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Wintuan languages

April 12, 2024

Wintuan (also Wintun, Wintoon, Copeh, Copehan) is a family of languages spoken in the Sacramento Valley of central Northern California.

Wintun
Copeh
EthnicityWintun people
Geographic
distribution		California
Linguistic classificationPenutian ?
  • Wintun
Subdivisions
  • Northern
  • Southern
Glottologwint1258
Pre-contact distribution of Wintuan languages

All Wintuan languages are either extinct or severely endangered.

Classification edit

Family division edit

William F. Shipley listed three Wintuan languages in his encyclopedic overview of California Indian languages.[1] More recently, Marianne Mithun split Southern Wintuan into a Patwin language and a Southern Patwin language, resulting in the following classification.[2]

  • Wintuan
    • Northern Wintuan
      • Wintu (a.k.a. Wintu proper, Northern Wintu) †
      • Nomlaki (a.k.a. Noamlakee, Central Wintu) †
    • Southern Wintuan

Wintu became extinct with the death of the last fluent speaker in 2003.[3] As of 2010, Nomlaki has at least one partial speaker.[3] One speaker of Patwin (Hill Patwin dialect) remained in 2003.[4] Southern Patwin, once spoken by the Suisun local tribe just northeast of San Francisco Bay, became extinct in the early 20th century and is thus poorly known.[5][2] Wintu proper is the best documented of the four Wintuan languages.

Pitkin estimated that the Wintuan languages were about as close to each other as the Romance languages.[6] They may have diverged from a common tongue only 2,000 years ago. A comparative study including a reconstruction of Proto-Wintuan phonology, morphology and lexicon was undertaken by Shepherd.[7]

Possible relations to external language families edit

The Wintuan family is usually considered to be a member of the hypothetical Penutian language phylum[8] and was one of the five branches of the original California kernel of Penutian proposed by Roland B. Dixon and Alfred L. Kroeber.[9][10] However, recent studies suggest that the Wintuans independently entered California about 1,500 years ago from an earlier location somewhere in Oregon.[11] The Wintuan pronominal system closely resembles that of Klamath, while there are numerous lexical resemblances between Northern Wintuan and Alsea that appear to be loans.[12][13][14]

References edit

  1. ^ Shipley 1978, p. 89.
  2. ^ a b Mithun 1999.
  3. ^ a b Golla 2011, p. 143.
  4. ^ Golla 2011, p. 145.
  5. ^ Golla 2011, p. 146.
  6. ^ Pitkin 1984.
  7. ^ Shepherd 2006.
  8. ^ Golla 2011, pp. 128–168.
  9. ^ Dixon & Kroeber 1913a.
  10. ^ Dixon & Kroeber 1913b.
  11. ^ Golla 2007, pp. 75–78.
  12. ^ Golla 1997.
  13. ^ DeLancey & Golla 1997.
  14. ^ Liedtke 2007.

Bibliography edit

  • DeLancey, Scott; Golla, Victor (1997). "The Penutian hypothesis: Retrospect and prospect". International Journal of American Linguistics. 63: 171–202. doi:10.1086/466318.
  • Dixon, Roland B.; Kroeber, Alfred L. (1913a). "New linguistic families in California". American Anthropologist. 15 (4): 647–655. doi:10.1525/aa.1913.15.4.02a00050.
  • Dixon, Roland B.; Kroeber, Alfred L. (1913b). "Relationship of the Indian languages of California". Science. 37 (945): 225. Bibcode:1913Sci....37..225D. doi:10.1126/science.37.945.225. PMID 17796266.
  • Golla, Victor (1997). "The Alsea-Wintu connection". International Journal of American Linguistics. 63: 157–170. doi:10.1086/466317.
  • Golla, Victor (2007). "Linguistic Prehistory". In Jones, Terry L.; Klar, Kathryn A. (eds.). California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity. New York: Altamira Press. pp. 71–82. ISBN 978-0-7591-0872-1.
  • Golla, Victor (2011). California Indian languages. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26667-4.
  • Liedtke, Stefan (2007). The Relationship of Wintuan to Plateau Penutian. LINCOM studies in Native American linguistics. Vol. 55. Munich: Lincom Europa. ISBN 978-3-89586-357-8.
  • Mithun, Marianne (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7.
  • Pitkin, Harvey (1984). Wintu grammar. University of California publications in linguistics. Vol. 94. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-09612-6.
  • Shepherd, Alice (2006). Proto-Wintun. University of California publications in linguistics. Vol. 137. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Shipley, William F. (1978). "Native Languages of California". In Sturtevant, William C.; Heizer, Robert F. (eds.). Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 8: California. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 80–90. ISBN 0-16-004578-9.

Further reading edit

  • Dixon, Roland B.; Kroeber, Alfred L. (1903). "The native languages of California". American Anthropologist. 5: 1–26. doi:10.1525/aa.1903.5.1.02a00020.
  • Dixon, Roland B.; Kroeber, Alfred L. (1919). "Linguistic families of California". University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. 16. Berkeley: University of California: 47–118.
  • Grant, Anthony (1997). "Coast Oregon Penutian". International Journal of American Linguistics. 63: 144–156. doi:10.1086/466316.
  • Pitkin, Harvey (1985). Wintu dictionary. University of California publications in linguistics. Vol. 95. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-09613-4.
  • Schlichter, Alice (1981). Wintu Dictionary (Report). Survey of California and Other Indian Languages. Vol. 2. Berkeley: University of California.
  • Shepherd, Alice (1989). Wintu texts. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-09748-3.
  • Whistler, Kenneth W. (February 19–21, 1977). "Wintun Prehistory: An Interpretation based on Linguistic Reconstruction of Plant and Animal Nomenclature". Proceedings of the Third Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. 3. Berkeley: 157–174. doi:10.3765/bls.v3i0.3287.
  • Whistler, Kenneth W. (1980). Proto-Wintun kin classification: A case study in reconstruction of a complex semantic system (PhD thesis). Berkeley: University of California.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wintuan languages.
 
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Wintun reconstructions
  • Native Tribes, Groups, Language Families and Dialects of California in 1770 (map after Kroeber)
  • Morphological Parallels between Klamath and Wintu (Scott DeLancey)
  • Wintu (Wintun)
    • Wintu vocabulary words

April 12, 2024
wintuan, languages, wintuan, also, wintun, wintoon, copeh, copehan, family, languages, spoken, sacramento, valley, central, northern, california, wintuncopehethnicitywintun, peoplegeographicdistributioncalifornialinguistic, classificationpenutian, wintunsubdiv. Wintuan also Wintun Wintoon Copeh Copehan is a family of languages spoken in the Sacramento Valley of central Northern California WintunCopehEthnicityWintun peopleGeographicdistributionCaliforniaLinguistic classificationPenutian WintunSubdivisionsNorthern SouthernGlottologwint1258Pre contact distribution of Wintuan languagesAll Wintuan languages are either extinct or severely endangered Contents 1 Classification 1 1 Family division 1 2 Possible relations to external language families 2 References 3 Bibliography 4 Further reading 5 External linksClassification editFamily division edit William F Shipley listed three Wintuan languages in his encyclopedic overview of California Indian languages 1 More recently Marianne Mithun split Southern Wintuan into a Patwin language and a Southern Patwin language resulting in the following classification 2 Wintuan Northern Wintuan Wintu a k a Wintu proper Northern Wintu Nomlaki a k a Noamlakee Central Wintu Southern Wintuan Patwin a k a Patween Southern Patwin Wintu became extinct with the death of the last fluent speaker in 2003 3 As of 2010 update Nomlaki has at least one partial speaker 3 One speaker of Patwin Hill Patwin dialect remained in 2003 4 Southern Patwin once spoken by the Suisun local tribe just northeast of San Francisco Bay became extinct in the early 20th century and is thus poorly known 5 2 Wintu proper is the best documented of the four Wintuan languages Pitkin estimated that the Wintuan languages were about as close to each other as the Romance languages 6 They may have diverged from a common tongue only 2 000 years ago A comparative study including a reconstruction of Proto Wintuan phonology morphology and lexicon was undertaken by Shepherd 7 Possible relations to external language families edit The Wintuan family is usually considered to be a member of the hypothetical Penutian language phylum 8 and was one of the five branches of the original California kernel of Penutian proposed by Roland B Dixon and Alfred L Kroeber 9 10 However recent studies suggest that the Wintuans independently entered California about 1 500 years ago from an earlier location somewhere in Oregon 11 The Wintuan pronominal system closely resembles that of Klamath while there are numerous lexical resemblances between Northern Wintuan and Alsea that appear to be loans 12 13 14 References edit Shipley 1978 p 89 a b Mithun 1999 a b Golla 2011 p 143 Golla 2011 p 145 Golla 2011 p 146 Pitkin 1984 Shepherd 2006 Golla 2011 pp 128 168 Dixon amp Kroeber 1913a Dixon amp Kroeber 1913b Golla 2007 pp 75 78 Golla 1997 DeLancey amp Golla 1997 Liedtke 2007 Bibliography editDeLancey Scott Golla Victor 1997 The Penutian hypothesis Retrospect and prospect International Journal of American Linguistics 63 171 202 doi 10 1086 466318 Dixon Roland B Kroeber Alfred L 1913a New linguistic families in California American Anthropologist 15 4 647 655 doi 10 1525 aa 1913 15 4 02a00050 Dixon Roland B Kroeber Alfred L 1913b Relationship of the Indian languages of California Science 37 945 225 Bibcode 1913Sci 37 225D doi 10 1126 science 37 945 225 PMID 17796266 Golla Victor 1997 The Alsea Wintu connection International Journal of American Linguistics 63 157 170 doi 10 1086 466317 Golla Victor 2007 Linguistic Prehistory In Jones Terry L Klar Kathryn A eds California Prehistory Colonization Culture and Complexity New York Altamira Press pp 71 82 ISBN 978 0 7591 0872 1 Golla Victor 2011 California Indian languages Berkeley University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 26667 4 Liedtke Stefan 2007 The Relationship of Wintuan to Plateau Penutian LINCOM studies in Native American linguistics Vol 55 Munich Lincom Europa ISBN 978 3 89586 357 8 Mithun Marianne 1999 The languages of Native North America Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 23228 7 Pitkin Harvey 1984 Wintu grammar University of California publications in linguistics Vol 94 Berkeley University of California Press ISBN 0 520 09612 6 Shepherd Alice 2006 Proto Wintun University of California publications in linguistics Vol 137 Berkeley University of California Press Shipley William F 1978 Native Languages of California In Sturtevant William C Heizer Robert F eds Handbook of North American Indians Vol 8 California Washington DC Smithsonian Institution pp 80 90 ISBN 0 16 004578 9 Further reading editDixon Roland B Kroeber Alfred L 1903 The native languages of California American Anthropologist 5 1 26 doi 10 1525 aa 1903 5 1 02a00020 Dixon Roland B Kroeber Alfred L 1919 Linguistic families of California University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 16 Berkeley University of California 47 118 Grant Anthony 1997 Coast Oregon Penutian International Journal of American Linguistics 63 144 156 doi 10 1086 466316 Pitkin Harvey 1985 Wintu dictionary University of California publications in linguistics Vol 95 Berkeley University of California Press ISBN 0 520 09613 4 Schlichter Alice 1981 Wintu Dictionary Report Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Vol 2 Berkeley University of California Shepherd Alice 1989 Wintu texts Berkeley University of California Press ISBN 0 520 09748 3 Whistler Kenneth W February 19 21 1977 Wintun Prehistory An Interpretation based on Linguistic Reconstruction of Plant and Animal Nomenclature Proceedings of the Third Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 3 Berkeley 157 174 doi 10 3765 bls v3i0 3287 Whistler Kenneth W 1980 Proto Wintun kin classification A case study in reconstruction of a complex semantic system PhD thesis Berkeley University of California External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wintuan languages nbsp Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix Proto Wintun reconstructions Native Tribes Groups Language Families and Dialects of California in 1770 map after Kroeber Morphological Parallels between Klamath and Wintu Scott DeLancey The Wintu Language Project Wintu Wintun Wintu vocabulary words Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Wintuan languages amp oldid 1214073351, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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