White-backed night heron
The white-backed night heron (Calherodius leuconotus) is a species of medium-sized heron in the family Ardeidae, found in sub-Saharan Africa.
| White-backed night heron | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Pelecaniformes |
| Family: | Ardeidae |
| Genus: | Calherodius Bonaparte, 1855 |
| Species: | C. leuconotus |
| Binomial name | |
| Calherodius leuconotus (Wagler, 1827) | |
| Synonyms | |
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Taxonomy edit
The German naturalist Johann Wagler described the white-backed night heron as Ardea leuconotus in 1827.[2][3] Today the IOC World Bird List, BirdLife International and the Handbook of the Birds of the World place it in its own monotypic genus Calherodius.[4][5] Its name derives from a patch of white feathers that form a triangle on its back.[6][7]
Description edit
The white-backed night heron is 50–55 cm (20–22 in) in length with a black head and a short crest, or prominent feather display on the top of its head.[8] The heron has large red eyes with white-ringed markings around them, and the lores, or the region behind the eye, are a pale yellow hue.[8][9] The throat feathers are white, whereas the neck and breast are rufous, or a reddish-brown hue.[8] There is a notable white triangular patch along the back formed by the white scapulars, or small feathers, on the shoulder of the bird.[8] The belly feathers are a whitish-brown and the legs are yellow.[3][10] An immature heron can be identified by its streaked breast and the white spots on the upper-wing coverts.[6] Chicks are covered with olive-brown down.[3]
Distribution and habitat edit
The white-backed night heron is located throughout central and southern Africa, with a range estimated at 20,900,000 km2 (8,100,000 sq mi).[1] Its primary habitat is dense forests with neighboring waterways, particularly streams, lakes, mangroves and marshes.[4]
Behavior and ecology edit
The white-backed night heron can be found living individually or in pairs.[9] Nocturnal by nature, they roost in the dense vegetation of marshes and forests during the daylight hours, often nesting high within the trees.[4] Their nests are well-hidden, usually built in vegetation near water and sometimes in reedbeds, mangroves, rocks and caves.[4] The nest is built resembling a platform of sticks or reeds, 25–30 cm (9.8–11.8 in) wide.[3] They usually breed during the rainy season or early in the dry season.[4] There are two to three greenish-white eggs in a clutch, and incubation lasts roughly 24 to 26 days. The chicks leave the nest after six to seven weeks.[3] The white-backed night heron seems to be sedentary, but it has been observed in some circumstances to have migrated to locations with heavy rain.[11] White-backed night herons are known foragers, meaning they search for food primarily along waterways. They have been observed to eat fish, amphibians, mollusks and insects.[3] Though usually quiet, they let out a loud kroak call when alarmed and a taash call when disturbed.[3]
Status edit
The population of the white-backed night heron is believed to be stable because it does not appear to undergo significant population declines or experience any notable threats.[4] Due to these factors and its large range, the IUCN Red List has assessed the species to be of least concern.[1] The species is currently experiencing a small number of threats, including habitat loss in southern Africa and hunting in Nigeria, where they are used for traditional medicine.[4]
References edit
- ^ a b c BirdLife International (2016). "Calherodius leuconotus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22697226A93603192. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697226A93603192.en.
- ^ Wagler, Johann Georg (1827). Systema avium (in Latin). Vol. pars 1. Stuttgartiae: J.G. Cottae. p. 189, Species 33.
- ^ a b c d e f g "White-backed Night Heron Nycticorax leuconotus (Wagler)". HeronConservation. IUCN-SSC Heron Specialist Group. 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Species factsheet: Calherodius leuconotus". birdlife.org. BirdLife International. 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
- ^ Martínez-Vilalta, A.; Motis, A.; Kirwan, G. M. (2016). "White-backed Night-heron (Calherodius leuconotus)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D. A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
- ^ a b Hancock, Peter; Weiersbye, Ingrid (2015). Birds of Botswana. Princeton University Press. p. 62. ISBN 9781400874170.
- ^ International Ornithologists' Union. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela (eds.). "IOC World Bird List 14.1" (xlsx). Retrieved 2023-12-20.
- ^ a b c d Borrow, Nik; Demey, Ron (2013). Birds of Senegal and The Gambia. Bloomsbury. p. 42. ISBN 9781408171011.
- ^ a b Redman, Nigel; Stevenson, Terry; Fanshawe, John (2010). Birds of the Horn of Africa. Bloomsbury. p. 50. ISBN 9781408135761.
- ^ Newman, Kenneth (2002). Newman's Birds of Southern Africa. Struik. p. 90. ISBN 9781868727353.
- ^ A. P. Martin. "Whitebacked Night Heron" (PDF). The Atlas of Southern African Birds. p. 67.