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Xenotropic murine leukemia virus–related virus

April 11, 2024

Xenotropic murine leukemia virus–related virus (XMRV) is a retrovirus which was first described in 2006 as an apparently novel human pathogen found in tissue samples from men with prostate cancer.[1][2] Initial reports erroneously linked the virus to prostate cancer and later to chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), leading to considerable interest in the scientific and patient communities, investigation of XMRV as a potential cause of multiple medical conditions, and public-health concerns about the safety of the donated blood supply.[3][4][5]

Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Pararnavirae
Phylum: Artverviricota
Class: Revtraviricetes
Order: Ortervirales
Family: Retroviridae
Genus: Gammaretrovirus
Virus:
Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus

Xenotropic viruses replicate or reproduce in cells other than those of the host species.[6] Murine refers to the rodent family Muridae, which includes common household rats and mice.[7]

Subsequent research established that XMRV was in fact a laboratory contaminant, rather than a novel pathogen,[4][5] and had been generated unintentionally in the laboratory through genetic recombination between two mouse retroviruses during propagation of a prostate-cancer cell line in the mid-1990s.[3][4][5] These findings raised serious questions concerning the findings of XMRV-related studies which purported to find connections between XMRV and human diseases.[8] As of 2022, there is no evidence that XMRV infects humans, nor that XMRV is associated with or causes any human disease.[9][10][11]

Classification and genome edit

XMRV is a murine leukemia virus (MLV) that formed through the recombination of the genomes of two parent MLVs known as preXMRV-1 and preXMRV-2.[12] MLVs belong to the virus family Retroviridae and the genus gammaretrovirus and have a single-stranded RNA genome that replicates through a DNA intermediate. The name XMRV was given because the discoverers of the virus initially thought that it was a novel potential human pathogen that was related to but distinct from MLVs. The XMRV particle is approximately spherical and 80 to 100 nm in diameter.[citation needed] Several XMRV genomic sequences have been published to date. These sequences are almost identical, an unusual finding[13] as retroviruses replicate their genomes with relatively low fidelity, leading to divergent viral sequences in a single host organism.[13][14] In 2010 the results of phylogenetic analyses of XMRV and related murine retroviruses led a group of researchers to conclude that XMRV "might not be a genuine human pathogen".[15][8] Xenotropic viruses (xenos Gr. foreign; tropos Gr. turning) were initially discovered in the New Zealand Black (NZB) mouse and later found to be present in many other mouse strains including wild mice.[16][17]

Discovery edit

XMRV was discovered in the laboratories of Joseph DeRisi at the University of California, San Francisco, and Robert Silverman and Eric Klein of the Cleveland Clinic. Silverman had previously cloned and investigated the enzyme ribonuclease L (RNase L), part of the cell's natural defense against viruses. When activated, RNase L degrades cellular and viral RNA to halt viral replication. In 2002, the "hereditary prostate cancer 1" locus (HPC1) was mapped to the RNase L gene, implicating it in the development of prostate cancer.[18] The cancer-associated "R462Q" mutation results in a glutamine instead of an arginine at position 462 of the RNase L enzyme, reducing its catalytic activity. A man with two copies of this mutation has twice the risk of prostate cancer; one copy raises the risk by 50%.[19] Klein and Silverman hypothesized that "the putative linkage of RNase L alterations to HPC might reflect enhanced susceptibility to a viral agent" and conducted a viral screen of prostate cancer samples,[19] leading to the discovery of XMRV.

Disease association studies edit

Prostate cancer edit

Detection of XMRV was reported in several articles.[2][20] However, subsequent studies and retractions cast doubt on these findings.[21][22]

Other conditions edit

In one study, XMRV was detected in a small percentage of patients with weakened immune systems,[23] but other studies found no evidence of XMRV in immunosuppression.[24][25]

Controversy and origins edit

Concerns arose as multiple subsequent studies failed to replicate the positive findings of XMRV in the blood of patients with CFS, prostate cancer, and other illnesses.[26][8][27][28]

Separate from these concerns, alarms were raised over the possibility that XMRV might be transmissible by blood transfusion since the virus was recovered from lymphocytes (white blood cells).[29] XMRV is closely related to several known xenotropic mouse viruses which can recognize and enter cells of non-rodent species (including humans) by means of the cell surface xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1 (XPR1).[30] As a result, the AABB (formerly the American Association of Blood Banks) established a task force to determine the prevalence of XMRV in the United States' blood donation supply and the suitability of different detection methods.[29]

In September 2011, the Scientific Research Working Group (SRWG) arm of the AABB task force released its findings that current assays could not reliably identify XMRV in human blood samples which had previously tested as XMRV/MLV positive; the only two labs which reported positive findings of XMRV in samples which were previously reported as positive (the WPI and NCI/Ruscetti labs) also reported positive findings in samples which were known XMRV negative.[31]

Multiple contemporary studies concluded that XMRV was most likely a result of incidental recombination of mouse viruses during prostate cancer research in the 1990s. Positive findings of the virus were likely due to contamination rather than true presence of the virus in humans.[8][3][5][4] A subsequent analysis also found that the primers used to detect and replicate traces of XMRV in PCR testing are, in fact, neither selective nor specific to XMRV and will actually react to various non-XMRV sequences naturally found in mammalian genomes.[32] In the meantime, multiple other studies also failed to find any link between XMRV and CFS or prostate cancer.[33][34][35] As a result, many of the key publications which did claim an association were voluntarily retracted.[2][36][21] This included the initial study which had linked XMRV to CFS, which was retracted at Silverman's request; one of the co-authors, Judy Mikovits, was also accused of scientific misconduct.[37][38][39]

References edit

  1. ^ . Centers for Disease Control. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
  2. ^ a b c Urisman, A.; Molinaro, R.J.; Fischer, N.; Plummer, S.J.; Casey, G.; Klein, E.A.; Malathi, K.; Magi-Galluzzi, C.; Tubbs, R. R.; Ganem, D. (2006). "Identification of a novel Gammaretrovirus in prostate tumors of patients homozygous for R462Q RNASEL variant". PLOS Pathog. 2 (3): e25. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0020025. PMC 1434790. PMID 16609730. (Retracted, see doi:10.1371/annotation/7e2efc01-2e9b-4e9b-aef0-87ab0e4e4732)
  3. ^ a b c , National Cancer Institute (NCI), 31 May 2011, archived from the original on 2015-11-17, retrieved 16 November 2015
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  24. ^ Henrich, TJ; Li, JZ; Felsenstein, D; Kotton, CN; Plenge, RM; Pereyra, F; Marty, FM; Lin, NH; et al. (2010). "Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus prevalence in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome or chronic immunomodulatory conditions". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 202 (10): 1478–81. doi:10.1086/657168. PMC 2957553. PMID 20936980.
  25. ^ Barnes, E; Flanagan, P; Brown, A; Robinson, N; Brown, H; McClure, M; Oxenius, A; Collier, J; et al. (2010). "Failure to detect xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus in blood of individuals at high risk of blood-borne viral infections". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 202 (10): 1482–5. doi:10.1086/657167. hdl:20.500.11850/24494. PMID 20936982.
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External links edit

  • , Updated June 18, 2010
  • Center for Disease Control: XMRV Information

April 11, 2024
xenotropic, murine, leukemia, virus, related, virus, xmrv, retrovirus, which, first, described, 2006, apparently, novel, human, pathogen, found, tissue, samples, from, with, prostate, cancer, initial, reports, erroneously, linked, virus, prostate, cancer, late. Xenotropic murine leukemia virus related virus XMRV is a retrovirus which was first described in 2006 as an apparently novel human pathogen found in tissue samples from men with prostate cancer 1 2 Initial reports erroneously linked the virus to prostate cancer and later to chronic fatigue syndrome CFS leading to considerable interest in the scientific and patient communities investigation of XMRV as a potential cause of multiple medical conditions and public health concerns about the safety of the donated blood supply 3 4 5 Xenotropic murine leukemia virus related virusVirus classification unranked VirusRealm RiboviriaKingdom PararnaviraePhylum ArtverviricotaClass RevtraviricetesOrder OrterviralesFamily RetroviridaeGenus GammaretrovirusVirus Xenotropic murine leukemia virus related virusXenotropic viruses replicate or reproduce in cells other than those of the host species 6 Murine refers to the rodent family Muridae which includes common household rats and mice 7 Subsequent research established that XMRV was in fact a laboratory contaminant rather than a novel pathogen 4 5 and had been generated unintentionally in the laboratory through genetic recombination between two mouse retroviruses during propagation of a prostate cancer cell line in the mid 1990s 3 4 5 These findings raised serious questions concerning the findings of XMRV related studies which purported to find connections between XMRV and human diseases 8 As of 2022 update there is no evidence that XMRV infects humans nor that XMRV is associated with or causes any human disease 9 10 11 Contents 1 Classification and genome 2 Discovery 3 Disease association studies 3 1 Prostate cancer 3 2 Other conditions 4 Controversy and origins 5 References 6 External linksClassification and genome editXMRV is a murine leukemia virus MLV that formed through the recombination of the genomes of two parent MLVs known as preXMRV 1 and preXMRV 2 12 MLVs belong to the virus family Retroviridae and the genus gammaretrovirus and have a single stranded RNA genome that replicates through a DNA intermediate The name XMRV was given because the discoverers of the virus initially thought that it was a novel potential human pathogen that was related to but distinct from MLVs The XMRV particle is approximately spherical and 80 to 100 nm in diameter citation needed Several XMRV genomic sequences have been published to date These sequences are almost identical an unusual finding 13 as retroviruses replicate their genomes with relatively low fidelity leading to divergent viral sequences in a single host organism 13 14 In 2010 the results of phylogenetic analyses of XMRV and related murine retroviruses led a group of researchers to conclude that XMRV might not be a genuine human pathogen 15 8 Xenotropic viruses xenos Gr foreign tropos Gr turning were initially discovered in the New Zealand Black NZB mouse and later found to be present in many other mouse strains including wild mice 16 17 Discovery editXMRV was discovered in the laboratories of Joseph DeRisi at the University of California San Francisco and Robert Silverman and Eric Klein of the Cleveland Clinic Silverman had previously cloned and investigated the enzyme ribonuclease L RNase L part of the cell s natural defense against viruses When activated RNase L degrades cellular and viral RNA to halt viral replication In 2002 the hereditary prostate cancer 1 locus HPC1 was mapped to the RNase L gene implicating it in the development of prostate cancer 18 The cancer associated R462Q mutation results in a glutamine instead of an arginine at position 462 of the RNase L enzyme reducing its catalytic activity A man with two copies of this mutation has twice the risk of prostate cancer one copy raises the risk by 50 19 Klein and Silverman hypothesized that the putative linkage of RNase L alterations to HPC might reflect enhanced susceptibility to a viral agent and conducted a viral screen of prostate cancer samples 19 leading to the discovery of XMRV Disease association studies editProstate cancer edit Detection of XMRV was reported in several articles 2 20 However subsequent studies and retractions cast doubt on these findings 21 22 Other conditions edit In one study XMRV was detected in a small percentage of patients with weakened immune systems 23 but other studies found no evidence of XMRV in immunosuppression 24 25 Controversy and origins editConcerns arose as multiple subsequent studies failed to replicate the positive findings of XMRV in the blood of patients with CFS prostate cancer and other illnesses 26 8 27 28 Separate from these concerns alarms were raised over the possibility that XMRV might be transmissible by blood transfusion since the virus was recovered from lymphocytes white blood cells 29 XMRV is closely related to several known xenotropic mouse viruses which can recognize and enter cells of non rodent species including humans by means of the cell surface xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1 XPR1 30 As a result the AABB formerly the American Association of Blood Banks established a task force to determine the prevalence of XMRV in the United States blood donation supply and the suitability of different detection methods 29 In September 2011 the Scientific Research Working Group SRWG arm of the AABB task force released its findings that current assays could not reliably identify XMRV in human blood samples which had previously tested as XMRV MLV positive the only two labs which reported positive findings of XMRV in samples which were previously reported as positive the WPI and NCI Ruscetti labs also reported positive findings in samples which were known XMRV negative 31 Multiple contemporary studies concluded that XMRV was most likely a result of incidental recombination of mouse viruses during prostate cancer research in the 1990s Positive findings of the virus were likely due to contamination rather than true presence of the virus in humans 8 3 5 4 A subsequent analysis also found that the primers used to detect and replicate traces of XMRV in PCR testing are in fact neither selective nor specific to XMRV and will actually react to various non XMRV sequences naturally found in mammalian genomes 32 In the meantime multiple other studies also failed to find any link between XMRV and CFS or prostate cancer 33 34 35 As a result many of the key publications which did claim an association were voluntarily retracted 2 36 21 This included the initial study which had linked XMRV to CFS which was retracted at Silverman s request one of the co authors Judy Mikovits was also accused of scientific misconduct 37 38 39 References edit XMRV Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus related Virus CDC Centers for Disease Control Archived from the original on 18 April 2018 Retrieved 2018 04 17 a b c Urisman A Molinaro R J Fischer N Plummer S J Casey G Klein E A Malathi K Magi Galluzzi C Tubbs R R Ganem D 2006 Identification of a novel Gammaretrovirus in prostate tumors of patients homozygous for R462Q RNASEL variant PLOS Pathog 2 3 e25 doi 10 1371 journal ppat 0020025 PMC 1434790 PMID 16609730 Retracted see doi 10 1371 annotation 7e2efc01 2e9b 4e9b aef0 87ab0e4e4732 a b c Origins of XMRV deciphered undermining claims for a role in human disease National Cancer Institute NCI 31 May 2011 archived from the original on 2015 11 17 retrieved 16 November 2015 a b c d NCI s Vinay K Pathak on the De Discovery of a Retrovirus Disease Link Science Watch Fast Breaking Papers 2012 retrieved 16 November 2015 a b c d Paprotka T Delviks Frankenberry KA Cingoz O Martinez A Hsing Jien K Tepper CG Wei Shau H Fivash Jr MJ Coffin JM Pathak VK 1 July 2011 Recombinant origin of the retrovirus XMRV Science 333 6038 97 101 Bibcode 2011Sci 333 97P doi 10 1126 science 1205292 ISSN 0036 8075 PMC 3278917 PMID 21628392 via EBSCO login Definition of xenotropic Merriam Webster Retrieved 2020 05 06 Definition of murine Merriam Webster Retrieved 2020 05 06 a b c d Smith RA December 2010 Contamination of clinical specimens with MLV encoding nucleic acids implications for XMRV and other candidate human retroviruses PDF Retrovirology 7 1 112 doi 10 1186 1742 4690 7 112 PMC 3022688 PMID 21171980 Arias M Fan H January 2014 The saga of XMRV a virus that infects human cells but is not a human virus Emerging Microbes amp Infections 3 1 e doi 10 1038 emi 2014 25 PMC 4008767 PMID 26038516 XMRV Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus related Virus Updates Centers for Disease Control 23 August 2010 Archived from the original on 27 June 2018 Retrieved 5 March 2023 Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus Related Virus XMRV and other Polytropic Murine Leukemia Viruses pMLV PDF AABB October 2012 Archived from the original PDF on 6 July 2022 Retrieved 5 March 2023 Cingoz O Paprotka T Delviks Frankenberry KA Wildt S Hu WS Pathak VK Coffin JM 2012 Characterization mapping and distribution of the two XMRV parental proviruses Journal of Virology 86 1 328 38 doi 10 1128 JVI 06022 11 PMC 3255884 PMID 22031947 a b Lee K Jones KS February 2010 The path well traveled using mammalian retroviruses to guide research on XMRV Molecular Interventions 10 1 20 4 doi 10 1124 mi 10 1 5 PMC 2895355 PMID 20124560 Voisin V Rassart E May 2007 Complete genome sequences of the two viral variants of the Graffi MuLV phylogenetic relationship with other murine leukemia retroviruses Virology 361 2 335 47 doi 10 1016 j virol 2006 10 045 PMID 17208267 Hue S Gray ER Gall A Katzourakis A Tan CP Houldcroft CJ McLaren S Pillay D et al 2010 Disease associated XMRV sequences are consistent with laboratory contamination Retrovirology 7 1 111 doi 10 1186 1742 4690 7 111 PMC 3018392 PMID 21171979 Levy JA 14 December 1973 Xenotropic Viruses Murine Leukemia Viruses Associated with NIH Swiss NZB and Other Mouse Strains Science 182 4117 1151 1153 Bibcode 1973Sci 182 1151L doi 10 1126 science 182 4117 1151 PMID 4356281 S2CID 22929896 Levy JA 1978 Xenotropic Type C Viruses Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry Vol 79 pp 111 213 doi 10 1007 978 3 642 66853 1 4 ISBN 978 1 4612 9003 2 PMID 77206 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a journal ignored help Carpten J Nupponen N Isaacs S et al February 2002 Germline mutations in the ribonuclease L gene in families showing linkage with HPC1 Nature Genetics 30 2 181 4 doi 10 1038 ng823 PMID 11799394 S2CID 2922306 a b Silverman RH 2007 A scientific journey through the 2 5A RNase L system Cytokine amp Growth Factor Reviews 18 5 6 381 8 doi 10 1016 j cytogfr 2007 06 012 PMC 2075094 PMID 17681844 Arnold RS Makarova NV Osunkoya AO Suppiah S Scott TA Johnson NA Bhosle SM Liotta D et al 2010 XMRV infection in patients with prostate cancer novel serologic assay and correlation with PCR and FISH Urology 75 4 755 61 doi 10 1016 j urology 2010 01 038 PMID 20371060 a b Schlaberg R Choe DJ Brown KR Thaker HM Singh IR 22 September 2009 XMRV is present in malignant prostatic epithelium and is associated with prostate cancer especially high grade tumors PNAS 106 38 16351 16356 Bibcode 2009PNAS 10616351S doi 10 1073 pnas 0906922106 PMC 2739868 PMID 19805305 Retracted see doi 10 1073 pnas 1409186111 Lee D Das Gupta J Gaughan C Steffen I Tang N Luk KC Qiu X Urisman A Fischer N Molinaro R Broz M Schochetman G Klein EA Ganem D DeRisi JL Simmons G Hackett J Silverman RH Chiu CY 18 September 2012 In Depth Investigation of Archival and Prospectively Collected Samples Reveals No Evidence for XMRV Infection in Prostate Cancer PLoS ONE 7 9 e44954 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 744954L doi 10 1371 journal pone 0044954 PMC 3445615 PMID 23028701 Fischer N Schulz C Stieler K Hohn O Lange C Drosten C Aepfelbacher M June 2010 Xenotropic murine leukemia virus related gammaretrovirus in respiratory tract Emerg Infect Dis 16 6 1000 2 doi 10 3201 eid1606 100066 PMC 3086240 PMID 20507757 PDF https www cdc gov eid content 16 6 pdfs 1000 pdf Archived 2010 06 13 at the Wayback Machine Henrich TJ Li JZ Felsenstein D Kotton CN Plenge RM Pereyra F Marty FM Lin NH et al 2010 Xenotropic murine leukemia virus related virus prevalence in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome or chronic immunomodulatory conditions The Journal of Infectious Diseases 202 10 1478 81 doi 10 1086 657168 PMC 2957553 PMID 20936980 Barnes E Flanagan P Brown A Robinson N Brown H McClure M Oxenius A Collier J et al 2010 Failure to detect xenotropic murine leukemia virus related virus in blood of individuals at high risk of blood borne viral infections The Journal of Infectious Diseases 202 10 1482 5 doi 10 1086 657167 hdl 20 500 11850 24494 PMID 20936982 van der Kuyl AC Cornelissen M Berkhout B 2011 Of Mice and Men On the Origin of XMRV Frontiers in Microbiology 1 147 doi 10 3389 fmicb 2010 00147 PMC 3109487 PMID 21687768 Published Studies on XMRV and pMLV Findings in Human Diseases and the General Population PDF AABB September 2012 Archived from the original PDF on 27 May 2022 Retrieved 5 March 2023 Dodd R Y December 2011 XMRV and blood safety a case study of science and public pressure XMRV and blood safety ISBT Science Series 6 2 446 448 doi 10 1111 j 1751 2824 2011 01538 x a b Klein HG Dodd RY Hollinger FB Katz LM Kleinman S McCleary KK Silverman RH Stramer SL AABB Interorganizational Task Force on XMRV 2011 Xenotropic murine leukemia virus related virus XMRV and blood transfusion report of the AABB interorganizational XMRV task force Transfusion 51 3 654 61 doi 10 1111 j 1537 2995 2010 03012 x PMID 21235597 S2CID 31115745 Kozak CA 2010 The mouse xenotropic gammaretroviruses and their XPR1 receptor Retrovirology 7 101 doi 10 1186 1742 4690 7 101 PMC 3009702 PMID 21118532 Simmons G Glynn SA Komaroff AL Mikovits JA Tobler LH Hackett J Tang N Switzer WM Heneine W Hewlett IK Zhao J Lo SC Alter HJ Linnen JM Gao K Coffin JM Kearney MF Ruscetti FW Pfost MA Bethel J Kleinman S Holmberg JA Busch MP 11 November 2011 Failure to Confirm XMRV MLVs in the Blood of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A Multi Laboratory Study Science 334 6057 814 817 Bibcode 2011Sci 334 814S doi 10 1126 science 1213841 PMC 3299483 PMID 21940862 Panelli S Lorusso L Balestrieri A Lupo G Capelli E 22 May 2017 XMRV and Public Health The Retroviral Genome Is Not a Suitable Template for Diagnostic PCR and Its Association with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Appears Unreliable Frontiers in Public Health 5 108 doi 10 3389 fpubh 2017 00108 PMC 5439170 PMID 28589117 Robinson MJ Erlwein O McClure MO November 2011 Xenotropic murine leukaemia virus related virus XMRV does not cause chronic fatigue Trends in Microbiology 19 11 525 529 doi 10 1016 j tim 2011 08 005 PMID 21978843 Alter HJ Mikovits JA Switzer WM Ruscetti FW Lo SC Klimas N Komaroff AL Montoya JG Bateman L Levine S Peterson D Levin B Hanson MR Genfi A Bhat M Zheng H Wang R Li B Hung GC Lee LL Sameroff S Heneine W Coffin J Hornig M Lipkin WI November 2012 A Multicenter Blinded Analysis Indicates No Association between Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and either Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus Related Virus or Polytropic Murine Leukemia Virus mBio 3 5 e00266 12 doi 10 1128 mBio 00266 12 PMC 3448165 PMID 22991430 Sfanos KS Aloia AL De Marzo AM Rein A February 2012 XMRV and prostate cancer a final perspective Nature Reviews Urology 9 2 111 118 doi 10 1038 nrurol 2011 225 PMC 4029112 PMID 22231291 Lo SC Pripuzova N Li B Komaroff AL Hung GC Wang R Alter HJ 7 September 2010 Detection of MLV related virus gene sequences in blood of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and healthy blood donors PNAS 107 36 15874 9 Bibcode 2010PNAS 10715874L doi 10 1073 pnas 1006901107 PMC 2936598 PMID 20798047 Retracted see doi 10 1073 pnas 1119641109 Lombardi VC Ruscetti FW Das Gupta J Pfost MA Hagen KS Peterson DL Ruscetti SK Bagni RK Petrow Sadowski C Gold B Dean M Silverman RH Mikovits JA 23 October 2009 Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus XMRV in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Science 326 5952 585 589 Bibcode 2009Sci 326 585L doi 10 1126 science 1179052 PMID 19815723 Retracted see doi 10 1126 science 334 6063 1636 a Cohen Jon 22 December 2011 UPDATED In a Rare Move Science Without Authors Consent Retracts Paper That Tied Mouse Virus to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Science Archived from the original on 16 November 2022 Retrieved 5 March 2023 Tsouderos Trine October 3 2011 Manipulation alleged in paper linking virus chronic fatigue syndrome Chicago Tribune Archived from the original on 28 October 2022 External links editXMRV Fact Sheet AABB org formerly American Association of Blood Banks Archived Updated June 18 2010 Center for Disease Control XMRV Information Archived Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Xenotropic murine leukemia virus related virus amp oldid 1208819424, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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