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Wrenthrush

December 01, 2023

The wrenthrush or zeledonia (Zeledonia coronata) is a unique species of nine-primaried oscine bird which is endemic to Costa Rica and Panama.

Wrenthrush
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Superfamily: Emberizoidea
Family: Zeledoniidae
Ridgway, 1907
Genus: Zeledonia
Ridgway, 1889
Species:
Z. coronata
Binomial name
Zeledonia coronata
Ridgway, 1889

Taxonomy and systematics edit

The wrenthrush is the only member of its genus and family. Despite its name, it is neither a wren (Troglodytidae) nor a thrush (Turdidae), and is not closely related to either of those families. Over time it has been treated as related to thrushes and Old World flycatchers (Muscicapidae) and by the late 20th century was placed as a member of the New World warblers (Parulidae). Phylogenetic studies of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA after that date led to reassessment of several genera and in 2017 the wrenthrush was moved to its own family. The exact placement of that family is still not firmly settled, but most taxonomic systems agree that it is closely related to the spindalises (Spindalidae), Cuban warblers (Teretistridae), and several other small Caribbean families, and more distantly related to New World sparrows (Passerellidae) and New World blackbirds (Icteridae).[2][3][4] BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World places it much closer to the New World sparrows and blackbirds than do the others.[5]

The wrenthrush's genus name commemorates José Castulo Zeledón, a Costa Rican ornithologist.[6] It is monotypic.[3]

 
Wrenthrush in the Central Highlands of Costa Rica

Description edit

The wrenthrush is 10 to 11.5 cm (3.9 to 4.5 in) long and weighs about 21 g (0.74 oz). It is short-tailed and rather plump, with a short thin bill somewhat like that of a Parulidae warbler. The sexes are alike. Adults have a large yellow-orange patch with black borders on their crown. Their face and the sides of their neck are leaden gray. Their upperparts, tail, and flanks are dull olive bronze. Their underparts are leaden gray with an olive tinge to the undertail coverts. Juveniles do not have the orange crown and their upperparts are more brownish than those of adults.[6]

Distribution and habitat edit

The wrenthrush is found from the Cordillera de Guanacaste in northern Costa Rica discontinuously through that country into western Panama's Chiriquí and Veraguas provinces. It inhabits montane evergreen forest and elfin forest, landscapes characterized by constant wetness and fog. It particularly favors dense vegetation near streams, including stands of Chusquea bamboo. In elevation it ranges from about 1,500 m (4,900 ft) up to treeline; in Costa Rica it mostly occurs around 2,500 m (8,200 ft).[6]

Behavior edit

Movement edit

The wrenthrush is essentially sedentary, with minimal elevational movement.[6]

Locomotion edit

The wrenthrush is a weak flier, seldom taking to the wing and then for only short distances. It has short rounded wings and a small keel to which flight muscles attach, and there was early speculation that it is evolving towards flightlessness.[6][7]

Feeding edit

The wrenthrush forages by hopping among branches and along the ground searching for arthropods, especially spiders and Lepidoptera larvae. It mostly forages in dense vegetation, though it occasionally works the edges of it and also hunts as high as 10 m (30 ft) above the ground in vines and epiphytes.[6]

Breeding edit

The wrenthrush's breeding season appears to span from March to early July. Few nests have been found. They were domes made of moss, twigs, and leaves with a side entrance and a lining of dried leaves, grass, and moss. They were placed in cavities in earthen banks and were partially hidden by overhanging vegetation. The clutch size in three nests was three eggs. The incubation period is not known; the time from hatch to fledging appears to be at least 18 days. Both parents provision the nestlings.[6]

 

Songs and calls
Listen to wrenthrush on xeno-canto

Vocalization edit

Both sexes of wrenthrush sing, and often as a duet. They are more vocal during the breeding season, and mostly sing at dawn and dusk though they can be heard throughout the day. Their primary song is described as "ssee-del-deet with emphasis on the ending, deet", and it may be sung in a series for several minutes. Their primary call is "a thin pseee".[6]

Status edit

The IUCN has assessed the wrenthrush as being of Least Concern. It has a small range and its population size is unknown but believed to be stable. No immeditate threats have been identified.[1] "[H]abitat degradation and destruction could become a concern" but "its specialized high-altitude habitat seems not to be presently under threat".[6]

References edit

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Zeledonia coronata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22722054A94746073. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22722054A94746073.en. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  2. ^ Chesser, R. T., S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, C. Cicero, J. L. Dunn, B. E. Hernández-Baños, R. A. Jiménez, A. W. Kratter, N. A. Mason, P. C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen, Jr., D. F. Stotz, and K. Winker. 2022. Check-list of North American Birds (online). American Ornithological Society. https://checklist.aou.org/taxa
  3. ^ a b Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (August 2022). "Caribbean "tanagers", Wrenthrush, Yellow-breasted Chat". IOC World Bird List. v 12.2. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  4. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2021. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2021. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ Retrieved August 25, 2021
  5. ^ HBW and BirdLife International (2021) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 6. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v6_Dec21.zip retrieved August 7, 2022
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Dupont, G., J. Curson, and A. J. Spencer (2020). Wrenthrush (Zeledonia coronata), version 2.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, S. M. Billerman, and B. K. Keeney, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.wrenth1.02 retrieved October 11, 2022
  7. ^ Pycraft, W. P. (1905) On the systematic position of Zeledonia coronata, with some observations on the position of the Turdidae. Ibis series 8, volume 5: 1-24

Further reading edit

  • Hunt, J. H. (1971). "A Field Study of the Wrenthrush, Zeledonia coronata" (PDF). Auk. 88 (1): 1–20. doi:10.2307/4083957. JSTOR 4083957.

December 01, 2023
wrenthrush, wrenthrush, zeledonia, zeledonia, coronata, unique, species, nine, primaried, oscine, bird, which, endemic, costa, rica, panama, conservation, statusleast, concern, iucn, scientific, classificationdomain, eukaryotakingdom, animaliaphylum, chordatac. The wrenthrush or zeledonia Zeledonia coronata is a unique species of nine primaried oscine bird which is endemic to Costa Rica and Panama WrenthrushConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder PasseriformesSuperfamily EmberizoideaFamily ZeledoniidaeRidgway 1907Genus ZeledoniaRidgway 1889Species Z coronataBinomial nameZeledonia coronataRidgway 1889 Contents 1 Taxonomy and systematics 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behavior 4 1 Movement 4 2 Locomotion 4 3 Feeding 4 4 Breeding 4 5 Vocalization 5 Status 6 References 7 Further readingTaxonomy and systematics editThe wrenthrush is the only member of its genus and family Despite its name it is neither a wren Troglodytidae nor a thrush Turdidae and is not closely related to either of those families Over time it has been treated as related to thrushes and Old World flycatchers Muscicapidae and by the late 20th century was placed as a member of the New World warblers Parulidae Phylogenetic studies of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA after that date led to reassessment of several genera and in 2017 the wrenthrush was moved to its own family The exact placement of that family is still not firmly settled but most taxonomic systems agree that it is closely related to the spindalises Spindalidae Cuban warblers Teretistridae and several other small Caribbean families and more distantly related to New World sparrows Passerellidae and New World blackbirds Icteridae 2 3 4 BirdLife International s Handbook of the Birds of the World places it much closer to the New World sparrows and blackbirds than do the others 5 The wrenthrush s genus name commemorates Jose Castulo Zeledon a Costa Rican ornithologist 6 It is monotypic 3 nbsp Wrenthrush in the Central Highlands of Costa RicaDescription editThe wrenthrush is 10 to 11 5 cm 3 9 to 4 5 in long and weighs about 21 g 0 74 oz It is short tailed and rather plump with a short thin bill somewhat like that of a Parulidae warbler The sexes are alike Adults have a large yellow orange patch with black borders on their crown Their face and the sides of their neck are leaden gray Their upperparts tail and flanks are dull olive bronze Their underparts are leaden gray with an olive tinge to the undertail coverts Juveniles do not have the orange crown and their upperparts are more brownish than those of adults 6 Distribution and habitat editThe wrenthrush is found from the Cordillera de Guanacaste in northern Costa Rica discontinuously through that country into western Panama s Chiriqui and Veraguas provinces It inhabits montane evergreen forest and elfin forest landscapes characterized by constant wetness and fog It particularly favors dense vegetation near streams including stands of Chusquea bamboo In elevation it ranges from about 1 500 m 4 900 ft up to treeline in Costa Rica it mostly occurs around 2 500 m 8 200 ft 6 Behavior editMovement edit The wrenthrush is essentially sedentary with minimal elevational movement 6 Locomotion edit The wrenthrush is a weak flier seldom taking to the wing and then for only short distances It has short rounded wings and a small keel to which flight muscles attach and there was early speculation that it is evolving towards flightlessness 6 7 Feeding edit The wrenthrush forages by hopping among branches and along the ground searching for arthropods especially spiders and Lepidoptera larvae It mostly forages in dense vegetation though it occasionally works the edges of it and also hunts as high as 10 m 30 ft above the ground in vines and epiphytes 6 Breeding edit The wrenthrush s breeding season appears to span from March to early July Few nests have been found They were domes made of moss twigs and leaves with a side entrance and a lining of dried leaves grass and moss They were placed in cavities in earthen banks and were partially hidden by overhanging vegetation The clutch size in three nests was three eggs The incubation period is not known the time from hatch to fledging appears to be at least 18 days Both parents provision the nestlings 6 nbsp Songs and callsListen to wrenthrush on xeno canto Vocalization edit Both sexes of wrenthrush sing and often as a duet They are more vocal during the breeding season and mostly sing at dawn and dusk though they can be heard throughout the day Their primary song is described as ssee del deet with emphasis on the ending deet and it may be sung in a series for several minutes Their primary call is a thin pseee 6 Status editThe IUCN has assessed the wrenthrush as being of Least Concern It has a small range and its population size is unknown but believed to be stable No immeditate threats have been identified 1 H abitat degradation and destruction could become a concern but its specialized high altitude habitat seems not to be presently under threat 6 References edit a b BirdLife International 2016 Zeledonia coronata IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T22722054A94746073 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T22722054A94746073 en Retrieved 11 October 2022 Chesser R T S M Billerman K J Burns C Cicero J L Dunn B E Hernandez Banos R A Jimenez A W Kratter N A Mason P C Rasmussen J V Remsen Jr D F Stotz and K Winker 2022 Check list of North American Birds online American Ornithological Society https checklist aou org taxa a b Gill F Donsker D Rasmussen P eds August 2022 Caribbean tanagers Wrenthrush Yellow breasted Chat IOC World Bird List v 12 2 Retrieved 9 August 2022 Clements J F T S Schulenberg M J Iliff S M Billerman T A Fredericks J A Gerbracht D Lepage B L Sullivan and C L Wood 2021 The eBird Clements checklist of Birds of the World v2021 Downloaded from https www birds cornell edu clementschecklist download Retrieved August 25 2021 HBW and BirdLife International 2021 Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world Version 6 Available at http datazone birdlife org userfiles file Species Taxonomy HBW BirdLife Checklist v6 Dec21 zip retrieved August 7 2022 a b c d e f g h i Dupont G J Curson and A J Spencer 2020 Wrenthrush Zeledonia coronata version 2 0 In Birds of the World T S Schulenberg S M Billerman and B K Keeney Editors Cornell Lab of Ornithology Ithaca NY USA https doi org 10 2173 bow wrenth1 02 retrieved October 11 2022 Pycraft W P 1905 On the systematic position of Zeledonia coronata with some observations on the position of the Turdidae Ibis series 8 volume 5 1 24Further reading editHunt J H 1971 A Field Study of the Wrenthrush Zeledonia coronata PDF Auk 88 1 1 20 doi 10 2307 4083957 JSTOR 4083957 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Wrenthrush amp oldid 1181641510, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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