the Zhangzhung language These are the Marchen script and its several descendants 6 Marchen or Greater Mar script Tibetan ས ར ཆ ན Wylie smar chen 7 Marchung or Lesser Mar script Tibetan ས ར ཆ ང Wylie smar chung Pungchen or Greater Pung script Tibetan ས ངས ཆ ན Wylie spungs chen Pungchung or Lesser Pung script Tibetan ས ངས ཆ ང Wylie spungs chung Drusha script Tibetan བ ཤ Wylie bru sha Old Zhangzhung editF W Thomas suggested that three undeciphered Dunhuang manuscripts in a Tibetan script were written in an older form of the Zhangzhung language 8 9 This identification has been accepted by Takeuchi Tsuguhito 武内紹人 who called the language Old Zhangzhung and added two further manuscripts 10 Two of these manuscripts are in the Stein collection of the British Library IOL Tib J 755 Ch Fragment 43 and Or 8212 188 and three in the Pelliot collection of the Bibliotheque Nationale Pelliot tibetain 1247 1251 and 1252 In each case the relevant text is written on the reverse side of a scroll containing an earlier Chinese Buddhist text 10 The texts are written in a style of Tibetan script dating from the late 8th or early 9th centuries Takeuchi and Nishida claim to have partially deciphered the documents which they believe to be separate medical texts 11 However David Snellgrove and more recently Dan Martin have rejected Thomas s identification of the language of these texts as a variant of Zhangzhung 12 13 See also editList of extinct languages of Asia Tibeto Kanauri languages Zhang Zhung BonReferences edit Zhangzhung at MultiTree on the Linguist List Berzin Alexander 2005 The Four Immeasurable Attitudes in Hinayana Mahayana and Bon Study Buddhism Source 1 accessed June 6 2016 Martin Dan 2000 Comparing Treasuries Mental states and other mdzod phug lists and passages with parallels in Abhidharma works of Vasubandhu and Asanga or in Prajnaparamita Sutras A progress report In Karmay S G Nagano Y eds New Horizons in Bon Studies Senri Ethnological Reports Vol 15 Osaka National Museum of Ethnology pp 21 88 doi 10 15021 00002197 p 21 Jacques Guillaume 2009 Zhangzhung and Qiangic Languages In Yasuhiko Nagano ed Issues in Tibeto Burman Historical Linguistics PDF Senri Ethnological Studies Vol 75 pp 121 130 Widmer Manuel 2014 A tentative classification of West Himalayish In A descriptive grammar of Bunan 33 56 Bern University of Bern West Andrew 30 April 2011 N4032 Proposal to encode the Marchen script in the SMP of the UCS PDF West Andrew 2013 10 22 N4491 Final proposal to encode the Marchen script in the SMP of the UCS PDF Thomas F W 1933 The Z aṅ z uṅ language The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 65 2 405 410 doi 10 1017 S0035869X00074943 JSTOR 25194777 Thomas F W 1967 The Z aṅ z uṅ language PDF Asia Major 13 1 211 217 a b Takeuchi Tsuguhito 2002 The Old Zhangzhung Manuscript Stein Or 8212 188 In Christopher Beckwith ed Medieval Tibeto Burman Languages Leiden Brill pp 1 11 ISBN 978 90 04 12424 0 Takeuchi Tsuguhito Nishida Ai 2009 The Present Stage of Deciphering Old Zhangzhung In Nagano Yasuhiko ed Issues in Tibeto Burman Historical Linguistics PDF Senri Ethnological Studies Vol 75 pp 151 165 Snellgrove David L 1959 Review of Giuseppe Tucci Preliminary Report on Two Scientific Expeditions in Nepal Serie Orientale Roma no 10 Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente Rome 1956 Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies University of London 22 2 377 378 doi 10 1017 S0041977X00068944 JSTOR 609450 S2CID 190715371 Martin Dan 2013 Knowing Zhang zhung the very idea PDF Journal of the International Association for Bon Research 1 175 197 Further reading editMartin Dan n d Comparing Treasuries Mental states and other mdzod phug lists and passages with parallels in Abhidharma works of Vasubandhu and Asanga or in Prajnaparamita Sutras A progress report University of Jerusalem David Bradley 2002 The Subgrouping of Tibeto Burman in Chris Beckwith Henk Blezer eds Medieval Tibeto Burman Languages Brill Martin Dan 2004 Zhang zhung Dictionary Haarh Erik The Zhang zhung Language A Grammar and Dictionary of the Unexplored Language of the Tibetan Bonpos Universitetsforlaget i Aarhus og Munksgaard 1968 Hummel Seigbert and Guido Vogliotti ed and trans On Zhang zhung Dharamsala Library of Tibetan Works and Archives 2000 Namgyal Nyima Dagkar Concise Analysis of Zhang Zhung Terms in the Documents of Dunhuang In Tibet Past and Present Tibetan Studies I edited by Henk Blezer Proceedings of the Ninth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies Leiden 2000 vol 1 pp 429 439 Leiden Brill 2002 Namgyal Nyima Rnam rgyal nyi ma Zhang zhung Tibetan English Contextual Dictionary Berlin 2003 Description This new dictionary of Zhangzhung terminology from the Bon tradition of Tibetan religion includes 3875 entries drawn from 468 sources These entries include Tibetan and English definitions as well as the citation of passages in which they occur with full bibliographical information for these passages Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Zhang Zhung language amp oldid 1220756275, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
