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Lar gibbon

May 02, 2024

The lar gibbon (Hylobates lar), also known as the white-handed gibbon, is an endangered primate in the gibbon family, Hylobatidae. It is one of the better-known gibbons and is often kept in captivity.

Lar gibbon[1]
in Austria, at the Zoo Salzburg
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[3]
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Hylobatidae
Genus: Hylobates
Species:
H. lar
Binomial name
Hylobates lar
(Linnaeus, 1771)
Lar gibbon range

Taxonomy edit

There are five subspecies of lar gibbon:[1][4]

Physical description edit

 
A close-up of head

The fur coloring of the lar gibbon varies from black and dark-brown to light-brown, sandy colors. The hands and feet are white-colored, likewise a ring of white hair surrounds the black face. Both males and females can be all color variants, and the sexes also hardly differ in size. Gibbons are true brachiators, propelling themselves through the forest by swinging under the branches using their arms. Reflecting this mode of locomotion, the white-handed gibbon has curved fingers, elongated hands, extremely long arms and relatively short legs, giving it an intermembral index of 129.7, one of the highest of the primates.[5] As with all apes, the number of caudal vertebrae has been reduced drastically, resulting in the loss of a functional tail. Gibbons have tough, bony padding on their buttocks, known as the ischial callosities, or sitting pads.

Distribution and habitat edit

 
Climbing lar gibbon showing the darker fur of some individuals

Lar gibbons have the greatest north-south range of any of the gibbon species.[6] They are found in Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar and Thailand.[7] Their range historically extended from southwest China to Thailand and Burma south to the whole Malay Peninsula in primary and secondary tropical rain forests. It is also present in the northwest portion of the island of Sumatra. In recent decades, especially, the continental range has been reduced and fragmented. Lar gibbons are likely extinct in China, but if they still exist, they would only be found in southwest Yunnan, their former range.[7]

Lar gibbon are usually found in lowland dipterocarp forest, hill dipterocarp forest, and upper dipterocarp forest, including primary lowland and submontane rainforest, mixed deciduous bamboo forest, and seasonal evergreen forest. They are not usually found higher than 1200 meters above sea level.[8] The gibbon genus is highly allopatric, usually separated by large rivers. As a result, their range extends through southern and eastern Myanmar, but only east of the Salween River. They are found through the Malay Peninsula. Lar gibbons also exist west of the Mekong River in northwestern Laos and northern Sumatra.[9] The lar gibbon can be found living in sympatry with several other primates and apes, including orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), siamangs (S. syndactylus), pileated gibbons (Hylobates pileatus), purple-faced langurs (Trachypithecus spp.), Thomas's langur (Presbytis thomasi), slow loris (Nycticebus coucang), and several macaques (Macaca spp.)[10] In Thailand, lar gibbons probably number between 15,000 and 20,000, though there may be as few as 10 in China, if any.[11]

Diet and dentition edit

 
A lar gibbon eating carrots

The lar gibbon is considered frugivorous with fruit constituting 50% of its diet, but leaves (29%) are a substantial part, with insects (13%) and flowers (9%) forming the remainder.[5] In the wild, lar gibbons will eat a large variety of foods, including figs and other small, sweet fruits, liana fruit, tree fruit and berries, as well as young leaves, buds and flowers, new shoots, vines, vine shoots, and insects, including mantids and wasps, and even birds' eggs.[12] During the summer months, when figs and leaves are less available, insect consumption increases twenty-fold relative to the winter.[13]

Its dental formula is 2.1.2.32.1.2.3, the generalized formula for Old World monkeys and apes (including humans). The dental arcade is U-shaped, and the mandible is thin and light. The incisors are broad and flat, while the molars have low, rounded cusps with thick enamel. The most noticeable characteristic of the dentition of Hylobates lar is the presence of large, dagger-like canines in both the upper and lower jaw. These canines are not sexually dimorphic.

Behavior edit

 
Skeleton
 
A lar gibbon hanging and playing on rope in Lille Zoo, France

Lar gibbons are diurnal and arboreal, inhabiting rain forests. Lar gibbons are usually active for an average of 8.7 hours per day, leaving their sleeping sites right around sunrise and entering sleeping trees an average of 3.4 hours before sunset. On average, lar gibbons spend their days feeding (32.6%), resting (26.2%), traveling (24.2%), in social activities (11.3%), vocalizing (4.0%) and in intergroup encounters (1.9%), although actual proportions of activities can change significantly over the course of the year.[13] They rarely come to the ground, instead using their long arms to brachiate through the trees. With their hooked hands, they can move swiftly with great momentum, swinging from the branches. Although they rarely come to the ground naturally, while there, they walk bipedally with arms raised above their heads for balance. Their social organization is dominated by monogamous family pairs, with one breeding male and one female along with their offspring. When a juvenile reaches sexual maturity, it is expelled from the family unit. However, this traditional conception has come under scrutiny. Long-term studies conducted in Khao Yai National Park in Thailand suggest their mating system is somewhat flexible, incorporating extra-pair copulations, partner changes and polyandrous groupings.[14] This multimale polyandry may be attributed to cooperative territory use and female defense. As range size increases, males are more successful in defending it in a pair or group.[15] Additionally, these extra pair copulations may increase the chance of reproduction with a mate of superior genetic quality and decrease the chance of infanticide.[16]

Vocalisations edit

Pair of lar gibbons hooting

Family groups inhabit a firm territory, which they protect by warding off other gibbons with their calls. Each morning, the family gathers on the edge of its territory and begins a "great call", a duet between the breeding pair. Each species has a typified call and each breeding pair has unique variations on that theme. The great call of Hylobates lar is characterized by its frequent use of short hoots with more complex hoots, along with a "quavering" opening and closing.[17] These calls are one of the traits used determining species differences among the gibbons.[4] Recent studies indicate that gibbon song have evolved to communicate conflict in terms of predation. In the presence of tiger, clouded leopard, crested serpent eagle and reticulated python songs were more likely to contain sharp wow elements than normal duets.[18]

Reproduction edit

 
Close up of baby lar gibbon

Sexually, they are similar to other gibbons. Mating occurs in every month of the year, but most conceptions occur during the dry season in March, with a peak in births during the late rainy season, in October.[19] On average, females reproduce for the first time at about 11 years of age in the wild, much later than in captivity.[20] Gestation is six months long on average, and pregnancies are usually of a single young. Young are nursed for approximately two years, and full maturity comes at about eight years. The life expectancy of the lar gibbons in the wild is about 25 years.[21]

Conservation edit

A captive lar gibbon looks out from its cage.

Lar gibbons are threatened in various ways: they are sometimes hunted for their meat, sometimes a parent is killed to capture young animals for pets, but perhaps the most pervasive is the loss of habitat. Lar gibbon habitats are already threatened by forest clearance for the construction of roads, agriculture, ecotourism, domesticated cattle and elephants, forest fires, subsistence logging, illegal logging, new village settlement, and palm oil plantations.[22]

References edit

  1. ^ a b Groves, C. P. (2005). "Order Primates". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 179–180. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ Brockelman, W.; Geissmann, T. (2020). "Hylobates lar". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T10548A17967253. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T10548A17967253.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  3. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  4. ^ a b Geissmann, Thomas. "Gibbon Systematics and Species Identification". Retrieved 2006-04-13.
  5. ^ a b Rowe, Noel (1996). Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. East Hampton, N.Y.: Pogonias Press. ISBN 9780964882515.
  6. ^ Barlett, T.Q. (2003). Intragroup and intergroup social interactions in white-handed gibbons. Int J Primatol. pp. 239–59.
  7. ^ a b Brandon-Jones, D; Eudey, AA; Geissmann, T; Groves, CP; Melnick, DJ; Morales, JC; Shekelle, M; Stewart, CB (2004). "Asian primate classification". Int J Primatol. 25: 97–164. doi:10.1023/B:IJOP.0000014647.18720.32. S2CID 29045930.
  8. ^ Chivers, DJ (1972). "The siamang and the gibbon in the Malay Peninsula". In Rumbaugh, D. (ed.). Gibbon and Siamang. Vol. 1. Basel & New York: S. Karger. pp. 103–135.
  9. ^ Brockelman WY, Reichard U, Treesucon U, Raemaekers JJ (1998). Dispersal, pair formation and social structure in gibbons (Hylobates lar). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 42. pp. 329–39.
  10. ^ Ellefson, JO (1974). "A natural history of white-handed gibbons in the Malayan peninsula". In Rumbaugh, D. (ed.). Gibbon and Siamang. Vol. 3. Basel & New York: S. Karger. pp. 1–136.
  11. ^ Geissmann, T. (2007). "Status reassessment of the gibbons: Results of the Asian Primate Red List Workshop 2006" (PDF). Gibbon Journal. 3: 5–15. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.694.8483.
  12. ^ Carpenter, CR. (1940). "A field study in Siam of the behavior and social relations of the gibbon (Hylobates Lar)". 16 (5). Comparative Psychology Monographs: 1–212. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ^ a b Bartlett TQ. (2009). The gibbons of Khao Yai: seasonal variation in behavior and ecology. Routledge. p. 192. ISBN 9780131915046.
  14. ^ Sommer, V.; Reichard, U. (2000). "Rethinking Monogamy: The Gibbon Case". In Kappeler, P. (ed.). Primate Males: Causes and Consequences of Variation in Group Composition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 159–168. ISBN 0521658462.
  15. ^ Reichard, Ulrich H. (2009). "The Social Organization and Mating System of Khao Yai White-Handed Gibbons: 1992-2006". The Gibbons. New York: Springer. pp. 347–384. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-88604-6_17. ISBN 978-0-387-88603-9.
  16. ^ Reichard, U.; Sommer, V. (1997). "Group Encounters in Wild Gibbons (Hylobates Lar): Agonism, Affiliation, and the Concept of Infanticide". Behaviour. 134 (15): 1135–1174. doi:10.1163/156853997x00106.
  17. ^ Geissmann, Thomas. "Sound Gallery: Hylobates lar". Retrieved 2009-04-29.
  18. ^ Clarke, E. (2011). "The Anti-Predator Behaviour of Wild White-Handed Gibbons (Hylobates Lar)" (PDF). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology.[dead link]
  19. ^ Barelli, C; Heistermann, M; Boesch, C; Reichard, UH (2008). "Mating patterns and sexual swellings in pair-living and multimale groups of wild white-handed gibbons, Hylobates lar". Animal Behaviour. 75 (3): 991–1001. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.08.012. S2CID 53165961.
  20. ^ Barelli, C; Boesch, C; Heistermann, M; Reichard, UH (2008). "Female white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) lead group movements and have priority of access to food resources" (PDF). Behaviour. 145 (7): 965–81. doi:10.1163/156853908784089243.
  21. ^ Barelli C, Heistermann M, Boesch C, Reichard UH (2007). "Sexual swellings in wild white-handed gibbon females (Hylobates lar) indicate the probability of ovulation". Hormones and Behavior. 51 (2): 221–30. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.516.8946. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.10.008. PMID 17137580. S2CID 39378245.
  22. ^ Yimkao, P; Srikosamatara, S (2006). "Ecology and site-based conservation of the white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar L.) in human-use forests in Mae Hong Son province, northern Thailand". Nat Hist Bull Siam Soc. 54 (1): 109–38.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lar gibbon.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Lar gibbon.
  • ARKive -
  • Lar Gibbon songs
  • Gibbon Conservation Center
  • Lar Gibbon at Animal Diversity Web
  • Thomas Geissmann's Gibbon Research Lab and Gibbon Network

May 02, 2024
gibbon, gibbon, hylobates, also, known, white, handed, gibbon, endangered, primate, gibbon, family, hylobatidae, better, known, gibbons, often, kept, captivity, austria, salzburg, conservation, status, endangered, iucn, cites, appendix, cites, scientific, clas. The lar gibbon Hylobates lar also known as the white handed gibbon is an endangered primate in the gibbon family Hylobatidae It is one of the better known gibbons and is often kept in captivity Lar gibbon 1 in Austria at the Zoo Salzburg Conservation status Endangered IUCN 3 1 2 CITES Appendix I CITES 3 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Suborder Haplorhini Infraorder Simiiformes Family Hylobatidae Genus Hylobates Species H lar Binomial name Hylobates lar Linnaeus 1771 Lar gibbon range Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Physical description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Diet and dentition 5 Behavior 5 1 Vocalisations 5 2 Reproduction 6 Conservation 7 References 8 External linksTaxonomy editThere are five subspecies of lar gibbon 1 4 Malaysian lar gibbon H l lar Carpenter s lar gibbon H l carpenteri Central lar gibbon H l entelloides Sumatran lar gibbon H l vestitus Yunnan lar gibbon H l yunnanensis possibly extinct Physical description edit nbsp A close up of head The fur coloring of the lar gibbon varies from black and dark brown to light brown sandy colors The hands and feet are white colored likewise a ring of white hair surrounds the black face Both males and females can be all color variants and the sexes also hardly differ in size Gibbons are true brachiators propelling themselves through the forest by swinging under the branches using their arms Reflecting this mode of locomotion the white handed gibbon has curved fingers elongated hands extremely long arms and relatively short legs giving it an intermembral index of 129 7 one of the highest of the primates 5 As with all apes the number of caudal vertebrae has been reduced drastically resulting in the loss of a functional tail Gibbons have tough bony padding on their buttocks known as the ischial callosities or sitting pads Distribution and habitat edit nbsp Climbing lar gibbon showing the darker fur of some individuals Lar gibbons have the greatest north south range of any of the gibbon species 6 They are found in Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar and Thailand 7 Their range historically extended from southwest China to Thailand and Burma south to the whole Malay Peninsula in primary and secondary tropical rain forests It is also present in the northwest portion of the island of Sumatra In recent decades especially the continental range has been reduced and fragmented Lar gibbons are likely extinct in China but if they still exist they would only be found in southwest Yunnan their former range 7 Lar gibbon are usually found in lowland dipterocarp forest hill dipterocarp forest and upper dipterocarp forest including primary lowland and submontane rainforest mixed deciduous bamboo forest and seasonal evergreen forest They are not usually found higher than 1200 meters above sea level 8 The gibbon genus is highly allopatric usually separated by large rivers As a result their range extends through southern and eastern Myanmar but only east of the Salween River They are found through the Malay Peninsula Lar gibbons also exist west of the Mekong River in northwestern Laos and northern Sumatra 9 The lar gibbon can be found living in sympatry with several other primates and apes including orangutans Pongo pygmaeus siamangs S syndactylus pileated gibbons Hylobates pileatus purple faced langurs Trachypithecus spp Thomas s langur Presbytis thomasi slow loris Nycticebus coucang and several macaques Macaca spp 10 In Thailand lar gibbons probably number between 15 000 and 20 000 though there may be as few as 10 in China if any 11 Diet and dentition edit nbsp A lar gibbon eating carrots The lar gibbon is considered frugivorous with fruit constituting 50 of its diet but leaves 29 are a substantial part with insects 13 and flowers 9 forming the remainder 5 In the wild lar gibbons will eat a large variety of foods including figs and other small sweet fruits liana fruit tree fruit and berries as well as young leaves buds and flowers new shoots vines vine shoots and insects including mantids and wasps and even birds eggs 12 During the summer months when figs and leaves are less available insect consumption increases twenty fold relative to the winter 13 Its dental formula is 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 the generalized formula for Old World monkeys and apes including humans The dental arcade is U shaped and the mandible is thin and light The incisors are broad and flat while the molars have low rounded cusps with thick enamel The most noticeable characteristic of the dentition of Hylobates lar is the presence of large dagger like canines in both the upper and lower jaw These canines are not sexually dimorphic Behavior edit nbsp Skeleton nbsp A lar gibbon hanging and playing on rope in Lille Zoo France Lar gibbons are diurnal and arboreal inhabiting rain forests Lar gibbons are usually active for an average of 8 7 hours per day leaving their sleeping sites right around sunrise and entering sleeping trees an average of 3 4 hours before sunset On average lar gibbons spend their days feeding 32 6 resting 26 2 traveling 24 2 in social activities 11 3 vocalizing 4 0 and in intergroup encounters 1 9 although actual proportions of activities can change significantly over the course of the year 13 They rarely come to the ground instead using their long arms to brachiate through the trees With their hooked hands they can move swiftly with great momentum swinging from the branches Although they rarely come to the ground naturally while there they walk bipedally with arms raised above their heads for balance Their social organization is dominated by monogamous family pairs with one breeding male and one female along with their offspring When a juvenile reaches sexual maturity it is expelled from the family unit However this traditional conception has come under scrutiny Long term studies conducted in Khao Yai National Park in Thailand suggest their mating system is somewhat flexible incorporating extra pair copulations partner changes and polyandrous groupings 14 This multimale polyandry may be attributed to cooperative territory use and female defense As range size increases males are more successful in defending it in a pair or group 15 Additionally these extra pair copulations may increase the chance of reproduction with a mate of superior genetic quality and decrease the chance of infanticide 16 Vocalisations edit source source Pair of lar gibbons hooting Family groups inhabit a firm territory which they protect by warding off other gibbons with their calls Each morning the family gathers on the edge of its territory and begins a great call a duet between the breeding pair Each species has a typified call and each breeding pair has unique variations on that theme The great call of Hylobates lar is characterized by its frequent use of short hoots with more complex hoots along with a quavering opening and closing 17 These calls are one of the traits used determining species differences among the gibbons 4 Recent studies indicate that gibbon song have evolved to communicate conflict in terms of predation In the presence of tiger clouded leopard crested serpent eagle and reticulated python songs were more likely to contain sharp wow elements than normal duets 18 Reproduction edit nbsp Close up of baby lar gibbon Sexually they are similar to other gibbons Mating occurs in every month of the year but most conceptions occur during the dry season in March with a peak in births during the late rainy season in October 19 On average females reproduce for the first time at about 11 years of age in the wild much later than in captivity 20 Gestation is six months long on average and pregnancies are usually of a single young Young are nursed for approximately two years and full maturity comes at about eight years The life expectancy of the lar gibbons in the wild is about 25 years 21 Conservation edit source source source source source source source A captive lar gibbon looks out from its cage Lar gibbons are threatened in various ways they are sometimes hunted for their meat sometimes a parent is killed to capture young animals for pets but perhaps the most pervasive is the loss of habitat Lar gibbon habitats are already threatened by forest clearance for the construction of roads agriculture ecotourism domesticated cattle and elephants forest fires subsistence logging illegal logging new village settlement and palm oil plantations 22 References edit a b Groves C P 2005 Order Primates In Wilson D E Reeder D M eds Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed Johns Hopkins University Press pp 179 180 ISBN 978 0 8018 8221 0 OCLC 62265494 Brockelman W Geissmann T 2020 Hylobates lar IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e T10548A17967253 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2020 2 RLTS T10548A17967253 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 Appendices CITES cites org Retrieved 2022 01 14 a b Geissmann Thomas Gibbon Systematics and Species Identification Retrieved 2006 04 13 a b Rowe Noel 1996 Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates East Hampton N Y Pogonias Press ISBN 9780964882515 Barlett T Q 2003 Intragroup and intergroup social interactions in white handed gibbons Int J Primatol pp 239 59 a b Brandon Jones D Eudey AA Geissmann T Groves CP Melnick DJ Morales JC Shekelle M Stewart CB 2004 Asian primate classification Int J Primatol 25 97 164 doi 10 1023 B IJOP 0000014647 18720 32 S2CID 29045930 Chivers DJ 1972 The siamang and the gibbon in the Malay Peninsula In Rumbaugh D ed Gibbon and Siamang Vol 1 Basel amp New York S Karger pp 103 135 Brockelman WY Reichard U Treesucon U Raemaekers JJ 1998 Dispersal pair formation and social structure in gibbons Hylobates lar Behav Ecol Sociobiol 42 pp 329 39 Ellefson JO 1974 A natural history of white handed gibbons in the Malayan peninsula In Rumbaugh D ed Gibbon and Siamang Vol 3 Basel amp New York S Karger pp 1 136 Geissmann T 2007 Status reassessment of the gibbons Results of the Asian Primate Red List Workshop 2006 PDF Gibbon Journal 3 5 15 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 694 8483 Carpenter CR 1940 A field study in Siam of the behavior and social relations of the gibbon Hylobates Lar 16 5 Comparative Psychology Monographs 1 212 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b Bartlett TQ 2009 The gibbons of Khao Yai seasonal variation in behavior and ecology Routledge p 192 ISBN 9780131915046 Sommer V Reichard U 2000 Rethinking Monogamy The Gibbon Case In Kappeler P ed Primate Males Causes and Consequences of Variation in Group Composition Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 159 168 ISBN 0521658462 Reichard Ulrich H 2009 The Social Organization and Mating System of Khao Yai White Handed Gibbons 1992 2006 The Gibbons New York Springer pp 347 384 doi 10 1007 978 0 387 88604 6 17 ISBN 978 0 387 88603 9 Reichard U Sommer V 1997 Group Encounters in Wild Gibbons Hylobates Lar Agonism Affiliation and the Concept of Infanticide Behaviour 134 15 1135 1174 doi 10 1163 156853997x00106 Geissmann Thomas Sound Gallery Hylobates lar Retrieved 2009 04 29 Clarke E 2011 The Anti Predator Behaviour of Wild White Handed Gibbons Hylobates Lar PDF Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology dead link Barelli C Heistermann M Boesch C Reichard UH 2008 Mating patterns and sexual swellings in pair living and multimale groups of wild white handed gibbons Hylobates lar Animal Behaviour 75 3 991 1001 doi 10 1016 j anbehav 2007 08 012 S2CID 53165961 Barelli C Boesch C Heistermann M Reichard UH 2008 Female white handed gibbons Hylobates lar lead group movements and have priority of access to food resources PDF Behaviour 145 7 965 81 doi 10 1163 156853908784089243 Barelli C Heistermann M Boesch C Reichard UH 2007 Sexual swellings in wild white handed gibbon females Hylobates lar indicate the probability of ovulation Hormones and Behavior 51 2 221 30 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 516 8946 doi 10 1016 j yhbeh 2006 10 008 PMID 17137580 S2CID 39378245 Yimkao P Srikosamatara S 2006 Ecology and site based conservation of the white handed gibbon Hylobates lar L in human use forests in Mae Hong Son province northern Thailand Nat Hist Bull Siam Soc 54 1 109 38 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lar gibbon nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Lar gibbon ARKive images and movies of the white handed gibbon Hylobates lar Lar Gibbon photos Lar Gibbon songs Gibbon Conservation Center Lar Gibbon at Animal Diversity Web Thomas Geissmann s Gibbon Research Lab and Gibbon Network Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lar gibbon amp oldid 1193789571, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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