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Women's gridiron football

April 13, 2024

Women's gridiron football, more commonly known as women's tackle football, women's American football, women's Canadian football, or simply women's football, is a form of gridiron football (American or Canadian) played by women. Most leagues play by similar rules to the men's game. Women primarily play on a semi-professional or amateur level in the United States. Very few high schools or colleges offer the sport solely for women and girls. However, on occasion, it is permissible for a female player to join the otherwise male team.

Sarah Schkeeper in a game between the New York Sharks and the Philadelphia Firebirds

History edit

Women and girls were playing tackle football not long after the sport was invented in the 1880s, often in educational settings.[1] For over 70 years, however, female involvement in football was reported in the media as a novel "spectacle".[2][3] According to The Women's Football Encyclopedia, during this period, "powder bowl" events were "unusual and nonrecurring, and they were universally treated by the press as more farce than competitive football."[3]

Early participation edit

The first recorded instance of women playing football in the United States was in 1892, when students at the Philadelphia School of Design for Women played with "modified tackling rules".[4][5] Starting in the 1890s, there were also numerous articles alluding to students at women's colleges playing football, at Wellesley College in Massachusetts and at Vassar College in New York.[1] However, sports historian Katie Taylor questions the veracity of these accounts, and suggests that any games that did take place at Seven Sisters schools during these years were informal rather than competitive.[1]

On November 21, 1896, a men's social club in New York set up a scrimmage between two teams of five women each, wearing the colors of Yale and Princeton, outside the casino at Sulzer's Harlem River Park, as entertainment before a masked ball.[2][6] The Sun reported that after only a few plays, the local police captain had to step in to halt the event, after the crowd of men watching the women tackling each other started pushing, and it looked like someone could get crushed.[6][2] In 1897, the San Francisco Grays played against the Oakland Browns, winning 20 to 8, in a women's football game played at the Velodrome under rugby rules.[7][5]

1920s edit

On December 8, 1922, Maui High School in the Territory of Hawaii held the first of two girls' football games that month with a team of sophomores and seniors playing against a team of juniors and freshman.[8] The Maui News described it as "a game which afforded much amusement to the masculine element", but also noted that "The Hi girls proved that when it comes to grit, they're there with the goods."[8] In 1925, a woman's football game played at San Jose State Teachers' College between two teams drawn from the school's gymnasium classes was covered by the Associated Press and The New York Times.[9][5]

On November 6, 1926, the Frankford Yellow Jackets of Philadelphia, who went on to win the NFL championship that year, featured "Lady Yellow Jackets" as halftime entertainment during their game against the Chicago Cardinals, in front of an audience of 8,000.[3][10] Although the NFL connection has led many to pinpoint this event as the start of women's football,[11] a detailed account in the Philadelphia Public Ledger makes it clear that it was nothing more than a comedy act.[3][10][12] The eleven Lady Yellow Jackets danced the Charleston,[10] and the team they faced consisted of two old men.[3][10] Furthermore, there is no evidence to suggest that this was more than a one-time event, or that other NFL franchises had similar ladies' "teams".[3]

1930s edit

A few women's football leagues emerged in the 1930s, including one in Ohio in 1934 and another in Los Angeles in 1939, but were short-lived.[5]

1960s and 1970s edit

The women's game started to formalize in the 1960s, after entrepreneur Sid Friedman founded the Women's Professional Football League in 1965.[5]

Leagues edit

 
The Eastern State Women's Football Team, 1945

Leagues play American football unless otherwise noted.

United States edit

Main articles: Women's football in the United States and United States women's national American football team

Canada edit

Australia edit

Europe edit

  • Legends Football League Europa (LFL) (Debut 2015)
  • Austrian Football Division Ladies (AFL Division Ladies) (Debut 2000)
  • BAFA National Women's Football League (NWFL) (BAFA Women's)

Finland edit

  • Naisten vaahteraliiga

Germany edit

  • Damenbundesliga
  • 2. Damenbundesliga
  • Aufbauliga NRW

Mexico edit

  • Football Xtremo Femenil
  • Asociación de Football Femenil Equipado
  • Liga Mexicana de Football Lingerie
  • Pretty Girls Football League
  • Liga Iberoamericana de Bikini Football
  • Women's Football League

US defunct leagues edit

Women in college and professional football edit

Main article: List of female American football players

Of the women who have seen action in men's college and pro football, almost all have been in special teams positions that are protected from physical contact. The first professional player was a placekick holder (a position usually occupied by a person who holds another position on the team), while the best known female college football players were all placekickers, with all having primarily played women's soccer prior to converting.

Patricia Palinkas is on record as being the first female professional football player, having played for the Orlando Panthers of the Atlantic Coast Football League in 1970.[14] Palinkas was a placekick holder for her placekicker husband.[15]

On October 18, 1997, Liz Heaston became the first woman to play and score in a college football game, kicking two extra points.[16] Prior to this game, female athletes at Duke and Louisville had come close to playing in a game but did not.[17] In 2001, Ashley Martin became the second female athlete to score in a college football game, this time in the NCAA.

In 2003, Katie Hnida became the first woman to score in an NCAA Division I-A game. She accomplished this as placekicker for the University of New Mexico Lobos on August 30, 2003.[18] She later became the second professional player, when she signed with the Fort Wayne FireHawks.

Julie Harshbarger, a placekicker for numerous Chicago-based Continental Indoor Football League teams, became the first female player to win a most valuable player award in an otherwise all-male league in 2014. By kicking five field goals that season, she earned the title of special teams player of the year, leading all kickers in the league in scoring; with a career spanning seven seasons, Harshbarger's career was the longest documented of any woman playing in a predominantly men's professional league.

In 2020, Sarah Fuller became the first woman to play in a Power Five football game when she took the opening kickoff of the second half of the Vanderbilt Commodores' game against the Missouri Tigers with a 30-yard squib kick on November 28, 2020.[19][20][21] (It is important to note that the term "Power Five" was not in use when Katie Hnida became the first woman to score in an NCAA Division I-A game in 2003; Hnida played at the Mountain West Conference, which did not have Automatic Qualifying status in the Bowl Championship Series.[22])

Jennifer Welter became the first female skill position player at the male professional level by playing as a running back in the Texas Revolution in 2014.

To date, no women have ever played a line position above the high school level. Holley Mangold, whose brother Nick played several years in the NFL and who herself played as a lineswoman in high school, declined to further pursue football in college, fearing she had no chance to play professionally as a woman; she later went on to become an Olympic weightlifter.[23]

Brittanee Jacobs is the first female football coach at the collegiate level. She helped coach safeties at Central Methodist University during the 2012 season.[24] Welter became the first female coach at the professional level when she took a preseason position with the Arizona Cardinals in 2015; a year later, Kathryn Smith, who had spent several years as a front office assistant, took a quality control coaching position with the Buffalo Bills, making her the first permanent female coach in National Football League history. In 2020, Callie Brownson became the first woman to coach an NFL position group in a regular-season game when she filled in for the Cleveland Browns tight ends coach Drew Petzing.[25]

In 2013, Lauren Silberman became the first woman to try out at the NFL Regional Scouting Combine (2013).[26][27] Silberman tried out for the NFL after playing club soccer in college and taking up kicking footballs as a hobby several months before the tryout.[28] During her tryout, she met with medical staff to address a leg injury after making two kicks, and did not complete the remaining kicks.[28]

International competition edit

The world governing body for American football associations, the International Federation of American Football (IFAF), held the first Women's World Cup in Stockholm, Sweden, in 2010. Six nations participated in the inaugural event: Austria, Canada, Finland, Germany, Sweden, and the United States. The United States won the gold by beating Canada, 66–0. The 2013 World Championship, in Finland, was held from 30 June 2013 to 7 July 2013. The United States won gold again, beating Sweden 84-0 and Germany 107–7 in order to make it to the gold medal match with Canada, whom they beat 64–0. In the 2017 IFAF Women's World Championship, held in Canada, the six teams invited were; Australia, Canada, Finland, Great Britain, Mexico and the United States. The United States continued their dominance, claiming gold, while Canada and Mexico won silver and bronze respectively.

IFAF has confirmed Palma, located on the Spanish island of Mallorca, Spain as host for 2021 IFAF Flag Football World Championship from October 6 to 10 2021. It will be the first time Spain has staged the World Championships which have been held since 1998. Normally conducted every two years, Denmark was scheduled to host the 2020 edition only for it to be cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic.[29]

See also edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Women's American football.

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Taylor, Katharine Elizabeth (December 2020). 'Invaded by Daughters of Eve': Women Playing American Football, 1890-1960 (PDF). Leicester, United Kingdom: Ph.D. Thesis, De Montfort University – via DORA (De Montfort Open Research Archive).
  2. ^ a b c de la Cretaz, Britni; D'Arcangelo, Lyndsey (2021). Hail Mary: The Rise and Fall of the National Women's Football League. New York: Bold Type Books. pp. 39–41. ISBN 9781645036623.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Rozendaal, Neal (2016). The Women's Football Encyclopedia (2016 ed.). Rockville, Maryland: Rozehawk Publishing. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-9970637-0-7.
  4. ^ "Girls at football". The Daily Times. Brunswick, New Jersey. November 14, 1892. p. 2. Retrieved May 27, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. ^ a b c d e Taylor, Katie; Linden, Andrew D.; Antunovic, Dunja (2021). "'From Beach Nymph to Gridiron Amazon': Media Coverage of Women in American Football, 1934–1979". Communication & Sport. 9 (3). doi:10.1177/2167479519871961 – via EBSCO.
  6. ^ a b "Football Game by Girls". The Sun. New York. November 23, 1896. p. 4. Retrieved May 28, 2022 – via Library of Congress.
  7. ^ "Amazons Vigorously Kick the Pigskin". The Examiner. San Francisco. December 26, 1897. p. 19. Retrieved May 28, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  8. ^ a b "Hi Girls Invade Football World". The Maui News. December 15, 1922. p. 5. Retrieved May 29, 2022 – via Chronicling America.
  9. ^ "Two Girls' Football Teams Wage 6–6 Tie on the Coast". Sports. The New York Times. November 22, 1925. p. 6. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  10. ^ a b c d Leone, Danni (2006). (PDF). Ghosts of the Gridiron. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 3, 2015.
  11. ^ Kantor, Stuart (2000). "The History of Women's Professional Football" (PDF). The Coffin Corner. 22 (1): 1–2 – via Professional Football Researchers Association.
  12. ^ "Girl Grid Players Add Color to Game". Philadelphia Public Ledger. November 7, 1926.
  13. ^ Melinda Sparks. "Central Florida Anarchy Women's Football Team Home". Cfanarchy.com. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
  14. ^ "A History of Women in Tackle Football". Angelfire.com. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
  15. ^ Associated Press (1970-09-04). "First woman to earn place on pro grid team is also suspended." Retrieved 2010-12-25.
  16. ^ Ley, Bob (October 15, 2000). "Page 2-Outside the Lines: Heather Sue Mercer suit". ESPN.com. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
  17. ^ "Woman Kicks Extra Points". New York Times. October 20, 1997. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
  18. ^ . Archived from the original on August 10, 2010. Retrieved October 18, 2010. (2-2 PATs, New Mexico vs. Texas State, 8/30/03)
  19. ^ "Vanderbilt kicker Sarah Fuller makes history as first woman to play in a Power Five college football game". CBSSports.com. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
  20. ^ Scarborough, Alex (November 27, 2020). "Vanderbilt kicker Sarah Fuller to suit up vs. Missouri on Saturday, can make history". ESPN. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
  21. ^ "Vanderbilt's Sarah Fuller could be first woman to play in Power 5 football game". ABC News. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
  22. ^ "Vanderbilt kicker Sarah Fuller, a Wylie grad, becomes first woman to play in Power Five football game". November 28, 2020.
  23. ^ Valade, Jodie (May 29, 2010). "Nick Mangold's 'girly-girl' sister gives up football for weightlifting". Cleveland Plain Dealer. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
  24. ^ Dellenger, Ross (October 2, 2012). "Jacobs gets foothold in football coaching". Columbia Daily Tribune. Retrieved May 2, 2013.
  25. ^ "Cleveland Browns: Callie Brownson becomes first female NFL position coach". Sky Sports.
  26. ^ Waszak, Dennis (March 3, 2013). "Female kicker's NFL tryout lasts all of 2 kicks". Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
  27. ^ "NFL Football | The Asbury Park Press NJ | app.com". Archived from the original on January 17, 2015. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
  28. ^ a b "Lauren Silberman Makes Short, But Historic Tryout For NFL Kicker". CBS News. March 3, 2013. Retrieved May 24, 2022.
  29. ^ "International American Football". www.ifaf.org. Retrieved December 30, 2020.

External links edit

  • "Women's Professional Football" history to 2000 Stuart Kantor, ProFootballResearchers.com (PDF)
  • Women's World Football Games | NFL Films Presents – YouTube
  • "History of women's football (so far)" Central Florida Anarchy
  • Sacramento Sirens
  • The First Women's Football Shirt website
  • Women's Football Forums
  • Official German website for league play
  • "Women Playing American Football in North America and Internationally" Ohio Northern University

April 13, 2024
women, gridiron, football, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, . This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Women s gridiron football news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2012 Learn how and when to remove this template message Women s gridiron football more commonly known as women s tackle football women s American football women s Canadian football or simply women s football is a form of gridiron football American or Canadian played by women Most leagues play by similar rules to the men s game Women primarily play on a semi professional or amateur level in the United States Very few high schools or colleges offer the sport solely for women and girls However on occasion it is permissible for a female player to join the otherwise male team Sarah Schkeeper in a game between the New York Sharks and the Philadelphia Firebirds Contents 1 History 1 1 Early participation 1 2 1920s 1 3 1930s 1 4 1960s and 1970s 2 Leagues 2 1 United States 2 2 Canada 2 3 Australia 2 4 Europe 2 5 Finland 2 6 Germany 2 7 Mexico 2 8 US defunct leagues 3 Women in college and professional football 4 International competition 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksHistory editWomen and girls were playing tackle football not long after the sport was invented in the 1880s often in educational settings 1 For over 70 years however female involvement in football was reported in the media as a novel spectacle 2 3 According to The Women s Football Encyclopedia during this period powder bowl events were unusual and nonrecurring and they were universally treated by the press as more farce than competitive football 3 Early participation edit The first recorded instance of women playing football in the United States was in 1892 when students at the Philadelphia School of Design for Women played with modified tackling rules 4 5 Starting in the 1890s there were also numerous articles alluding to students at women s colleges playing football at Wellesley College in Massachusetts and at Vassar College in New York 1 However sports historian Katie Taylor questions the veracity of these accounts and suggests that any games that did take place at Seven Sisters schools during these years were informal rather than competitive 1 On November 21 1896 a men s social club in New York set up a scrimmage between two teams of five women each wearing the colors of Yale and Princeton outside the casino at Sulzer s Harlem River Park as entertainment before a masked ball 2 6 The Sun reported that after only a few plays the local police captain had to step in to halt the event after the crowd of men watching the women tackling each other started pushing and it looked like someone could get crushed 6 2 In 1897 the San Francisco Grays played against the Oakland Browns winning 20 to 8 in a women s football game played at the Velodrome under rugby rules 7 5 1920s edit On December 8 1922 Maui High School in the Territory of Hawaii held the first of two girls football games that month with a team of sophomores and seniors playing against a team of juniors and freshman 8 The Maui News described it as a game which afforded much amusement to the masculine element but also noted that The Hi girls proved that when it comes to grit they re there with the goods 8 In 1925 a woman s football game played at San Jose State Teachers College between two teams drawn from the school s gymnasium classes was covered by the Associated Press and The New York Times 9 5 On November 6 1926 the Frankford Yellow Jackets of Philadelphia who went on to win the NFL championship that year featured Lady Yellow Jackets as halftime entertainment during their game against the Chicago Cardinals in front of an audience of 8 000 3 10 Although the NFL connection has led many to pinpoint this event as the start of women s football 11 a detailed account in the Philadelphia Public Ledger makes it clear that it was nothing more than a comedy act 3 10 12 The eleven Lady Yellow Jackets danced the Charleston 10 and the team they faced consisted of two old men 3 10 Furthermore there is no evidence to suggest that this was more than a one time event or that other NFL franchises had similar ladies teams 3 1930s edit A few women s football leagues emerged in the 1930s including one in Ohio in 1934 and another in Los Angeles in 1939 but were short lived 5 1960s and 1970s edit The women s game started to formalize in the 1960s after entrepreneur Sid Friedman founded the Women s Professional Football League in 1965 5 Leagues edit nbsp The Eastern State Women s Football Team 1945Leagues play American football unless otherwise noted United States edit Main articles Women s football in the United States and United States women s national American football team IconWFA Premier League of Texas IWFA 8 on 8 Women s Football Alliance WFA United States Women s Football League USWFL Extreme Football League X League Formerly Legends Football League Women s National Football Conference WNFC Xtreme Female Football League of Texas XFFL 8 on 8 Women s Tackle Football League WTFL Utah Girls Football League GFL youth high school level Canada edit Maritime Women s Football League MWFL Canadian football Western Women s Canadian Football League WWCFL Canadian football Central Canadian Women s Football League CCWFL Canadian football Australia edit Gridiron Australia Female Gridiron League of Queensland Ladies Football League Ladies Gridiron League Women s Gridiron Leagues of Australia Gridiron West WA Gridiron NSWEurope edit Legends Football League Europa LFL Debut 2015 Austrian Football Division Ladies AFL Division Ladies Debut 2000 BAFA National Women s Football League NWFL BAFA Women s Finland edit Naisten vaahteraliigaGermany edit Damenbundesliga 2 Damenbundesliga Aufbauliga NRWMexico edit Football Xtremo Femenil Asociacion de Football Femenil Equipado Liga Mexicana de Football Lingerie Pretty Girls Football League Liga Iberoamericana de Bikini Football Women s Football LeagueUS defunct leagues edit Women s Professional Football League WPFL 1965 1973 13 National Women s Football League NWFL 1974 1988 Western States Women s Professional Football League WSWPFL 1978 1980 Women s Tackle Football Association WTFA 1988 1990 Women s Professional Football League WPFL 1999 2008 National Women s Football Association NWFA 2000 2009 Independent Women s Football League IWFL 2001 2018 Women s American Football League WAFL 2001 2003 Women s Affiliate Football Conference WAFC 2002 United Women s Football League UWFL 2002 American Football Women s League AFWL 2002 2003 Women s Football Association WFA 2002 2003 Ladies Tackle Football League LTFL Central California disbanded circa 2004 Women s Football League WFL 2002 2007 Women s Arena Football League WAFL 2011 2013Women in college and professional football editMain article List of female American football players Of the women who have seen action in men s college and pro football almost all have been in special teams positions that are protected from physical contact The first professional player was a placekick holder a position usually occupied by a person who holds another position on the team while the best known female college football players were all placekickers with all having primarily played women s soccer prior to converting Patricia Palinkas is on record as being the first female professional football player having played for the Orlando Panthers of the Atlantic Coast Football League in 1970 14 Palinkas was a placekick holder for her placekicker husband 15 On October 18 1997 Liz Heaston became the first woman to play and score in a college football game kicking two extra points 16 Prior to this game female athletes at Duke and Louisville had come close to playing in a game but did not 17 In 2001 Ashley Martin became the second female athlete to score in a college football game this time in the NCAA In 2003 Katie Hnida became the first woman to score in an NCAA Division I A game She accomplished this as placekicker for the University of New Mexico Lobos on August 30 2003 18 She later became the second professional player when she signed with the Fort Wayne FireHawks Julie Harshbarger a placekicker for numerous Chicago based Continental Indoor Football League teams became the first female player to win a most valuable player award in an otherwise all male league in 2014 By kicking five field goals that season she earned the title of special teams player of the year leading all kickers in the league in scoring with a career spanning seven seasons Harshbarger s career was the longest documented of any woman playing in a predominantly men s professional league In 2020 Sarah Fuller became the first woman to play in a Power Five football game when she took the opening kickoff of the second half of the Vanderbilt Commodores game against the Missouri Tigers with a 30 yard squib kick on November 28 2020 19 20 21 It is important to note that the term Power Five was not in use when Katie Hnida became the first woman to score in an NCAA Division I A game in 2003 Hnida played at the Mountain West Conference which did not have Automatic Qualifying status in the Bowl Championship Series 22 Jennifer Welter became the first female skill position player at the male professional level by playing as a running back in the Texas Revolution in 2014 To date no women have ever played a line position above the high school level Holley Mangold whose brother Nick played several years in the NFL and who herself played as a lineswoman in high school declined to further pursue football in college fearing she had no chance to play professionally as a woman she later went on to become an Olympic weightlifter 23 Brittanee Jacobs is the first female football coach at the collegiate level She helped coach safeties at Central Methodist University during the 2012 season 24 Welter became the first female coach at the professional level when she took a preseason position with the Arizona Cardinals in 2015 a year later Kathryn Smith who had spent several years as a front office assistant took a quality control coaching position with the Buffalo Bills making her the first permanent female coach in National Football League history In 2020 Callie Brownson became the first woman to coach an NFL position group in a regular season game when she filled in for the Cleveland Browns tight ends coach Drew Petzing 25 In 2013 Lauren Silberman became the first woman to try out at the NFL Regional Scouting Combine 2013 26 27 Silberman tried out for the NFL after playing club soccer in college and taking up kicking footballs as a hobby several months before the tryout 28 During her tryout she met with medical staff to address a leg injury after making two kicks and did not complete the remaining kicks 28 International competition editThe world governing body for American football associations the International Federation of American Football IFAF held the first Women s World Cup in Stockholm Sweden in 2010 Six nations participated in the inaugural event Austria Canada Finland Germany Sweden and the United States The United States won the gold by beating Canada 66 0 The 2013 World Championship in Finland was held from 30 June 2013 to 7 July 2013 The United States won gold again beating Sweden 84 0 and Germany 107 7 in order to make it to the gold medal match with Canada whom they beat 64 0 In the 2017 IFAF Women s World Championship held in Canada the six teams invited were Australia Canada Finland Great Britain Mexico and the United States The United States continued their dominance claiming gold while Canada and Mexico won silver and bronze respectively IFAF has confirmed Palma located on the Spanish island of Mallorca Spain as host for 2021 IFAF Flag Football World Championship from October 6 to 10 2021 It will be the first time Spain has staged the World Championships which have been held since 1998 Normally conducted every two years Denmark was scheduled to host the 2020 edition only for it to be cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic 29 See also edit nbsp Sports portal nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Women s American football List of female American football players Powderpuff sports Utah Girls Tackle Football League List of female American football teamsReferences edit a b c Taylor Katharine Elizabeth December 2020 Invaded by Daughters of Eve Women Playing American Football 1890 1960 PDF Leicester United Kingdom Ph D Thesis De Montfort University via DORA De Montfort Open Research Archive a b c de la Cretaz Britni D Arcangelo Lyndsey 2021 Hail Mary The Rise and Fall of the National Women s Football League New York Bold Type Books pp 39 41 ISBN 9781645036623 a b c d e f Rozendaal Neal 2016 The Women s Football Encyclopedia 2016 ed Rockville Maryland Rozehawk Publishing p 1 ISBN 978 0 9970637 0 7 Girls at football The Daily Times Brunswick New Jersey November 14 1892 p 2 Retrieved May 27 2022 via Newspapers com a b c d e Taylor Katie Linden Andrew D Antunovic Dunja 2021 From Beach Nymph to Gridiron Amazon Media Coverage of Women in American Football 1934 1979 Communication amp Sport 9 3 doi 10 1177 2167479519871961 via EBSCO a b Football Game by Girls The Sun New York November 23 1896 p 4 Retrieved May 28 2022 via Library of Congress Amazons Vigorously Kick the Pigskin The Examiner San Francisco December 26 1897 p 19 Retrieved May 28 2022 via Newspapers com a b Hi Girls Invade Football World The Maui News December 15 1922 p 5 Retrieved May 29 2022 via Chronicling America Two Girls Football Teams Wage 6 6 Tie on the Coast Sports The New York Times November 22 1925 p 6 Retrieved May 28 2022 a b c d Leone Danni 2006 The 1926 Lady Yellowjackets From Flappers to Footballers PDF Ghosts of the Gridiron Archived from the original PDF on October 3 2015 Kantor Stuart 2000 The History of Women s Professional Football PDF The Coffin Corner 22 1 1 2 via Professional Football Researchers Association Girl Grid Players Add Color to Game Philadelphia Public Ledger November 7 1926 Melinda Sparks Central Florida Anarchy Women s Football Team Home Cfanarchy com Retrieved February 28 2017 A History of Women in Tackle Football Angelfire com Retrieved February 28 2017 Associated Press 1970 09 04 First woman to earn place on pro grid team is also suspended Retrieved 2010 12 25 Ley Bob October 15 2000 Page 2 Outside the Lines Heather Sue Mercer suit ESPN com Retrieved April 19 2011 Woman Kicks Extra Points New York Times October 20 1997 Retrieved April 20 2011 The University of New Mexico Official Athletic Site Archived from the original on August 10 2010 Retrieved October 18 2010 2 2 PATs New Mexico vs Texas State 8 30 03 Vanderbilt kicker Sarah Fuller makes history as first woman to play in a Power Five college football game CBSSports com Retrieved November 28 2020 Scarborough Alex November 27 2020 Vanderbilt kicker Sarah Fuller to suit up vs Missouri on Saturday can make history ESPN Retrieved November 28 2020 Vanderbilt s Sarah Fuller could be first woman to play in Power 5 football game ABC News Retrieved November 28 2020 Vanderbilt kicker Sarah Fuller a Wylie grad becomes first woman to play in Power Five football game November 28 2020 Valade Jodie May 29 2010 Nick Mangold s girly girl sister gives up football for weightlifting Cleveland Plain Dealer Retrieved June 23 2012 Dellenger Ross October 2 2012 Jacobs gets foothold in football coaching Columbia Daily Tribune Retrieved May 2 2013 Cleveland Browns Callie Brownson becomes first female NFL position coach Sky Sports Waszak Dennis March 3 2013 Female kicker s NFL tryout lasts all of 2 kicks Yahoo Sports Retrieved March 3 2013 NFL Football The Asbury Park Press NJ app com Archived from the original on January 17 2015 Retrieved January 13 2015 a b Lauren Silberman Makes Short But Historic Tryout For NFL Kicker CBS News March 3 2013 Retrieved May 24 2022 International American Football www ifaf org Retrieved December 30 2020 External links edit Women s Professional Football history to 2000 Stuart Kantor ProFootballResearchers com PDF Women s World Football Games NFL Films Presents YouTube History of women s football so far Central Florida Anarchy History of women s football Sacramento Sirens The First Women s Football Shirt website Women s Football Forums Official German website for league play Women Playing American Football in North America and Internationally Ohio Northern University Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Women 27s gridiron football amp oldid 1216110114, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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