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Whistling duck

January 01, 1970

"Tree duck" redirects here. For another bird sometimes called a tree duck, see Wood Duck.

The whistling ducks or tree ducks are a subfamily, Dendrocygninae, of the duck, goose and swan family of birds, Anatidae. In other taxonomic schemes, they are considered a separate family, Dendrocygnidae. Some taxonomists list only one genus, Dendrocygna, which contains eight living species, and one undescribed extinct species from Aitutaki of the Cook Islands, but other taxonomists also list the white-backed duck (Thalassornis leuconotus) under the subfamily.

Whistling ducks
Black-bellied whistling duck
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Anseriformes
Family: Anatidae
Subfamily: Dendrocygninae
Reichenbach, 1850
Genus: Dendrocygna
Swainson, 1837
Type species
Anas arcuata
Horsfield, 1824

Taxonomy and evolution edit

Whistling ducks were first described by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae in 1758: the black-bellied whistling duck (then Anas autumnalis) and the West Indian whistling duck (then Anas arborea).[1] In 1837, William John Swainson named the genus Dendrocygna to distinguish whistling ducks from the other waterfowl.[2] The type species was listed as the wandering whistling duck (D. arcuata), formerly named by Thomas Horsfield as Anas arcuata.[3]

Whistling duck taxonomy, including that of the entire order Anseriformes, is complicated and disputed.[4] Under a traditional classification proposed by ornithologist Jean Théodore Delacour based on morphological and behavioral traits,[5][6] whistling ducks belong to the tribe Dendrocygnini under the family Anatidae and subfamily Anserinae.[6][7] Following the revisions by ornithologist Paul Johnsgard, Dendrocygnini includes the genus Thalassornis (the white-backed duck) under this system.[7][8]

In 1997, Bradley C. Livezey proposed that Dendrocygna were a separate lineage from Anserinae, placing it and its tribe in its own subfamily, Dendrocygninae. Alternatively Charles Sibley and Jon Edward Ahlquist recommended placing Dendrocygna in its own family, Dendrocygnidae, which includes the genus Thalassornis.[6][7]

Simplified Anseriformes phylogeny[9][10][11]
 Anseriformes 

Anhimidae (screamers)

Anseranatidae (magpie-geese)

 Anatidae 

Dendrocygninae (whistling ducks)

Anatinae (dabbling ducks)

Anserinae (swans and true geese)

Oxyurinae (stiff-tailed ducks and allies)

Detailed Anatidae phylogeny[12]

Species edit

Eight species of whistling duck are currently recognized in the genus Dendrocygna. However, Johnsgard considers the white-backed duck (Thalassornis leuconotus) from Africa and Madagascar to be distinct ninth species,[13] a view first proposed in 1960 and initially supported by behavioral similarities. Later, similarities in anatomy, duckling vocalizations, and feather proteins gave additional support.[8] Molecular analysis in 2009 also suggested that the white-backed duck was nested within the whistling duck clade.[12] In addition to the extant species, subfossil remains of an extinct, undescribed species have been found on Aitutaki of the Cook Islands.[14]

Common name Scientific name [a] IUCN Red List Status Distribution Picture
Status Trend Population[b]
West Indian whistling duck Dendrocygna arborea
(Linnaeus, 1758) 		NT IUCN[15]   6,000 - 15,000    
Wandering whistling duck Dendrocygna arcuata
(Horsfield, 1824) 		LC IUCN[16]    
Black-bellied whistling duck Dendrocygna autumnalis
(Linnaeus, 1758) 		LC IUCN[17]      
Fulvous whistling duck Dendrocygna bicolor
(Vieillot, 1816) 		LC IUCN[18]      
Plumed whistling duck Dendrocygna eytoni
(Eyton, 1838) 		LC IUCN[19]    
Spotted whistling duck Dendrocygna guttata
Schlegel, 1866 		LC IUCN[20]   6,700 - 17,000  
Lesser whistling duck Dendrocygna javanica
(Horsfield, 1821) 		LC IUCN[21]      
White-faced whistling duck Dendrocygna viduata
(Linnaeus, 1766) 		LC IUCN[22]      

Description edit

Whistling ducks are found in the tropics and subtropics. As their name implies, they have distinctive whistling calls.[citation needed]

The whistling ducks have long legs and necks, and are very gregarious, flying to and from night-time roosts in large flocks. Both sexes have the same plumage, and all have a hunched appearance and black underwings in flight.[citation needed]

After breeding and pairing with a female, male whistling ducks (especially within the Fulvous whistling duck species) will often help with the construction of nests and will take turns with the female incubating the eggs.

Notes edit

  1. ^ A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Dendrocygna.
  2. ^ Estimate for the number of mature individuals in the wild.

References edit

  1. ^ Linnaeus 1758, p. 127–128.
  2. ^ Swainson 1837, p. 365.
  3. ^ Eyton 1838, p. 28.
  4. ^ Donne-Goussé, Laudet & Hänni 2002, p. 339.
  5. ^ Johnsgard 1965, p. 14.
  6. ^ a b c Donne-Goussé, Laudet & Hänni 2002, pp. 340.
  7. ^ a b c Donne-Goussé, Laudet & Hänni 2002, pp. 353–354.
  8. ^ a b Johnsgard 2010b, p. 26.
  9. ^ Donne-Goussé, Laudet & Hänni 2002, p. 348.
  10. ^ Gonzalez, Düttmann & Wink 2009, p. 313.
  11. ^ Pereira & Baker 2009, p. 416.
  12. ^ a b Eo, Bininda-Emonds & Carroll 2009, pp. 471–472.
  13. ^ Johnsgard 2010a, p. 41.
  14. ^ Steadman 2006, pp. 213 & 218.
  15. ^ BirdLife International (2019). "Dendrocygna arborea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  16. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Dendrocygna arcuata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  17. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Dendrocygna autumnalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  18. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Dendrocygna bicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22679746A92827620. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679746A92827620.en.
  19. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Dendrocygna eytoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  20. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Dendrocygna guttata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  21. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Dendrocygna javanica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  22. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Dendrocygna viduata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.

Literature cited edit

  • Donne-Goussé, C.; Laudet, V.; Hänni, C. (2002). "A molecular phylogeny of anseriformes based on mitochondrial DNA analysis". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (3): 339–356. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00019-2. PMID 12099792.
  • Eo, S.H.; Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P.; Carroll, J.P. (2009). "A phylogenetic supertree of the fowls (Galloanserae, Aves)" (PDF). Zoologica Scripta. 38 (5): 465–481. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00382.x. S2CID 30562724.
  • Eyton, T.C. (1838). A Monograph on the Anatidae Or Duck Tribe. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longman. p. 183. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.51971.
  • Gonzalez, J.; Düttmann, H.; Wink, M. (2009). "Phylogenetic relationships based on two mitochondrial genes and hybridization patterns in Anatidae". Journal of Zoology. 279 (3): 310–318. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00622.x.
  • Johnsgard, P.A. (1965). "Tribe Dendrocygnini (Whistling Ducks)". Handbook of Waterfowl Behavior. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 378.
  • Johnsgard, P.A. (2010a). "Whistling Ducks: Tribe Dendrocygnini". Waterfowl of North America, Revised Edition. Lincoln: University of Nebraska–Lincoln Libraries. p. 575.
  • Johnsgard, P.A. (2010b). "Tribe Dendrocygnini (Whistling or Tree Ducks)". Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World. Lincoln: University of Nebraska–Lincoln Libraries. p. 404.
  • Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturæ. Vol. 1 (Tenth ed.). Stockholm, Sweden: Laurentius Salvius. p. 825.
  • Pereira, S.L.; Baker, A.J. (2009). "Waterfowl and gamefowl (Galloanserae)". In Hedges, S.B.; Kumar, S. (eds.). The Timetree of Life (PDF). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 576. ISBN 978-0-19-160898-8.
  • Steadman, D.W. (2006). Extinction and Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Islands Birds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 594. ISBN 0-226-77142-3.
  • Swainson, W. (1837). On the Natural History and Classification of Birds. Vol. 2. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman. p. 398.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Dendrocygna at Wikimedia Commons

January 01, 1970
whistling, duck, tree, duck, redirects, here, another, bird, sometimes, called, tree, duck, wood, duck, whistling, ducks, tree, ducks, subfamily, dendrocygninae, duck, goose, swan, family, birds, anatidae, other, taxonomic, schemes, they, considered, separate,. Tree duck redirects here For another bird sometimes called a tree duck see Wood Duck The whistling ducks or tree ducks are a subfamily Dendrocygninae of the duck goose and swan family of birds Anatidae In other taxonomic schemes they are considered a separate family Dendrocygnidae Some taxonomists list only one genus Dendrocygna which contains eight living species and one undescribed extinct species from Aitutaki of the Cook Islands but other taxonomists also list the white backed duck Thalassornis leuconotus under the subfamily Whistling ducks Black bellied whistling duck Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves Order Anseriformes Family Anatidae Subfamily DendrocygninaeReichenbach 1850 Genus DendrocygnaSwainson 1837 Type species Anas arcuataHorsfield 1824 Contents 1 Taxonomy and evolution 1 1 Species 2 Description 3 Notes 4 References 4 1 Literature cited 5 External linksTaxonomy and evolution editWhistling ducks were first described by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae in 1758 the black bellied whistling duck then Anas autumnalis and the West Indian whistling duck then Anas arborea 1 In 1837 William John Swainson named the genus Dendrocygna to distinguish whistling ducks from the other waterfowl 2 The type species was listed as the wandering whistling duck D arcuata formerly named by Thomas Horsfield as Anas arcuata 3 Whistling duck taxonomy including that of the entire order Anseriformes is complicated and disputed 4 Under a traditional classification proposed by ornithologist Jean Theodore Delacour based on morphological and behavioral traits 5 6 whistling ducks belong to the tribe Dendrocygnini under the family Anatidae and subfamily Anserinae 6 7 Following the revisions by ornithologist Paul Johnsgard Dendrocygnini includes the genus Thalassornis the white backed duck under this system 7 8 In 1997 Bradley C Livezey proposed that Dendrocygna were a separate lineage from Anserinae placing it and its tribe in its own subfamily Dendrocygninae Alternatively Charles Sibley and Jon Edward Ahlquist recommended placing Dendrocygna in its own family Dendrocygnidae which includes the genus Thalassornis 6 7 Simplified Anseriformes phylogeny 9 10 11 Anseriformes Anhimidae screamers Anseranatidae magpie geese Anatidae Dendrocygninae whistling ducks Anatinae dabbling ducks Anserinae swans and true geese Oxyurinae stiff tailed ducks and allies Detailed Anatidae phylogeny 12 Anatidae D autumnalis D viduata Thalassornis D arborea D guttata D bicolor D eytoni D arcuata D javanica all Anserinae Malacorhynchus Nettapus Oxyurinae Salvadorina Stictonetta other Anatinae other Anatidae Dendrocygninae Stictonettinae Dendrocygninae Thalassorninae Species edit Eight species of whistling duck are currently recognized in the genus Dendrocygna However Johnsgard considers the white backed duck Thalassornis leuconotus from Africa and Madagascar to be distinct ninth species 13 a view first proposed in 1960 and initially supported by behavioral similarities Later similarities in anatomy duckling vocalizations and feather proteins gave additional support 8 Molecular analysis in 2009 also suggested that the white backed duck was nested within the whistling duck clade 12 In addition to the extant species subfossil remains of an extinct undescribed species have been found on Aitutaki of the Cook Islands 14 Common name Scientific name a IUCN Red List Status Distribution Picture Status Trend Population b West Indian whistling duck Dendrocygna arborea Linnaeus 1758 NT IUCN 15 nbsp 6 000 15 000 nbsp nbsp Wandering whistling duck Dendrocygna arcuata Horsfield 1824 LC IUCN 16 nbsp nbsp Black bellied whistling duck Dendrocygna autumnalis Linnaeus 1758 LC IUCN 17 nbsp nbsp nbsp Fulvous whistling duck Dendrocygna bicolor Vieillot 1816 LC IUCN 18 nbsp nbsp nbsp Plumed whistling duck Dendrocygna eytoni Eyton 1838 LC IUCN 19 nbsp nbsp Spotted whistling duck Dendrocygna guttata Schlegel 1866 LC IUCN 20 nbsp 6 700 17 000 nbsp Lesser whistling duck Dendrocygna javanica Horsfield 1821 LC IUCN 21 nbsp nbsp nbsp White faced whistling duck Dendrocygna viduata Linnaeus 1766 LC IUCN 22 nbsp nbsp nbsp Description editWhistling ducks are found in the tropics and subtropics As their name implies they have distinctive whistling calls citation needed The whistling ducks have long legs and necks and are very gregarious flying to and from night time roosts in large flocks Both sexes have the same plumage and all have a hunched appearance and black underwings in flight citation needed After breeding and pairing with a female male whistling ducks especially within the Fulvous whistling duck species will often help with the construction of nests and will take turns with the female incubating the eggs Notes edit A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Dendrocygna Estimate for the number of mature individuals in the wild References edit Linnaeus 1758 p 127 128 Swainson 1837 p 365 Eyton 1838 p 28 Donne Gousse Laudet amp Hanni 2002 p 339 Johnsgard 1965 p 14 a b c Donne Gousse Laudet amp Hanni 2002 pp 340 a b c Donne Gousse Laudet amp Hanni 2002 pp 353 354 a b Johnsgard 2010b p 26 Donne Gousse Laudet amp Hanni 2002 p 348 Gonzalez Duttmann amp Wink 2009 p 313 Pereira amp Baker 2009 p 416 a b Eo Bininda Emonds amp Carroll 2009 pp 471 472 Johnsgard 2010a p 41 Steadman 2006 pp 213 amp 218 BirdLife International 2019 Dendrocygna arborea IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 Retrieved 2 January 2020 old form url BirdLife International 2012 Dendrocygna arcuata IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012 Retrieved 26 November 2013 old form url BirdLife International 2012 Dendrocygna autumnalis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012 Retrieved 26 November 2013 old form url BirdLife International 2016 Dendrocygna bicolor IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T22679746A92827620 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T22679746A92827620 en BirdLife International 2012 Dendrocygna eytoni IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012 Retrieved 26 November 2013 old form url BirdLife International 2012 Dendrocygna guttata IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012 Retrieved 26 November 2013 old form url BirdLife International 2012 Dendrocygna javanica IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012 Retrieved 26 November 2013 old form url BirdLife International 2012 Dendrocygna viduata IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012 Retrieved 26 November 2013 old form url Literature cited edit Donne Gousse C Laudet V Hanni C 2002 A molecular phylogeny of anseriformes based on mitochondrial DNA analysis Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23 3 339 356 doi 10 1016 S1055 7903 02 00019 2 PMID 12099792 Eo S H Bininda Emonds O R P Carroll J P 2009 A phylogenetic supertree of the fowls Galloanserae Aves PDF Zoologica Scripta 38 5 465 481 doi 10 1111 j 1463 6409 2008 00382 x S2CID 30562724 Eyton T C 1838 A Monograph on the Anatidae Or Duck Tribe London Longman Orme Brown Green amp Longman p 183 doi 10 5962 bhl title 51971 Gonzalez J Duttmann H Wink M 2009 Phylogenetic relationships based on two mitochondrial genes and hybridization patterns in Anatidae Journal of Zoology 279 3 310 318 doi 10 1111 j 1469 7998 2009 00622 x Johnsgard P A 1965 Tribe Dendrocygnini Whistling Ducks Handbook of Waterfowl Behavior Ithaca Cornell University Press p 378 Johnsgard P A 2010a Whistling Ducks Tribe Dendrocygnini Waterfowl of North America Revised Edition Lincoln University of Nebraska Lincoln Libraries p 575 Johnsgard P A 2010b Tribe Dendrocygnini Whistling or Tree Ducks Ducks Geese and Swans of the World Lincoln University of Nebraska Lincoln Libraries p 404 Linnaeus C 1758 Systema Naturae Vol 1 Tenth ed Stockholm Sweden Laurentius Salvius p 825 Pereira S L Baker A J 2009 Waterfowl and gamefowl Galloanserae In Hedges S B Kumar S eds The Timetree of Life PDF Oxford Oxford University Press p 576 ISBN 978 0 19 160898 8 Steadman D W 2006 Extinction and Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Islands Birds Chicago University of Chicago Press p 594 ISBN 0 226 77142 3 Swainson W 1837 On the Natural History and Classification of Birds Vol 2 London Longman Rees Orme Brown Green amp Longman p 398 External links edit nbsp Media related to Dendrocygna at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Whistling duck amp oldid 1218793479, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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