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Yugoslav destroyer Zagreb

Zagreb was the second of three Beograd-class destroyers built for the Royal Yugoslav Navy (KM) in the late 1930s. She was designed to be deployed as part of a division led by the flotilla leader Dubrovnik and was the first warship built in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Zagreb entered service in August 1939, was armed with a main battery of four 120 mm (4.7 in) guns in single mounts, and had a top speed of 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph).

Zagreb's sister ship Beograd (right) and Dubrovnik (left) in the Bay of Kotor after being captured by Italy
History
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
NameZagreb
NamesakeZagreb
Launched30 March 1938
CommissionedAugust 1939
Out of service17 April 1941
FateScuttled by crew on 17 April 1941
General characteristics
Class and typeBeograd-class destroyer
Displacement
Length98 m (321 ft 6 in)
Beam9.45 m (31 ft)
Draught3.18 m (10 ft 5 in)
Installed power
Propulsion
Speed35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph)
Complement145
Armament

Yugoslavia entered World War II when the German-led Axis powers invaded in April 1941. On 17 April, Zagreb was scuttled by two of her officers at the Bay of Kotor to prevent her capture by approaching Italian forces. Both officers were killed by the explosion of the scuttling charges. A 1967 French film, Flammes sur l'Adriatique (Adriatic Sea of Fire), told the story of her demise and the deaths of the two officers. In 1973, on the thirtieth anniversary of the formation of the Yugoslav Navy, both men were posthumously awarded the Order of the People's Hero by President Josip Broz Tito.

Background

In the early 1930s, the Royal Yugoslav Navy (Serbo-Croatian: Kraljevska mornarica; Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: Краљевска морнарица; КМ) pursued the flotilla leader concept, which involved building large destroyers similar to the World War I British Royal Navy V and W-class destroyers.[1] In the interwar French Navy, flotilla leaders were intended to operate as half-flotillas of three ships, or with one flotilla leader operating alongside several smaller destroyers. The KM decided to build three such flotilla leaders, ships that could reach high speeds and would have long endurance. The endurance requirement reflected Yugoslav plans to deploy the ships to the central Mediterranean, where they would be able to cooperate with French and British warships. This resulted in the construction of the destroyer Dubrovnik in 1930–1931. Soon after she was ordered, the onset of the Great Depression and attendant economic pressures meant that only one ship of the planned half-flotilla was ever built.[2] British diplomatic staff reported that although three large destroyers were not going to be built, the intent that Dubrovnik might operate with several smaller destroyers persisted. In 1934, the KM decided to acquire three smaller destroyers to operate in a division led by Dubrovnik.[3]

Description and construction

The Beograd class was developed from a French destroyer design, and the second ship of the class, Zagreb, was built by Jadranska brodogradilišta at Split, Yugoslavia, under French supervision.[4] The shipyard she was constructed in was jointly owned by Yarrow and Chantiers de la Loire.[5] The ship had an overall length of 98 m (321 ft 6 in), a beam of 9.45 m (31 ft), and a normal draught of 3.18 m (10 ft 5 in). Her standard displacement was 1,210 tonnes (1,190 long tons), and she displaced 1,655 tonnes (1,629 long tons) at full load. The crew consisted of 145 officers and enlisted men.[6] The ship was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines driving two propellers, using steam generated by three Yarrow water-tube boilers. Her turbines were rated between 40,000–44,000 shaft horsepower (30,000–33,000 kW) and she was designed to reach a top speed of 38–39 knots (70–72 km/h; 44–45 mph), although she was only able to reach a practical top speed of 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph) in service.[6][7][8] She carried 120 t (120 long tons) of fuel oil.[6] Although data is not available for Zagreb, her sister ship Beograd had a range of 1,000 nautical miles (1,900 km; 1,200 mi).[8]

Her main armament consisted of four Škoda 120 mm (4.7 in) L/46[a] superfiring guns in single mounts, two forward of the superstructure, and two aft, protected by gun shields.[6][10][11] Her secondary armament consisted of four Škoda 40 mm (1.6 in) anti-aircraft guns in two twin mounts, located on either side of the aft shelter deck.[12][13] She was also equipped with two triple mounts of 550 mm (22 in) torpedo tubes and two machine guns.[6] Her fire-control system was provided by the Dutch firm Hazemeyer.[10] As-built, she could also carry 30 naval mines.[6]

She was laid down in 1936,[10][14] and launched on 30 March 1938.[6] Zagreb was the first warship to be built in Yugoslavia.[15] Her launching ceremony was overseen by the wife of the Minister of Army and Navy[5] and a public holiday was declared to mark the occasion.[15] The destroyer was commissioned into the KM in August 1939.[13]

Career

At the time of the German-led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, Zagreb and Beograd were allocated to the 1st Torpedo Division headquartered at the Bay of Kotor.[16] From the outbreak of war on 6 April, there were Axis air attacks on the ships and shore installations in the Bay of Kotor, but despite near misses, Zagreb was not hit by any bombs. During the days following the invasion, Zagreb and other ships were moved to different locations within the bay and camouflaged. On 16 April, the ship's crew was informed of the imminent surrender of the Yugoslav armed forces and ordered not to resist the enemy any further. A large proportion of the crew left the ship upon receiving this news. The following day, with Italian forces closing on the Bay of Kotor, two junior officers, Milan Spasić and Sergej Mašera, forced the captain and remaining crew from the ship and set scuttling charges to prevent her capture. Both officers were killed in the explosions.[17][18] Most of the ship sank, while the portions that remained on the surface burned over the following days.[19] Spasić's remains washed ashore on 21 April and were given a full military funeral by Italian forces on 5 May. Mašera's severed head also washed up and was secretly buried by locals.[17]

The destruction of Zagreb was portrayed in the 1967 French film Flammes sur l'Adriatique (Adriatic Sea of Fire), which was directed by Alexandre Astruc, and starred Gérard Barray. The film was partly filmed on location in Yugoslavia and was released in France in 1968.[20] In 1973, on the thirtieth anniversary of the establishment of the Yugoslav Navy, the President of Yugoslavia and wartime Partisan leader Josip Broz Tito posthumously awarded both officers the Order of the People's Hero for their courage. In the mid-1980s, Mašera's head was disinterred and forensically identified, after which it was buried at a cemetery in Ljubljana (in modern-day Slovenia).[17] A portion of Zagreb's bow is kept on display at the Maritime Museum of Montenegro in Kotor.[18]

Notes

  1. ^ L/46 denotes the length of the gun. In this case, the L/46 gun is 46 calibre, meaning that the gun was 46 times as long as the diameter of its bore.[9]

Footnotes

References

Books, journals and news

  • "Addition to Yugoslavia's Fleet". Great Britain and the East. London: Brittain. 1938. OCLC 183360562.
  • Campbell, John (1985). Naval Weapons of World War Two. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-329-2.
  • Cernuschi, Enrico & O'Hara, Vincent O. (2005). "The Star-Crossed Split". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2005. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 97–110. ISBN 978-1-84486-003-6.
  • Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-146-5.
  • Freivogel, Zvonimir (2014). "From Glasgow to Genoa under Three Flags – The Yugoslav Flotilla Leader Dubrovnik" (PDF). Voennyi Sbornik. Sochi, Russian Federation: Academic Publishing House Researcher. 4 (2): 83–88. ISSN 2309-6322. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  • Freivogel, Zvonimir & Grobmeier, A. H. (2006). "Question 36/05: Armament of Yugoslav Destroyer Leader Split". Warship International. XLIII (4): 362. ISSN 0043-0374.
  • Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.
  • Jarman, Robert L., ed. (1997a). Yugoslavia Political Diaries 1918–1965. Vol. 2. Slough, UK: Cambridge Archive Editions. ISBN 978-1-85207-950-5.
  • Jarman, Robert L., ed. (1997b). Yugoslavia Political Diaries 1918–1965. Vol. 3. Slough, UK: Cambridge Archive Editions. ISBN 978-1-85207-950-5.
  • Lenton, H.T. (1975). German Warships of the Second World War. London: Macdonald and Jane's. ISBN 978-0-356-04661-7.
  • Preston, Antony; Jordan, John & Dent, Stephen (2005). Warship. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-1-84486-003-6.
  • Whitley, M. J. (1988). Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-326-7.

Websites

  • "Flammes sur l'Adriatique (1967) – Alexandre Astruc" [Adriatic Sea of Fire (1967) – Alexandre Astruc] (in French). La Cinémathèque française. 2001. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  • "Kako su oficiri Spasić i Mašera herojski poginuli u Boki" [How the officers Spasić and Mašera Heroically Died in Boka]. Cafe del Montenegro (in Serbo-Croatian). 17 April 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  • Luković, Siniša (2016). ["Zagreb" is dying, "Zagreb" will not surrender]. Vijesti online (in Serbo-Croatian). Vijesti. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
  • Niehorster, Leo (2016). "Balkan Operations Order of Battle Royal Yugoslavian Navy 6th April 1941". Leo Niehorster. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
  • "World War I and II". Maritime Museum of Montenegro. 2007. Retrieved 25 January 2020.

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Zagreb was the second of three Beograd class destroyers built for the Royal Yugoslav Navy KM in the late 1930s She was designed to be deployed as part of a division led by the flotilla leader Dubrovnik and was the first warship built in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia Zagreb entered service in August 1939 was armed with a main battery of four 120 mm 4 7 in guns in single mounts and had a top speed of 35 knots 65 km h 40 mph Zagreb s sister ship Beograd right and Dubrovnik left in the Bay of Kotor after being captured by ItalyHistoryKingdom of YugoslaviaNameZagrebNamesakeZagrebLaunched30 March 1938CommissionedAugust 1939Out of service17 April 1941FateScuttled by crew on 17 April 1941General characteristicsClass and typeBeograd class destroyerDisplacement1 210 tonnes 1 190 long tons standard 1 655 tonnes 1 629 long tons full load Length98 m 321 ft 6 in Beam9 45 m 31 ft Draught3 18 m 10 ft 5 in Installed power3 Yarrow water tube boilers 40 000 44 000 shp 30 000 33 000 kW Propulsion2 shafts Parsons steam turbinesSpeed35 knots 65 km h 40 mph Complement145Armament4 single 120 mm 4 7 in guns 2 dual 40 mm 1 6 in AA guns 2 triple 550 mm 22 in torpedo tubes 2 machine guns 30 naval minesYugoslavia entered World War II when the German led Axis powers invaded in April 1941 On 17 April Zagreb was scuttled by two of her officers at the Bay of Kotor to prevent her capture by approaching Italian forces Both officers were killed by the explosion of the scuttling charges A 1967 French film Flammes sur l Adriatique Adriatic Sea of Fire told the story of her demise and the deaths of the two officers In 1973 on the thirtieth anniversary of the formation of the Yugoslav Navy both men were posthumously awarded the Order of the People s Hero by President Josip Broz Tito Contents 1 Background 2 Description and construction 3 Career 4 Notes 5 Footnotes 6 References 6 1 Books journals and news 6 2 WebsitesBackground EditIn the early 1930s the Royal Yugoslav Navy Serbo Croatian Kraljevska mornarica Serbo Croatian Cyrillic Kraљevska mornarica KM pursued the flotilla leader concept which involved building large destroyers similar to the World War I British Royal Navy V and W class destroyers 1 In the interwar French Navy flotilla leaders were intended to operate as half flotillas of three ships or with one flotilla leader operating alongside several smaller destroyers The KM decided to build three such flotilla leaders ships that could reach high speeds and would have long endurance The endurance requirement reflected Yugoslav plans to deploy the ships to the central Mediterranean where they would be able to cooperate with French and British warships This resulted in the construction of the destroyer Dubrovnik in 1930 1931 Soon after she was ordered the onset of the Great Depression and attendant economic pressures meant that only one ship of the planned half flotilla was ever built 2 British diplomatic staff reported that although three large destroyers were not going to be built the intent that Dubrovnik might operate with several smaller destroyers persisted In 1934 the KM decided to acquire three smaller destroyers to operate in a division led by Dubrovnik 3 Description and construction EditThe Beograd class was developed from a French destroyer design and the second ship of the class Zagreb was built by Jadranska brodogradilista at Split Yugoslavia under French supervision 4 The shipyard she was constructed in was jointly owned by Yarrow and Chantiers de la Loire 5 The ship had an overall length of 98 m 321 ft 6 in a beam of 9 45 m 31 ft and a normal draught of 3 18 m 10 ft 5 in Her standard displacement was 1 210 tonnes 1 190 long tons and she displaced 1 655 tonnes 1 629 long tons at full load The crew consisted of 145 officers and enlisted men 6 The ship was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines driving two propellers using steam generated by three Yarrow water tube boilers Her turbines were rated between 40 000 44 000 shaft horsepower 30 000 33 000 kW and she was designed to reach a top speed of 38 39 knots 70 72 km h 44 45 mph although she was only able to reach a practical top speed of 35 knots 65 km h 40 mph in service 6 7 8 She carried 120 t 120 long tons of fuel oil 6 Although data is not available for Zagreb her sister ship Beograd had a range of 1 000 nautical miles 1 900 km 1 200 mi 8 Her main armament consisted of four Skoda 120 mm 4 7 in L 46 a superfiring guns in single mounts two forward of the superstructure and two aft protected by gun shields 6 10 11 Her secondary armament consisted of four Skoda 40 mm 1 6 in anti aircraft guns in two twin mounts located on either side of the aft shelter deck 12 13 She was also equipped with two triple mounts of 550 mm 22 in torpedo tubes and two machine guns 6 Her fire control system was provided by the Dutch firm Hazemeyer 10 As built she could also carry 30 naval mines 6 She was laid down in 1936 10 14 and launched on 30 March 1938 6 Zagreb was the first warship to be built in Yugoslavia 15 Her launching ceremony was overseen by the wife of the Minister of Army and Navy 5 and a public holiday was declared to mark the occasion 15 The destroyer was commissioned into the KM in August 1939 13 Career EditAt the time of the German led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 Zagreb and Beograd were allocated to the 1st Torpedo Division headquartered at the Bay of Kotor 16 From the outbreak of war on 6 April there were Axis air attacks on the ships and shore installations in the Bay of Kotor but despite near misses Zagreb was not hit by any bombs During the days following the invasion Zagreb and other ships were moved to different locations within the bay and camouflaged On 16 April the ship s crew was informed of the imminent surrender of the Yugoslav armed forces and ordered not to resist the enemy any further A large proportion of the crew left the ship upon receiving this news The following day with Italian forces closing on the Bay of Kotor two junior officers Milan Spasic and Sergej Masera forced the captain and remaining crew from the ship and set scuttling charges to prevent her capture Both officers were killed in the explosions 17 18 Most of the ship sank while the portions that remained on the surface burned over the following days 19 Spasic s remains washed ashore on 21 April and were given a full military funeral by Italian forces on 5 May Masera s severed head also washed up and was secretly buried by locals 17 The destruction of Zagreb was portrayed in the 1967 French film Flammes sur l Adriatique Adriatic Sea of Fire which was directed by Alexandre Astruc and starred Gerard Barray The film was partly filmed on location in Yugoslavia and was released in France in 1968 20 In 1973 on the thirtieth anniversary of the establishment of the Yugoslav Navy the President of Yugoslavia and wartime Partisan leader Josip Broz Tito posthumously awarded both officers the Order of the People s Hero for their courage In the mid 1980s Masera s head was disinterred and forensically identified after which it was buried at a cemetery in Ljubljana in modern day Slovenia 17 A portion of Zagreb s bow is kept on display at the Maritime Museum of Montenegro in Kotor 18 Notes Edit L 46 denotes the length of the gun In this case the L 46 gun is 46 calibre meaning that the gun was 46 times as long as the diameter of its bore 9 Footnotes Edit Freivogel 2014 p 83 Freivogel 2014 p 84 Jarman 1997a p 543 Chesneau 1980 pp 357 358 a b Great Britain and the East 1938 p 388 a b c d e f g Chesneau 1980 p 357 Preston Jordan amp Dent 2005 p 99 a b Lenton 1975 p 106 Friedman 2011 p 294 a b c Jarman 1997a p 738 Campbell 1985 p 394 Freivogel amp Grobmeier 2006 p 362 a b Whitley 1988 p 312 Cernuschi amp O Hara 2005 p 99 a b Jarman 1997b p 92 Niehorster 2016 a b c Lukovic 2016 a b Maritime Museum of Montenegro 2007 Cafe del Montenegro 2017 La Cinematheque francaise 2001 References EditBooks journals and news Edit Addition to Yugoslavia s Fleet Great Britain and the East London Brittain 1938 OCLC 183360562 Campbell John 1985 Naval Weapons of World War Two London Conway Maritime Press ISBN 978 0 85177 329 2 Cernuschi Enrico amp O Hara Vincent O 2005 The Star Crossed Split In Jordan John ed Warship 2005 London Conway Maritime Press pp 97 110 ISBN 978 1 84486 003 6 Chesneau Roger ed 1980 Conway s All the World s Fighting Ships 1922 1946 London Conway Maritime Press ISBN 978 0 85177 146 5 Freivogel Zvonimir 2014 From Glasgow to Genoa under Three Flags The Yugoslav Flotilla Leader Dubrovnik PDF Voennyi Sbornik Sochi Russian Federation Academic Publishing House Researcher 4 2 83 88 ISSN 2309 6322 Retrieved 25 October 2014 Freivogel Zvonimir amp Grobmeier A H 2006 Question 36 05 Armament of Yugoslav Destroyer Leader Split Warship International XLIII 4 362 ISSN 0043 0374 Friedman Norman 2011 Naval Weapons of World War One Annapolis Maryland Naval Institute Press ISBN 978 1 84832 100 7 Jarman Robert L ed 1997a Yugoslavia Political Diaries 1918 1965 Vol 2 Slough UK Cambridge Archive Editions ISBN 978 1 85207 950 5 Jarman Robert L ed 1997b Yugoslavia Political Diaries 1918 1965 Vol 3 Slough UK Cambridge Archive Editions ISBN 978 1 85207 950 5 Lenton H T 1975 German Warships of the Second World War London Macdonald and Jane s ISBN 978 0 356 04661 7 Preston Antony Jordan John amp Dent Stephen 2005 Warship London Conway Maritime Press ISBN 978 1 84486 003 6 Whitley M J 1988 Destroyers of World War Two An International Encyclopedia Annapolis Maryland Naval Institute Press ISBN 978 0 87021 326 7 Websites Edit Flammes sur l Adriatique 1967 Alexandre Astruc Adriatic Sea of Fire 1967 Alexandre Astruc in French La Cinematheque francaise 2001 Retrieved 7 November 2016 Kako su oficiri Spasic i Masera herojski poginuli u Boki How the officers Spasic and Masera Heroically Died in Boka Cafe del Montenegro in Serbo Croatian 17 April 2017 Retrieved 25 January 2020 Lukovic Sinisa 2016 Zagreb umire Zagreb se ne predaje Zagreb is dying Zagreb will not surrender Vijesti online in Serbo Croatian Vijesti Archived from the original on 14 October 2017 Retrieved 5 November 2016 Niehorster Leo 2016 Balkan Operations Order of Battle Royal Yugoslavian Navy 6th April 1941 Leo Niehorster Retrieved 4 November 2016 World War I and II Maritime Museum of Montenegro 2007 Retrieved 25 January 2020 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Yugoslav destroyer Zagreb amp oldid 1135113520, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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