Today, the term keyboard often refers to keyboard-style synthesizers. Under the fingers of a sensitive performer, the keyboard may also be used to control dynamics, phrasing, shading, articulation, and other elements of expression—depending on the design and inherent capabilities of the instrument.[1]
Another important use of the word keyboard is in historical musicology, where it means an instrument whose identity cannot be firmly established. Particularly in the 18th century, the harpsichord, the clavichord, and the early piano competed, and the same piece might be played on more than one. Hence, in a phrase such as "Mozart excelled as a keyboard player", the word keyboard is typically all-inclusive.
The term keyboard classifies instruments based on how the performer plays the instrument, and not on how the sound is produced. Categories of keyboard instruments include the following families (of which this is only a partial list):
The earliest known keyboard instrument was the Ancient Greek hydraulis, a type of pipe organ, invented in the third century BC.[2] The keys were likely balanced and could be played with a light touch, as is clear from the reference in a Latin poem by Claudian (late 4th century), who says magna levi detrudens murmura tactu . . . intonet, that is "let him thunder forth as he presses out mighty roarings with a light touch" (Paneg. Manlio Theodoro, 320–22). From its invention until the fourteenth century, the organ remained the only keyboard instrument. Often, the organ did not feature a keyboard at all, but rather buttons or large levers operated by a whole hand. Almost every keyboard until the fifteenth century had seven naturals to each octave.[3]
The clavicymbalum, clavichord, and the harpsichord appeared during the fourteenth century—the clavichord probably being earlier. The harpsichord and clavichord were both common until the widespread adoption of the piano in the eighteenth century, after which their popularity decreased. The first template to the modern piano was introduced in 1698 in Italy by Bartolomeo Cristofori as the gravicèmbalo con piano e forte ("harpsichord with soft and loud"), also shortened to pianoforte, as it allowed the pianist to control the dynamics by adjusting the force with which each key was struck. In its current form, the piano is a product of further developments made since the late nineteenth century and is distinct in both sound and appearance from the instruments known to earlier pianists, including Mozart, Haydn, and Beethoven.[1] Beginning in the twentieth century, early electromechanical instruments, such as the Ondes Martenot, began to appear as well. Later in the 20th century, electronic keyboards appeared.
^ abcKelzenberg, David. . Archived from the original on 2013-02-12. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
^Apel, W.; Tischler, H. (1997). The History of Keyboard Music to 1700. Indiana University Press. p. 9. ISBN978-0-253-21141-5. Retrieved 2019-03-25. According to almost unanimous reports, Ctesibios, a Greek engineer who lived in Alexandria during the 3rd century B.C., was the inventor of the first organ, the so-called hydraulis.
Young, Percy M. Keyboard Musicians of the World. London: Abelard-Schuman, 1967. N.B.: Concerns celebrated keyboard players and the various such instruments used over the centuries. ISBN0-200-71497-X
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A keyboard instrument is a musical instrument played using a keyboard a row of levers that are pressed by the fingers The most common of these are the piano organ and various electronic keyboards including synthesizers and digital pianos Other keyboard instruments include celestas which are struck idiophones operated by a keyboard and carillons which are usually housed in bell towers or belfries of churches or municipal buildings 1 The piano a common keyboard instrumentHammond organ with part of a Leslie speaker shownBandoneonToday the term keyboard often refers to keyboard style synthesizers Under the fingers of a sensitive performer the keyboard may also be used to control dynamics phrasing shading articulation and other elements of expression depending on the design and inherent capabilities of the instrument 1 Another important use of the word keyboard is in historical musicology where it means an instrument whose identity cannot be firmly established Particularly in the 18th century the harpsichord the clavichord and the early piano competed and the same piece might be played on more than one Hence in a phrase such as Mozart excelled as a keyboard player the word keyboard is typically all inclusive The term keyboard classifies instruments based on how the performer plays the instrument and not on how the sound is produced Categories of keyboard instruments include the following families of which this is only a partial list aerophones pipe organ pump organ accordion idiophones celesta carillon glasschord chordophones plucked string instruments harpsichord tangent piano lautenwerck bowed string instruments hurdy gurdy bowed clavier struck string instruments clavichord piano electrophones electric pianos electric and electronic organs synthesizers mellotron Contents 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External linksHistory editSee also List of keyboard instruments nbsp nbsp Late 4th century AD Mosaic of the Female Musicians from a Byzantine villa in Maryamin Syria Further information Piano history and musical performance The earliest known keyboard instrument was the Ancient Greek hydraulis a type of pipe organ invented in the third century BC 2 The keys were likely balanced and could be played with a light touch as is clear from the reference in a Latin poem by Claudian late 4th century who says magna levi detrudens murmura tactu intonet that is let him thunder forth as he presses out mighty roarings with a light touch Paneg Manlio Theodoro 320 22 From its invention until the fourteenth century the organ remained the only keyboard instrument Often the organ did not feature a keyboard at all but rather buttons or large levers operated by a whole hand Almost every keyboard until the fifteenth century had seven naturals to each octave 3 The clavicymbalum clavichord and the harpsichord appeared during the fourteenth century the clavichord probably being earlier The harpsichord and clavichord were both common until the widespread adoption of the piano in the eighteenth century after which their popularity decreased The first template to the modern piano was introduced in 1698 in Italy by Bartolomeo Cristofori as the gravicembalo con piano e forte harpsichord with soft and loud also shortened to pianoforte as it allowed the pianist to control the dynamics by adjusting the force with which each key was struck In its current form the piano is a product of further developments made since the late nineteenth century and is distinct in both sound and appearance from the instruments known to earlier pianists including Mozart Haydn and Beethoven 1 Beginning in the twentieth century early electromechanical instruments such as the Ondes Martenot began to appear as well Later in the 20th century electronic keyboards appeared See also editEnharmonic keyboard Hammered dulcimer Keyboard percussion Musical keyboard Orchestrina di cameraReferences edit a b c Kelzenberg David What are Historical Keyboard Instruments Archived from the original on 2013 02 12 Retrieved 2012 10 25 Apel W Tischler H 1997 The History of Keyboard Music to 1700 Indiana University Press p 9 ISBN 978 0 253 21141 5 Retrieved 2019 03 25 According to almost unanimous reports Ctesibios a Greek engineer who lived in Alexandria during the 3rd century B C was the inventor of the first organ the so called hydraulis Keyboard instrument Encyclopedia Britannica Further reading editYoung Percy M Keyboard Musicians of the World London Abelard Schuman 1967 N B Concerns celebrated keyboard players and the various such instruments used over the centuries ISBN 0 200 71497 XExternal links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Keyboard instruments The general keyboard in the age of MIDI Renaissance Keyboards on the Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History The Metropolitan Museum of Art The Pianofortes of Bartolomeo Cristofori on the Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History The Metropolitan Museum of Art Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Keyboard instrument amp oldid 1182798800 Construction, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
