William Knox D'Arcy
William Knox D'Arcy (11 October 1849 – 1 May 1917) was a British businessman who was one of the principal founders of the oil and petrochemical industry in Persia (Iran). The D’Arcy Concession was signed in 1901 and allowed D'Arcy to explore, obtain, and market oil, natural gas, asphalt, and ozokerite in Persia.[1]
William Knox D'Arcy | |
|---|---|
| Born | 11 October 1849 |
| Died | 1 May 1917 (aged 67) Middlesex, England |
| Nationality | English, British |
| Education | Westminster School |
| Spouse | Elena Birkbeck (m. 1872) |
Early life
He was born in Newton Abbot, Devon, England and was the son of a solicitor. He attended Westminster School until 1866, when the family emigrated to Australia following his father's bankruptcy, settling in Rockhampton, Queensland. D'Arcy continued his studies and chose to follow law, later joining his father's business. He did well and began to speculate, initially in land.
He married Elena Birkbeck of Rockhampton at St Patrick's Cathedral, Parramatta on 23 October 1872.[2] Elena was born in Mexico in 1840, the only daughter of Damiana de Barre Valdez and Samuel Birkbeck, a mining engineer from Illinois in the United States, who was in Mexico managing a silver mine. He was descended from the English Birkbecks, a Quaker family with an interest in education.[3]
Mining in Australia and New Zealand
In 1882 he became a partner, with Walter Russell Hall and Thomas Skarratt Hall, in a syndicate with Thomas, Frederick and Edwin Morgan when they opened a mine on Ironstone Mountain (later renamed Mount Morgan), in Queensland, 24 miles (39 km) south of Rockhampton. There was a significant deposit at Mount Morgan Mine. In October 1886, the syndicate became the Mount Morgan Gold Mining Company, with D'Arcy a director and the largest shareholder. He held 125,000 shares in his own name and 233,000 in trust. At one stage the shares reached £17/1s/- each, making them worth more than £6 million (an amount equivalent to £711 million in present-day terms[4]). The company also worked a rich gold mine at Matakanui, Central Otago, New Zealand, through its subsidiary the Mount Morgan Sluicing Company.
Oil exploration in Persia
In 1889, with a substantial fortune, D'Arcy and his family moved to England, where he bought the Stanmore Hall mansion, Bylaugh Park, and a house on Grosvenor Square. His wife, Elena, died in 1897 and, in 1899, he married Nina Boucicault (a first cousin of her namesake, celebrated Irish stage and film actress Nina Boucicault), with whom he lavishly entertained guests. He had acquired a strong interest in horse-racing while in Australia, and maintained a private box at Epsom racecourse.
In 1900, he agreed to fund a search for oil and minerals in Persia headed by Wolff, Ketabchee and Cotte, although D'Arcy never visited Persia himself.[5] Negotiations with the Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar began in 1901, and with the offer of £20,000 (£2.3 million today),[4] for a sixty-year concession to explore for oil— later, the D'Arcy concession —was secured in May, covering 480,000 square miles (1,200,000 km2), and stipulated that D'Arcy would have the oil rights to the entire country except for five provinces in Northern Iran. In exchange, the Iranian government was given 16% of the oil company's annual profits, an agreement that would remain in effect until the Iranian Revolution. After the D'Arcy concession, the British government became much more concerned with the stability of Iran because of their reliance on the country's vast oil reserves.[6]
A drilling team under George B. Reynolds was sent to Chiah Surkh and drilling commenced at the end of 1902. Despite drilling a producer in January 1904, D'Arcy had already spent £160,000, and was overdrawn at Lloyds Bank by £177,000. D'Arcy was forced to find further financial support, and in 1905 the Concession Syndicate was established with Burmah Oil Company Ltd. as a major investor, and D'Arcy's operation a subsidiary. More importantly, operations moved to the Shardin region in 1906.[7]
Drilling in southern Persia at Shardin continued until 1907, when the search was switched to Masjed Soleyman (Masjed-e-Sulayman in Persian مسجد سلیمان), in a place named Maydon-e-Naftune. Drilling began at one site in January 1908, and at another nearby in March. By April, with no success, the venture close to collapse, and D'Arcy almost bankrupt, he decided, with Burmah, to abandon exploration in Iran. In early May 1908, they sent Reynolds a telegram stating that they had run out of money and ordering him to "cease work, dismiss the staff, dismantle anything worth the cost of transporting to the coast for re-shipment, and come home". Reynolds delayed following these orders and in a stroke of luck, struck oil at 1,180 feet (360 m) shortly after on 26 May 1908.[8]
In April 1909, D'Arcy was appointed a director of the newly founded Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC),[7]: 148 which would later become British Petroleum (BP). By 1911, APOC had run a pipeline from the find to a refinery at Abadan. In 1912, the Mount Morgan company was listed in London, and D'Arcy was made chairman of that board.
The financial support given by Burmah Oil and the British Admiralty meant that D'Arcy could no longer put his name to the new company despite the best efforts of his wife, and so was a shareholder.[9]
Later life
Later in life he lived at Stanmore Hall, Middlesex. It was enlarged by Brightwen Binyon in 1888–91. A billiard room and new dining room were created.[10] Then he commissioned from William Morris and Edward Burne-Jones a suite of tapestries, 'The Quest of the Holy Grail', that were displayed in the hall but are now dispersed.[11] He also owned paintings by Frank Dicksee and Frederick Goodall.
He died on 1 May 1917, aged 67.
D'Arcy was posthumously inducted into the Queensland Business Leaders Hall of Fame in 2012.[12][13]
References
- ^ Abbasi, Sadegh (4 November 2015). "Britain's Major Plunder of Iranian Oil in 1903". english.khamenei.ir. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
- ^ John Robert Peach (2008). The Greatest-Ever Mining Swindle in the Colonies. ISBN 978-1-876819-77-4.
William Knox D'Arcy married Damiana "Elena" Birkbeck, only daughter of ...
- ^ George Birkbeck, founder of the London Mechanics' Institute was a family member.
- ^ a b UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
- ^ Jones, Geoffrey (1981). The State and the Emergence of the British Oil Industry. Palgrave MacMillan. p. 130.
- ^ Cleveland, William L. (2004). A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. pp. 144. ISBN 0-8133-4048-9.
- ^ a b Yergin, Daniel (1991). The Prize, The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 138–143. ISBN 9780671799328.
- ^ Kinzer, Stephen (2003). All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-0-471-26517-7.
- ^ Yergin, Daniel (1991). The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. Pocket Books. p. 148. ISBN 0-671-79932-0.
- ^ Bridget Cherry, Nikolaus Pevsner London 3: North West , p. 294, at Google Books
- ^ "GREAT STANMORE". british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
- ^ "Hall of Fame". Queensland Business Leaders Hall of Fame. State Library of Queensland. from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
- ^ "Queensland Business Leaders Hall of Fame | William Knox D'Arcy(1849 – 1917)". leaders.slq.qld.gov.au. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
External links
- Carment, David (2006). D'Arcy, William Knox (1849 - 1917). Australian Dictionary of Biography, Online Edition. Australian National University. Retrieved 4 April 2007.
- William Knox D'Arcy digital story and oral history: Queensland Business Leaders Hall of Fame 2012, State Library of Queensland