Shipley (1978:89) listed three Wintuan languages in his encyclopedic overview of California Indian languages. More recently, Mithun (1999) split Southern Wintuan into a Patwin language and a Southern Patwin language, resulting in the following classification.
Wintu became extinct with the death of the last fluent speaker in 2003 (Golla 2011:143). Nomlaki has at least one partial speaker (as of 2010, Golla 2011:143). One speaker of Patwin (Hill Patwin dialect) remained in 2003 (Golla 2011:145). Southern Patwin, once spoken by the Suisun local tribe just northeast of San Francisco Bay, became extinct in the early 20th century and is thus poorly known (Golla 2011:146; Mithun 1999). Wintu proper is the best documented of the four Wintuan languages.
Pitkin (1984) estimated that the Wintuan languages were about as close to each other as the Romance languages. They may have diverged from a common tongue only 2,000 years ago. A comparative study including a reconstruction of Proto-Wintuan phonology, morphology and lexicon was undertaken by Shepherd (2006).
Possible relations to external language familiesedit
The Wintuan family is usually considered to be a member of the hypothetical Penutian language phylum (Golla 2011:128-168) and was one of the five branches of the original California kernel of Penutian proposed by Roland B. Dixon and Alfred L. Kroeber (1913a, 1913b). However, recent studies suggest that the Wintuans independently entered California about 1,500 years ago from an earlier location somewhere in Oregon (Golla 2007:75-78). The Wintuan pronominal system closely resembles that of Klamath, while there are numerous lexical resemblances between Northern Wintuan and Alsea that appear to be loans (Golla 1997; DeLancey and Golla 1997; Liedtke 2007).
Referencesedit
Bibliographyedit
DeLancey, Scott & Victor Golla (1997). The Penutian hypothesis: Retrospect and prospect. International Journal of American Linguistics, 63, 171-202.
Dixon, Roland B. & Alfred L. Kroeber (1903). The native languages of California. American Anthropologist, 5, 1-26.
Dixon, Roland B. & Alfred L. Kroeber (1913a). New linguistic families in California. American Anthropologist, 15, 647-655.
Dixon, Roland B. & Alfred L. Kroeber (1913b). Relationship of the Indian languages of California. Science, 37, 225.
Dixon, Roland B. & Alfred L. Kroeber (1919). Linguistic families of California. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 16:47-118. Berkeley: University of California.
Golla, Victor (1997). The Alsea-Wintu connection. International Journal of American Linguistics, 63, 157-170.
Golla, Victor (2007). Linguistic Prehistory. California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity, pp. 71–82. Terry L. Jones and Kathryn A. Klar, editors. New York: Altamira Press. ISBN978-0-7591-0872-1.
Golla, Victor (2011). California Indian languages. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN978-0-520-26667-4.
Grant, Anthony (1997). Coast Oregon Penutian. International Journal of American Linguistics, 63, 144-156.
Liedtke, Stefan (2007).The Relationship of Wintuan to Plateau Penutian. LINCOM studies in Native American linguistics, 55. Muenchen: Lincom Europa. ISBN978-3-89586-357-8
Mithun, Marianne (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN0-521-29875-X.
Pitkin, Harvey (1984). Wintu grammar. University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 94). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN0-520-09612-6.
Pitkin, Harvey (1985). Wintu dictionary. University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 95). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN0-520-09613-4.
Schlichter, Alice (1981). Wintu Dictionary. Report #2 of the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages. Department of Linguistics, University of California at Berkeley.
Shepherd, Alice (1989). Wintu texts. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN0-520-09748-3.
Shipley, William F. (1978). Native Languages of California. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8 (California), pages 80–90. William C. Sturtevant, and Robert F. Heizer, eds. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN0-16-004578-9 / 0160045754.
Shepherd, Alice (2006). Proto-Wintun. University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 137). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Whistler, Kenneth W. (1977). Wintun Prehistory: An Interpretation based on Linguistic Reconstruction of Plant and Animal Nomenclature. Proceedings of the Third Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, February 19–21. pp. 157–174. Berkeley.
Whistler, Kenneth W. (1980). Proto-Wintun kin classification: A case study in reconstruction of a complex semantic system. (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley).
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wintuan languages.
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Wintun reconstructions
Native Tribes, Groups, Language Families and Dialects of California in 1770 (map after Kroeber)
Morphological Parallels between Klamath and Wintu (Scott DeLancey)
Wintu (Wintun)
Wintu vocabulary words
December 20, 2023
wintuan, languages, wintuan, also, wintun, wintoon, copeh, copehan, family, languages, spoken, sacramento, valley, central, northern, california, wintuncopehethnicitywintun, peoplegeographicdistributioncalifornialinguistic, classificationpenutian, wintunsubdiv. Wintuan also Wintun Wintoon Copeh Copehan is a family of languages spoken in the Sacramento Valley of central Northern California WintunCopehEthnicityWintun peopleGeographicdistributionCaliforniaLinguistic classificationPenutian WintunSubdivisionsNorthern SouthernGlottologwint1258Pre contact distribution of Wintuan languagesAll Wintuan languages are either extinct or severely endangered Contents 1 Classification 1 1 Family division 1 2 Possible relations to external language families 2 References 3 Bibliography 4 External linksClassification editFamily division edit Shipley 1978 89 listed three Wintuan languages in his encyclopedic overview of California Indian languages More recently Mithun 1999 split Southern Wintuan into a Patwin language and a Southern Patwin language resulting in the following classification Wintuan Northern Wintuan Wintu a k a Wintu proper Northern Wintu Nomlaki a k a Noamlakee Central Wintu Southern Wintuan Patwin a k a Patween Southern Patwin Wintu became extinct with the death of the last fluent speaker in 2003 Golla 2011 143 Nomlaki has at least one partial speaker as of 2010 Golla 2011 143 One speaker of Patwin Hill Patwin dialect remained in 2003 Golla 2011 145 Southern Patwin once spoken by the Suisun local tribe just northeast of San Francisco Bay became extinct in the early 20th century and is thus poorly known Golla 2011 146 Mithun 1999 Wintu proper is the best documented of the four Wintuan languages Pitkin 1984 estimated that the Wintuan languages were about as close to each other as the Romance languages They may have diverged from a common tongue only 2 000 years ago A comparative study including a reconstruction of Proto Wintuan phonology morphology and lexicon was undertaken by Shepherd 2006 Possible relations to external language families edit The Wintuan family is usually considered to be a member of the hypothetical Penutian language phylum Golla 2011 128 168 and was one of the five branches of the original California kernel of Penutian proposed by Roland B Dixon and Alfred L Kroeber 1913a 1913b However recent studies suggest that the Wintuans independently entered California about 1 500 years ago from an earlier location somewhere in Oregon Golla 2007 75 78 The Wintuan pronominal system closely resembles that of Klamath while there are numerous lexical resemblances between Northern Wintuan and Alsea that appear to be loans Golla 1997 DeLancey and Golla 1997 Liedtke 2007 References editBibliography editDeLancey Scott amp Victor Golla 1997 The Penutian hypothesis Retrospect and prospect International Journal of American Linguistics 63 171 202 Dixon Roland B amp Alfred L Kroeber 1903 The native languages of California American Anthropologist 5 1 26 Dixon Roland B amp Alfred L Kroeber 1913a New linguistic families in California American Anthropologist 15 647 655 Dixon Roland B amp Alfred L Kroeber 1913b Relationship of the Indian languages of California Science 37 225 Dixon Roland B amp Alfred L Kroeber 1919 Linguistic families of California University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 16 47 118 Berkeley University of California Golla Victor 1997 The Alsea Wintu connection International Journal of American Linguistics 63 157 170 Golla Victor 2007 Linguistic Prehistory California Prehistory Colonization Culture and Complexity pp 71 82 Terry L Jones and Kathryn A Klar editors New York Altamira Press ISBN 978 0 7591 0872 1 Golla Victor 2011 California Indian languages Berkeley University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 26667 4 Grant Anthony 1997 Coast Oregon Penutian International Journal of American Linguistics 63 144 156 Liedtke Stefan 2007 The Relationship of Wintuan to Plateau Penutian LINCOM studies in Native American linguistics 55 Muenchen Lincom Europa ISBN 978 3 89586 357 8 Mithun Marianne 1999 The languages of Native North America Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 23228 7 hbk ISBN 0 521 29875 X Pitkin Harvey 1984 Wintu grammar University of California publications in linguistics Vol 94 Berkeley University of California Press ISBN 0 520 09612 6 Pitkin Harvey 1985 Wintu dictionary University of California publications in linguistics Vol 95 Berkeley University of California Press ISBN 0 520 09613 4 Schlichter Alice 1981 Wintu Dictionary Report 2 of the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Department of Linguistics University of California at Berkeley Shepherd Alice 1989 Wintu texts Berkeley University of California Press ISBN 0 520 09748 3 Shipley William F 1978 Native Languages of California Handbook of North American Indians Vol 8 California pages 80 90 William C Sturtevant and Robert F Heizer eds Washington DC Smithsonian Institution ISBN 0 16 004578 9 0160045754 Shepherd Alice 2006 Proto Wintun University of California publications in linguistics Vol 137 Berkeley University of California Press Whistler Kenneth W 1977 Wintun Prehistory An Interpretation based on Linguistic Reconstruction of Plant and Animal Nomenclature Proceedings of the Third Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society February 19 21 pp 157 174 Berkeley Whistler Kenneth W 1980 Proto Wintun kin classification A case study in reconstruction of a complex semantic system Doctoral dissertation University of California Berkeley External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wintuan languages nbsp Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix Proto Wintun reconstructions Native Tribes Groups Language Families and Dialects of California in 1770 map after Kroeber Morphological Parallels between Klamath and Wintu Scott DeLancey The Wintu Language Project Wintu Wintun Wintu vocabulary words Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Wintuan languages amp oldid 1190776073, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
