Yusuf Ali was not a lineal descendant of the previous dynasties that governed over northeastern Somalia. He independently amassed his own fortune, and would later evolve into a skilled military leader commanding more senior troops. "Kenadid" was not his surname, but rather a title given to him by his rivals.[5]
As per custom among the period's prominent urban traders, to ensure commercial success in the interior, Kenadid married a local woman. While traveling to the coast in his capacity as a merchant prince, he would thereafter entrust his business affairs to his second wife, Khadija. Her duties during her husband's absence included maintaining the extant commercial transactions with the local population, collecting debts, securing loans, and safeguarding merchandise stock that had been acquired during previous journeys.[6]
Initially, Kenadid's goal was to seize control of the neighboring Majeerteen Sultanate (Migiurtinia), which was then ruled by his cousin BoqorOsman Mahamuud. However, he was unsuccessful in this endeavor, and was eventually forced into exile in Yemen. A decade later, in the 1870s, Kenadid returned from the Arabian Peninsula with a band of Hadhramimusketeers and a group of devoted lieutenants.
Hobyo-Italian protectorate treaty
After consolidating his power in Hobyo, to protect himself from further Zanzibari hostility, he signed a protectorate treaty with Italy, still a power present only nominally. In fact, asking for protection from the English, already firmly established in 'Aden and Berbera, would have meant limiting one's autonomy and therefore one's ambitions. The Italian authorities were also informed by Yusuf Ali himself from the first contacts for the establishment of the protectorate. However, there was no direct intervention and this was probably the demonstration that the choice of Italy as protector could be the most congenial precisely because it was unable to intervene in the internal affairs of the Sultanate. And that was probably the reason why Keenadiid was able to later convince the more reluctant Boqor Cismaan to also accept the Italian protective umbrella over the Sultanate in Bari. Italian protection would play a very important role in the expansion of the Sultanate towards the interior. In 1889, when the protectorate agreement was signed, the sultanal power was only consolidated on a limited stretch of the coast: the agreement, on the other hand, recognized him as sovereign between Ras Awath (Cabaad), to the north, up to in Mereeg at noon, then the entire outlet to the sea of the Habar Gidir region. Instead, the northern part of Mudug, Cumar Maxamuud, was initially excluded from the agreement, including the Abgaal-Waceesle area of Mereeg which as we will see will be the source of subsequent conflicts. This protective umbrella was a guarantee from the interventions of other external powers among them Germany - but the expansion of the sovereignty of the Sultanate inwards was a personal initiative of the Sultan.[7]
The terms of each treaty specified that Italy was to steer clear of any interference in the sultanates' respective administrations.[8] In return for Italian arms and an annual subsidy, the Sultans conceded to a minimum of oversight and economic concessions.[9] The Italians also agreed to dispatch a few ambassadors to promote both the sultanates' and their own interests.
Exile
However, the relationship between Obbia Sultanate and Italy soured when Sultan Kenadid refused the Italians' proposal to allow a British contingent of troops to disembark in his Sultanate so that they might then pursue their battle against Diiriye Guure and his emir Mohammed Abdullah Hassan's Dervish forces.[10] Viewed as too much of a threat by the Italians, Sultan Kenadid was eventually exiled to Aden in Yemen and then to Eritrea, as was his son Ali Yusuf, the heir apparent to his throne.[11] However, unlike the southern territories, the northern sultanates were not subject to direct rule due to the earlier treaties they had signed with the Italians.[12]
Ali Suji
According to Angus Hamilton, Cali Xaaji Axmed Aaden Suji was the highest ranked commander in the Dervish ranks in 1903, calling Ali Suji the dervish "first lieutenant". Angus also states that due to ALi Suji's high rank, Yusuf Ali Kenadid targeted Ali Suji rather than the Mullah:[13]
In this it seemed that the flocks and herds of Yusuf Ali were the object of the Mullah’s attacks, so, by way of reprisals, the followers of the old Sheikh retaliated on the camels of the Mullah’s first lieutenant, Ali Suji. As a rule Somali raids are bloodless encounters, since it is contrary to the principle of Somali warfare to take life. The maxim of the tribesmen is: “ Covet your neighbour’s wife ; seize his ox or his ass or camel ; wreck his happy home generally ; but avoid bloodshed.”
Although in the early 1903 Ali Suji headed the dervish army, prior to the Ruuga battle he headed Dervish cavalry:[14]
Cali Xaaji Axmed Aaden oo ay Sayidka habrawadaag ahaayeen, Cali waxaa dhasay Balax Seed Magan, Sayidkana hooyadii waxaa la oron jiray Carro Seed Magan. Waxaa la yiri dagaalkii Ruuga ee Koofil ayaa lagu dilay Cali Xaaji Axmed oo fardaha Daraawiisheed buu madax ka ahaa, markii dagaalka foodda la is geliyey asaan wali la isu jilib dhigin, ayaa gaalkii girligaan Daraawiishta ku afuufay
Ali Haji Ahmed Aden who was the Sayid's maternal cousin, Ali was birthed by Balah Seed Magan, whilst the Sayid's mother was called Arro Seed Magan. It was said that in the fight of Ruuga (Dul Madoba) wherein Corfield was killed and where Ali Ahmed Suji was head of the Dervish cavalry, that once the fight was on the horizon yet not yet underway the colonizers machine gunned the Dervishes with an automatic firearm
^Diringer, David (1968). The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind, Volume 1. Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 235–236. ISBN1452299374. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
^Samatar, Said S. (1979). Poetry in Somali politics: the case of Sayyid Maḥammad A̓bdille Ḥassan, Volume 2. Northwestern University. p. 31. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
^Corpo di stato maggiore, Ufficio storico (1938). Somalia: Dalle origini al 1914. Tipografia regionale. p. 55.
^Reese, Scott Steven (1996). Patricians of the Benaadir: Islamic Learning, Commerce and Somali Urban Identity in the Nineteenth Century. University of Pennsylvania. p. 201. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
^"Dalla tribù allo Stato nella Somalia nord-orientale: il caso sei Sultanati di Hobiyo e Majeerteen, 1880-1930". pp. 113–114.
^Ismail, Ismail Ali (2010). Governance: The Scourge and Hope of Somalia. Trafford Publishing. p. xxiii. ISBN1426983743.
^Angus Hamilton, 1911, p. 232 "... so, by way of reprisals, the followers of the old Sheikh retaliated on the camels of the Mullah’s first lieutenant, Ali Suji"
yusuf, kenadid, somali, yuusuf, cali, keenadiid, 1890, august, 1911, somali, sultan, founder, sultanate, hobyo, april, 1878, succeeded, atop, throne, yusuf, kenadid, yuusuf, cali, keenadiidfirst, sultan, sultanate, hobyopainting, reignapril, 1878, september, 1. Yusuf Ali Kenadid Somali Yuusuf Cali Keenadiid 1890 14 August 1911 1 was a Somali Sultan He was the founder of the Sultanate of Hobyo in April 1878 He was succeeded atop the throne 2 by his son Ali Yusuf Kenadid Yusuf Ali Kenadid Yuusuf Cali KeenadiidFirst Sultan of the Sultanate of HobyoPainting of Yusuf Ali KenadidReignApril 1878 September 28 1911PredecessorInauguralSuccessorAli Yusuf KenadidBorn1837 1837 Caluula Majeerteen SultanateDied1911 aged 73 74 Italian EritreaSpouseKhadija Mohammed Hassan Dahabo Islaan Aadan Khadija Awrala FaduumoIssueAli Yusuf Kenadid Osman Yusuf Kenadid Muse Yusuf Kenadid Mohammed Yusuf Kenadid Asha Yusuf Kenadid Mumina Yusuf Kenadid Ahmed Yusuf KenadiidReligionIslam Contents 1 Family 2 Majeerteen and Hobyo Sultanates 3 Hobyo Italian protectorate treaty 4 Exile 4 1 Ali Suji 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksFamily EditYusuf Ali Kenadid was born into the Bah Yaaqub part of the larger Bah Dirooble branch of the Osman Mahamuud Majeerteen Darod family He is the father of Osman Yusuf Kenadid who would go on to create the Osmanya writing script for the Somali language 3 Yusuf Ali s grandson Yasin Osman Kenadid would later help found the Society for Somali Language and Literature 4 Yusuf Ali was not a lineal descendant of the previous dynasties that governed over northeastern Somalia He independently amassed his own fortune and would later evolve into a skilled military leader commanding more senior troops Kenadid was not his surname but rather a title given to him by his rivals 5 As per custom among the period s prominent urban traders to ensure commercial success in the interior Kenadid married a local woman While traveling to the coast in his capacity as a merchant prince he would thereafter entrust his business affairs to his second wife Khadija Her duties during her husband s absence included maintaining the extant commercial transactions with the local population collecting debts securing loans and safeguarding merchandise stock that had been acquired during previous journeys 6 Yusf Ali s son Ali Yusuf succeeded him as Sultan of Hobyo Majeerteen and Hobyo Sultanates EditMain articles Sultanate of Hobyo Majeerteen Sultanate and Somali aristocratic and court titles Initially Kenadid s goal was to seize control of the neighboring Majeerteen Sultanate Migiurtinia which was then ruled by his cousin Boqor Osman Mahamuud However he was unsuccessful in this endeavor and was eventually forced into exile in Yemen A decade later in the 1870s Kenadid returned from the Arabian Peninsula with a band of Hadhrami musketeers and a group of devoted lieutenants Hobyo Italian protectorate treaty EditAfter consolidating his power in Hobyo to protect himself from further Zanzibari hostility he signed a protectorate treaty with Italy still a power present only nominally In fact asking for protection from the English already firmly established in Aden and Berbera would have meant limiting one s autonomy and therefore one s ambitions The Italian authorities were also informed by Yusuf Ali himself from the first contacts for the establishment of the protectorate However there was no direct intervention and this was probably the demonstration that the choice of Italy as protector could be the most congenial precisely because it was unable to intervene in the internal affairs of the Sultanate And that was probably the reason why Keenadiid was able to later convince the more reluctant Boqor Cismaan to also accept the Italian protective umbrella over the Sultanate in Bari Italian protection would play a very important role in the expansion of the Sultanate towards the interior In 1889 when the protectorate agreement was signed the sultanal power was only consolidated on a limited stretch of the coast the agreement on the other hand recognized him as sovereign between Ras Awath Cabaad to the north up to in Mereeg at noon then the entire outlet to the sea of the Habar Gidir region Instead the northern part of Mudug Cumar Maxamuud was initially excluded from the agreement including the Abgaal Waceesle area of Mereeg which as we will see will be the source of subsequent conflicts This protective umbrella was a guarantee from the interventions of other external powers among them Germany but the expansion of the sovereignty of the Sultanate inwards was a personal initiative of the Sultan 7 The terms of each treaty specified that Italy was to steer clear of any interference in the sultanates respective administrations 8 In return for Italian arms and an annual subsidy the Sultans conceded to a minimum of oversight and economic concessions 9 The Italians also agreed to dispatch a few ambassadors to promote both the sultanates and their own interests Exile EditHowever the relationship between Obbia Sultanate and Italy soured when Sultan Kenadid refused the Italians proposal to allow a British contingent of troops to disembark in his Sultanate so that they might then pursue their battle against Diiriye Guure and his emir Mohammed Abdullah Hassan s Dervish forces 10 Viewed as too much of a threat by the Italians Sultan Kenadid was eventually exiled to Aden in Yemen and then to Eritrea as was his son Ali Yusuf the heir apparent to his throne 11 However unlike the southern territories the northern sultanates were not subject to direct rule due to the earlier treaties they had signed with the Italians 12 Ali Suji Edit According to Angus Hamilton Cali Xaaji Axmed Aaden Suji was the highest ranked commander in the Dervish ranks in 1903 calling Ali Suji the dervish first lieutenant Angus also states that due to ALi Suji s high rank Yusuf Ali Kenadid targeted Ali Suji rather than the Mullah 13 In this it seemed that the flocks and herds of Yusuf Ali were the object of the Mullah s attacks so by way of reprisals the followers of the old Sheikh retaliated on the camels of the Mullah s first lieutenant Ali Suji As a rule Somali raids are bloodless encounters since it is contrary to the principle of Somali warfare to take life The maxim of the tribesmen is Covet your neighbour s wife seize his ox or his ass or camel wreck his happy home generally but avoid bloodshed Although in the early 1903 Ali Suji headed the dervish army prior to the Ruuga battle he headed Dervish cavalry 14 Cali Xaaji Axmed Aaden oo ay Sayidka habrawadaag ahaayeen Cali waxaa dhasay Balax Seed Magan Sayidkana hooyadii waxaa la oron jiray Carro Seed Magan Waxaa la yiri dagaalkii Ruuga ee Koofil ayaa lagu dilay Cali Xaaji Axmed oo fardaha Daraawiisheed buu madax ka ahaa markii dagaalka foodda la is geliyey asaan wali la isu jilib dhigin ayaa gaalkii girligaan Daraawiishta ku afuufay Ali Haji Ahmed Aden who was the Sayid s maternal cousin Ali was birthed by Balah Seed Magan whilst the Sayid s mother was called Arro Seed Magan It was said that in the fight of Ruuga Dul Madoba wherein Corfield was killed and where Ali Ahmed Suji was head of the Dervish cavalry that once the fight was on the horizon yet not yet underway the colonizers machine gunned the Dervishes with an automatic firearmSee also EditOsman Mahamuud Burhaan Osman Yusuf Kenadid Mohamoud Ali ShireNotes Edit Cismaan Yuusufkeenadiid Scribd Retrieved 2021 04 01 Cismaan Yuusufkeenadiid Scribd Retrieved 2021 04 01 Diringer David 1968 The Alphabet A Key to the History of Mankind Volume 1 Funk amp Wagnalls pp 235 236 ISBN 1452299374 Retrieved 14 December 2014 Samatar Said S 1979 Poetry in Somali politics the case of Sayyid Maḥammad A bdille Ḥassan Volume 2 Northwestern University p 31 Retrieved 9 August 2014 Corpo di stato maggiore Ufficio storico 1938 Somalia Dalle origini al 1914 Tipografia regionale p 55 Reese Scott Steven 1996 Patricians of the Benaadir Islamic Learning Commerce and Somali Urban Identity in the Nineteenth Century University of Pennsylvania p 201 Retrieved 9 August 2014 Dalla tribu allo Stato nella Somalia nord orientale il caso sei Sultanati di Hobiyo e Majeerteen 1880 1930 pp 113 114 Issa Salwe 1996 34 35 Hess 1964 416 417 The Majeerteen Sultanates Sheik ʻAbdi 1993 129 Ismail Ismail Ali 2010 Governance The Scourge and Hope of Somalia Trafford Publishing p xxiii ISBN 1426983743 Angus Hamilton 1911 p 232 so by way of reprisals the followers of the old Sheikh retaliated on the camels of the Mullah s first lieutenant Ali Suji diiwaanka gabayadii sayidka 1974 poem 120References EditHess Robert L 1964 The Mad Mullah and Northern Somalia The Journal of African History 5 3 415 33 doi 10 1017 s0021853700005107 Issa Salwe Abdisalam M 1996 The Collapse of the Somali State The Impact of the Colonial Legacy London Haan Associates ISBN 187420991X Sheik ʻAbdi ʻAbdi ʻAbdulqadir 1993 Divine madness Moḥammed ʻAbdulle Ḥassan 1856 1920 Zed Books ISBN 0 86232 444 0 The Majeerteen SultanatesExternal links EditThe Majeerteen Sultanates Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Yusuf Ali Kenadid amp oldid 1134426722, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
