Wanggumara
The Wanggumara, also spelt Wangkumara, Wongkumara, Wangkumarra, and other variants, are an Aboriginal people of the state of Queensland, Australia.
Language edit
Old Wankumara, spoken along the Bulloo River with the Kalali people, was a 'Karna–Mari fringe' language which died out with the passing of its last speakers in the late 20th century.[citation needed] 'Modern' Wankumara, spoken along the Wilson River, is a Karnic language, which according to Breen (1967) was identical to the speech of other peoples speaking the Wilson River language. The disambiguator 'modern' simply refers to the fact that the Wanggumara people continued speaking that language more recently than the other.[1]
Country edit
According to Norman Tindale, the Wanggumara lands covered some 4,500 square miles (12,000 km2), stretching over Cooper Creek east of Nappa Merrie and Orientos to the area around the ephemeral Wilson River at Nockatunga.[2]
Writing in 1886, F. W. Myles described their neighbouring tribes as follows:
The names of the tribes which adjoin the Wonkomarra are, to the south, the Poidgerry (on the Currowinya Downs station) and the Bitharra (on the Bulloo Downs station); to the west, the Thiralla (on the Nockatoongo station) and Eromarra (on the Conbar station); to the north, the Bunthomarra (on the Mount Margaret station) and the Murgoin (on the Ardock station); and on the east by the same tribe (on the Dynevor station).[3]
History of contact edit
The first settlers arrived in 1863, and within two decades their population had been reduced substantially to just 90 people.[3] Those surviving moved to Chastleton and NCarcowlah where they mingled with the Kalali.[2]
Social organisation edit
The Wanggumara were divided into hordes, concerning which two names possibly referring to their clans survive:[2]
- Balpamadramadra (perhaps a clan at Nappa Merrie)
- Jaramarala (perhaps a clan at Baryulah).
Alternative names edit
- Wangkumara, Wonkamara, Wonkomarra,[3] Wonkamarra, Wonkamura, Wonkamurra
- Wonkubara, Wanggumara
- Papagunu (derogatory Yandruwandha exonym name, signifying "dog shit")
- Balpamadramadra
- Jaramarala[2]
Some words edit
- mari. (dog, whether wild or tame)
- wanyu. (father)
- unu. (mother)
- doona. (white man, meaning properly "ghost").[4]
Notes edit
Citations edit
- ^ L25 Wangkumara at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ a b c d Tindale 1974, p. 190.
- ^ a b c Myles 1886, p. 36.
- ^ Myles 1886, p. 40.
Sources edit
- Mathews, R. H. (1899). "Divisions of some Aboriginal Tribes, Queensland". Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales. 33: 108–111. doi:10.5962/p.359316. S2CID 259699375. from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
- Mathews, R. H. (January 1900). "Divisions of the South Australian Aborigines". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 39 (161): 78–91+93. JSTOR 983545.
- Mathews, R. H. (1905). "Ethnological notes on the aboriginal tribes of Queensland" (PDF). Queensland Geographical Journal. 29: 49–75.
- Myles, F. W. (1886). "Thargominda, Bulloo River" (PDF). In Curr, Edward Micklethwaite (ed.). The Australian race: its origin, languages, customs, place of landing in Australia and the routes by which it spread itself over the continent. Vol. 2. Melbourne: J. Ferres. pp. 36–41.
- Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Wongkumara (QLD)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University Press. from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.