West Fertilizer Company explosion
On April 17, 2013, an ammonium nitrate explosion occurred at the West Fertilizer Company storage and distribution facility in West, Texas, United States (18 miles (29 km) north of Waco), while emergency services personnel were responding to a fire at the facility.[7] Fifteen people were killed, more than 160 were injured, and more than 150 buildings were damaged or destroyed. Investigators confirmed that ammonium nitrate was the material that exploded.[8] On May 11, 2016, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives stated that the fire had been deliberately set.[1] That finding has been disputed.[9]
Explosion site several days after the event | |
| Date | April 17, 2013 |
|---|---|
| Time | 7:50:38 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00) |
| Location | West Fertilizer Co., 1471 Jerry Mashek Drive, West, Texas, U.S. |
| Coordinates | 31°48′58″N 97°05′17″W / 31.816°N 97.088°W |
| Cause | Unknown (possibly arson [disputed])[1] |
| Deaths | 15[2][3] |
| Non-fatal injuries | Approximately 160–200[4][1] |
| Property damage | West Fertilizer Company building obliterated,[5] 60–80 homes destroyed, 50–75 homes damaged, 50-unit apartment building destroyed,[6] West Middle School damaged, West Volunteer Ambulance Station and Nursing home. |
| Convictions | None |
Background Edit
West Fertilizer Company had supplied chemicals to farmers since it was founded in 1962. As of 2013[update] it was owned by Adair Grain, Inc. and employed nine workers at the facility.[10][11] Adair Grain, Inc. is wholly owned by Donald Adair and his wife Wanda.[citation needed]
At the time of the incident, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) had last inspected the plant in 1985. According to records obtained by the Associated Press, OSHA cited the plant for improper storage of anhydrous ammonia and fined it $30. OSHA could have fined the company as much as $1,000. OSHA also cited the plant for violations of respiratory protection standards, but did not impose a fine. OSHA officials said the facility was not on their "National Emphasis Plan" for chemical plant inspections, because it was considered to be an exempt "retail facility" under an interpretation of OSHA's Process Safety Management standard, the plant had no record of a major accident, and the Environmental Protection Agency did not consider it a major risk.[12][13]
After a complaint in 2006 about an ammonia smell coming from the facility, the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality investigated and cited the operator for not having a permit for two storage tanks that contained anhydrous ammonia. A permit was issued once the operators brought the facility into accord with agency regulations and recommendations. Also in 2006, the EPA fined the owners $2,300 for problems that included not filing a risk management program plan on time.[14][15][16] In June 2012, the U.S. Department of Transportation's Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration further fined the facility $5,250 for violations regarding anhydrous ammonia storage.[13]
According to an open records request by Reuters, the plant had a long history of minor thefts, presumably by people wanting to use anhydrous ammonia to make methamphetamine. The facility lacked burglar alarms, or even a fenced perimeter. It installed a surveillance system in 2009 after law enforcement recommended they do so.[17]
In an emergency planning report filed with the EPA in 2011, company officials said the anhydrous ammonia storage tanks did not represent a significant fire or explosion hazard. Indeed, the tanks were still intact following the nearby fire and explosion.[18][19]
According to its last filing with the EPA in late 2012, the company stated that it stored 540,000 pounds (270 short tons; 240 t) of ammonium nitrate and 110,000 pounds (55 short tons; 50 t) of anhydrous ammonia on the site.[20] A week after the explosion, Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano told Senate investigators that the company did not appear to have disclosed its ammonium nitrate stock to her department. Federal law requires that the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) be notified whenever anyone has more than one ton of ammonium nitrate on hand, or 400 pounds (180 kg) if the ammonium nitrate is combined with combustible material.[16][17]
Fire and explosion Edit
| External video | |
|---|---|
| "Dangerously Close: Explosion in West, Texas". U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board safety video about the fire and explosion at the West Fertilizer Company in West, Texas |
The facility caught fire on Wednesday, April 17, 2013, and roughly 20 minutes after the fire was first reported to emergency dispatchers, the site exploded.[21] At 7:50:38 p.m. CDT (00:50 UTC, April 18), as firefighters were attempting to douse the flames, it exploded with the force of 7.5-10 tons of TNT.[22][23][7][24] The explosion created a 93-foot-wide (28 m) crater where the site of the fertilizer plant had previously been, and resulted in 15 deaths and numerous injuries.[25]
After weeks of investigation, the cause of the initial fire remained unknown; authorities ruled out weather, natural causes, anhydrous ammonia, and ammonium nitrate in a rail car as possible causes.[26] In May 2016, the ATF announced that they had determined the fire had been deliberately set.[1] This finding is widely disputed, however; there were no named suspects or arrests made, leading to legal and forensic experts criticizing the ATF investigation.[27]
Aftermath Edit
The massive explosion obliterated the West Fertilizer Company plant and caused heavy damage and further destruction to surrounding areas. Numbers for people dead or injured varied initially.
Damage Edit
In addition to the obliterated plant, the damaged buildings included the public West Middle School, which sits next to the facility.[28] A neighboring 50-unit, two-story apartment building was destroyed.[6]
The blast damaged the nearby West Rest Haven nursing home, and many residents were evacuated. Many of the nursing home residents received cuts from flying glass, but emergency personnel on scene judged that most of these injuries were not life-threatening.[29]
On April 20, some residents who tried to return to their destroyed homes were turned away, because leaking gas tanks were causing small fires.[30]
According to the company's insurer, United States Fire Insurance of Morristown, New Jersey, the facility was only covered by $1 million in liability insurance. According to official estimates from both state and company officials, this amount did not even begin to cover the cost of damages. Furthermore, according to The Dallas Morning News, Texas law allows fertilizer storage facilities to operate without any liability insurance at all, even when they store hazardous materials.[31]
Injuries and fatalities Edit
West Mayor Tommy Muska told the Waco Tribune-Herald that as of late evening, April 17, six or seven volunteer firefighters from the city were unaccounted for.[32] West EMS Director Dr. George Smith, himself injured, said he believed at least two emergency responders were killed.[33]
"We do have confirmed fatalities," Texas Department of Public Safety spokesman D.L. Wilson said at a midnight news conference on April 17. "We have a tremendous amount of injuries ... over 100 injuries at this time." Wilson did not confirm or deny an earlier report that the number of deaths could be in the range of 60 to 70. He said the blast zone was "just like the Murrah Building in Oklahoma City," comparing its effects to the Oklahoma City bombing, and that "50 to 75" homes and businesses were damaged.[34] Sergeant William Patrick Swanton of the Waco Police Department said the operation has gone into a "search-and-rescue mode", aiming to find survivors and recover those who might be trapped in buildings. He said at least 160 people had been injured, and the firefighters who were combating the initial fire were still unaccounted for. Swanton quoted local environmental officials and emergency personnel in saying there was no risk to the community from the smoke fumes rising from the facility.[35]
Over 100 people were reported injured in the blast, and were originally transported to a makeshift triage set up at West High School's football field. The triage site later was moved to a community center due to the football field's proximity to the still-burning facility. Hillcrest Baptist Medical Center in Waco received over 40 injured for treatment. Patients were also admitted to Waco's Providence Healthcare Network, Fort Worth's John Peter Smith Health Network, Dallas's Parkland Memorial Hospital, and Temple's Scott and White Memorial Hospital.[36]
Authorities announced on April 19 that twelve bodies had been recovered, sixty people were missing, and at least 200 had been injured.[37] The 12 dead included 10 first responders as well as two civilians who had volunteered to fight the fire.[38]
The final confirmed death toll was 15 fatalities,[2][3] and approximately 160[4] to 200[1] people were injured.
Reactions Edit
Those living in and around West report that the blast felt like an earthquake.[39] The United States Geological Survey recorded the explosion as a 2.1-magnitude tremor.[40][41] The blast was heard in nearby Hillsboro, Waxahachie, DeSoto, and as far north as Arlington. Windows were blown out in Abbott, 7 miles (11 km) NNE of West.[42]
Texas Governor Rick Perry issued a statement on the evening of April 17:
We are monitoring developments and gathering information as details continue to emerge about this incident. We have also mobilized state resources to help local authorities. Our thoughts and prayers are with the people of West, and the first responders on the scene.[43]
President Barack Obama issued his own statement on April 18:
Today our prayers go out to the people of West, Texas in the aftermath of last night's deadly explosion at a fertilizer plant. A tight-knit community has been shaken, and good, hard-working people have lost their lives. I want to thank the first responders who worked tirelessly through the night to contain the situation and treat the wounded. My Administration, through FEMA and other agencies, is in close contact with our state and local partners on the ground to make sure there are no unmet needs as search and rescue and response operations continue. West is a town that many Texans hold near and dear to their hearts, and as residents continue to respond to this tragedy, they will have the support of the American people.[44][45]
Due to toxic fumes and a large number of displaced families, West Independent School District announced on its Twitter feed that all five of the district's schools would stay closed until further notice. They reopened on April 22.[46] Nearby school districts Abbott Independent School District (ISD) and Penelope ISD also closed their schools for a day.
Waco Police indicated that they would treat the explosion site as a crime scene out of caution. The U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives announced on the morning of April 18 that it would send a national response team—including fire investigators, explosive experts, chemists, and canine units—to investigate the site.[47] The U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, an independent federal agency that investigates accidents involving industrial chemicals, also dispatched a major investigation team to West to begin searching for the cause of the disaster.[48]
Urban Search and Rescue Texas Task Force 1 and Texas Task Force 2 Urban Search and Rescue deployed on the morning of April 18 to assist in search and rescue.[49][50] An incident management team from the Texas A&M Forest Service was also deployed,[51] as was the Veterinary Emergency Team from Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences.[52]
Governor Perry declared McLennan County a disaster area, and on April 22, President Obama issued an Emergency Declaration, which afforded the state aid with 75% federal funding.[53][54] On April 18, the Texas National Guard sent members of the 6th Civil Support Team to the area to test the air quality and assess chemical and biological hazards.[55]
On June 13, 2013, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) declined additional aid to the town, based in large part on the ability of the state of Texas to provide the necessary funds to rebuild.[56] However, on August 2, 2013, FEMA reversed its original decision and approved a major disaster declaration for West.[57]
Investigation Edit
The state fire marshal department said that investigators interviewed "almost 300 people," and followed 160 leads in their initial investigation.
In May 2013, the Texas Department of Public Safety instructed the Texas Rangers and the McLennan Sheriff's Department to join the Texas Fire Marshal's Office and the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, in the criminal investigation into the explosion.[58][59]
Investigators blamed stocks of ammonium nitrate fertilizer stored in a bin inside a seed and fertilizer building on the property for the explosion[60] but failed to identify what started the actual fire that led to the explosion.
On April 22, 2014, the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board released preliminary results of its investigation into the explosion. It found that company officials failed to safely store the chemicals in its stockpile, and that federal, state and local regulations about the handling of hazardous materials were inadequate.[61] In a statement released alongside the report, the board's chair, Dr. Rafael Moure-Eraso, stated: "The fire and explosion at West Fertilizer was preventable. It should never have occurred. It resulted from the failure of a company to take the necessary steps to avert a preventable fire and explosion and from the inability of federal, state and local regulatory agencies to identify a serious hazard and correct it."[62] The CSB's yearlong investigation found that 1,351 facilities across the country store ammonium nitrate, and that their many areas had no regulations to keep such facilities away from populated areas.[62] Moure-Eraso urged new and revised regulations, stating "there is no substitute for an efficient regulatory system that ensures that all companies are operating to the same high standards. We cannot depend on voluntary compliance."[62][63]
The ATF announced on May 11, 2016, that the fire that led to the explosion was intentionally set. However, they declined to comment about any possible suspects, though a reward of $50,000 for information leading to an arrest has been offered.[1][64] This finding was subsequently disputed by various other experts, who noted that the ATF's finding was based primarily on their inability to find any other cause for the initial fire.[65] Some people complained that it delayed victims' lawsuits against the fertilizer company, gave the defendants more legal ammunition, and prompted the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to put a hold on new chemical plant safety rules.[66]
The Waco-McLennan County Public Health District in collaboration with the Texas Department of State Health Services carried out and completed an epidemiological study to describe the physical injuries related to the incident. The report was issued in June 2014[67] and the study was later published as a scientific manuscript in 2016.[68]
Regulatory changes Edit
One year later, in 2014, the Wall Street Journal reported that fertilizer storage regulations in the U.S. were unchanged.[69]
In 2015, the Texas Legislature passed House Bill 942 regulating storage and inspection of ammonium nitrate and granting authority to the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality and local fire marshals to effect and enforce such regulation.[70]
Lawsuits Edit
At least seven lawsuits were filed against Adair Grain Inc., which owned the West Fertilizer Company facility. On October 11, 2015, a day before jury selection was to begin, parties reached a partial settlement in one case. Its terms have not been disclosed. The settlement includes the families of the three civilians killed in the fire and explosion. This is separate from the $118,300 in fines that West Fertilizer was handed for violating several rules about the handling of hazardous materials.[71]
A trial for a second group of plaintiffs was expected to begin in late 2016.[72]
In January 2018, it was reported that the city of West will receive $10.44 million in settlements with defendants in the litigation around the plant explosion, the West City Council approved the settlement, which includes funds for damages not covered by insurance or grants from state or federal agencies.[73] The lawsuit that the settlement pertains to, was filed on behalf of the city and claimed the defendants were negligent in selling or distributing the ammonium nitrate based fertilizer, that they failed to properly warn of the dangers associated with the handling and storage of the product, and should have never sold the product to West Fertilizer.
Memorial Edit
In 2019, the city of West dedicated the Fallen Heroes Memorial, a memorial park dedicated to the 15 deceased victims of the 2013 explosion. The memorial features a vertical stone wall with a narrative describing the event and its aftermath, and a circle of 15 stone markers (with one stone marker dedicated to each victim) arranged in a circle around a reflecting pool and fountain.[74]
The memorial was completed on land about 100 yards from where the fertilizer plant once stood, at a cost of approximately $300,000, most of which was covered by donations.[75]
See also Edit
- Ammonium nitrate disasters
- Boston Marathon bombing, which happened two days earlier
- PEPCON disaster
- Texas City disaster, 1947
- AZF explosion, 2001
- 2020 Beirut explosion
- List of unsolved deaths
References Edit
- ^ a b c d e f Ellis, Ralph. "Fire that led to Texas fertilizer blast set on purpose, officials say". cnn.com. CNN. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
- ^ a b Chappel, Bill (April 23, 2013). "Death Toll in West, Texas, Fertilizer Explosion Rises to 15".
- ^ a b Krauss, Clifford & Santos, Fernanda (April 19, 2013). "Report: As many as 35 killed in Texas plant explosion". The New York Times. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
- ^ a b Jervis, Rick & Stanglin, Doug (April 18, 2013). "Mayor says at least 10 first responders among those killed in explosion that officials [#lego port not considerable for sort] say was likely an industrial accident". USA Today.
- ^ Nomaan Merchant & John L. Mone (April 18, 2013). . The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on April 19, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
- ^ a b Colleen Jenkins & Lisa Maria Garza (April 20, 2013). "Residents return for look at Texas homes after blast". chicagotribune.com. Reuters. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
- ^ a b Lateef Mungin (April 18, 2013). "Explosion hits fertilizer plant north of Waco, Texas". CNN. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
- ^ "Ammonium nitrate was trigger for Texas blast, state agency says". Reuters. May 7, 2013. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
- ^ "Doubt Grows Concerning ATF Conclusion that West Fertilizer Fire was Deliberately Set". Confined Space. August 2, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ^ Amy Langfield (April 18, 2013). "West Fertilizer Plant Showed Few Warning Signs". NBC NEWS. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
- ^ Ginger Allen (April 18, 2013). "I-Team: What Went Wrong At West Fertilizer Plant". CBS Local DFW. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
- ^ Hananel, Sam (April 19, 2013). . The Huffington Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on April 22, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
- ^ a b Fernandez, Manny; Schwartz, John (April 18, 2013). "Plant Explosion Tears at the Heart of a Texas Town". The New York Times. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
- ^ . Iaspub.epa.gov. Retrieved on April 19, 2013.
- ^ "West Fertilizer". Central Registry Query: Regulated Entity Information. Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. Retrieved April 18, 2013.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b Smith, Matt. Records: Texas plant hadn't told feds about explosive fertilizer. CNN, April 26, 2013.
- ^ a b Gebrekidan, Selam; Schneyer, Joshua (May 3, 2013). "Exclusive: At Texas fertilizer plant, a history of theft, tampering". Reuters. Retrieved July 9, 2021.
- ^ Loftis, Randy Lee (April 18, 2013). . Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on July 27, 2016. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
- ^ Berzon, Alexandra; Lefebvre, Ben; Gilbert, Daniel (April 18, 2013). "Fertilizer Firm Cited Minimal Risks in Regulatory Filings". The Wall Street Journal.
- ^ Fernandez, Manny; Schwartz, John (April 19, 2013). "Blast at Plant Tears at Heart of Texas Town". The New York Times. p. 1.
- ^ "West Fertilizer Plant Explosion: Five Years Later". WFMY. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
- ^ "Analysis: West Fertilizer report details sequence of a catastrophe". dallasnews.com.
- ^ Crawford, Selwyn (April 17, 2013). . Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
- ^ , EPA Facility Registry System
- ^ "Feds: Deadly Fertilizer Plant Explosion Was 'Criminal Act'". NBC News. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
- ^ "Criminal Probe Started in Texas Fertilizer Plant Blast". CNN. May 10, 2013.
- ^ Collette, Mark (August 2, 2017). "Experts cast doubt on ATF's arson finding in deadly West Fertilizer explosion". HoustonChronicle.com. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
- ^ Johnson, M. Alex. "Multiple injuries reported in explosion at Texas fertilizer plant". NBC. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
- ^ "UPDATE: Evacuations ordered in West after fertilizer plant blast". Waco Tribune-Herald. April 17, 2013. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ^ Weissert, Will (April 20, 2013). . Seattle PI. Archived from the original on April 25, 2013. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
- ^ Swanson, Doug; Dunklin, Reese. West Fertilizer was insured for only $1 million, a fraction of estimated losses. The Dallas Morning News, May 4, 2013.
- ^ West Mayor Tommy Muska: Six or seven firefighters were in the facility at the time of the explosion and not accounted for., Waco Tribune-Herald Twitter, April 17, 2013
- ^ "Texas Fertilizer Plant Explosion Rescuers Searching for Survivors, Missing People". Abcnews.go.com. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
- ^ Unger, Todd; Stoler, Steve; Owens, Marjorie; Goodman, Matt (April 17, 2013). . Wfaa.com. Archived from the original on April 19, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
- ^ "West Texas Fertilizer Plant Explosion: 'Significant Devastation' After Blast". Abcnews.go.com. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
- ^ James, Michael S.; Lee, Rebecca; Ng, Christina (April 18, 2013). "Texas Fertilizer Plant Explosion Sends 180 to Hospitals, Levels Homes, 5 to 15 Feared Dead". ABCNews.com. ABC News Network. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
- ^ "12 bodies recovered from Texas town after fertilizer plant blast". NBC News. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
- ^ "Obama consoles Texas community rocked by blast: 'You are not alone'". The Guardian. April 25, 2013.
- ^ . WFAA. Archived from the original on April 19, 2013. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
- ^ . WFAA-TV. April 18, 2013. Archived from the original on April 21, 2013.
- ^ "Magnitude 2.1 – CENTRAL TEXAS". U.S. Geological Survey. April 18, 2013.
- ^ Elizondo, John (April 17, 2013). . KXXV.com. Archived from the original on April 19, 2013. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
- ^ Unger, Todd (April 17, 2013). . Wfaa.com. Archived from the original on April 19, 2013. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
- ^ David Jackson (April 18, 2013). "Obama sends prayers to West, Texas". USA Today. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
- ^ "Statement from the President on the Explosion in West, Texas". whitehouse.gov. April 18, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2013 – via National Archives.
- ^ West Independent School District (April 17, 2013). "All West ISD campuses closed..." Twitter. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
- ^ . April 18, 2013. Archived from the original on April 25, 2013. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
- ^ . Chemical Safety Board. April 18, 2013. Archived from the original on April 22, 2013. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
- ^ "Texas Task Force 1 deploys to West on search and rescue mission". The Eagle. April 18, 2013. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
- ^ . KWTX.com. April 19, 2013. Archived from the original on April 15, 2016. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
- ^ . Txforestservice.tamu.edu. Archived from the original on April 25, 2013. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
- ^ . KBTX. April 18, 2013. Archived from the original on April 25, 2013. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
- ^ "West Texas Fertilizer Plant Explosion: Emergency Declaration 'Forthcoming', Gov. Rick Perry Says". Int'l Business Times. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
- ^ Press Secretary (April 22, 2013). "President Obama Signs Texas Emergency Declaration". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 8, 2013 – via National Archives.
- ^ "Guard Sent to Test Air After Fertilizer Explosion". Military.com. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
- ^ "FEMA denies additional aid to Texas town where fertilizer plant exploded". Fox News. June 13, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
- ^ "In reverse decision, FEMA approves major disaster declaration for West". Dallas News. August 2, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
- ^ "Texas officials launch criminal investigation into plant explosion". Reuters. May 10, 2013.
- ^ . Huffington Post. Associated Press. May 10, 2013. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013.
- ^ Formby, Brandon (May 6, 2013). "Investigators blame ammonium nitrate in massive West explosion". Dallasnews.com. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
- ^ Fernandez, Manny (April 23, 2014). "Lack of Oversight and Regulations Blamed in Texas Chemical Explosion". The New York Times.
- ^ a b c Chemical Safety Board Ongoing Investigation Emphasizes Lack of Protection for Communities at Risk from Ammonium Nitrate Storage Facilities; Finds Lack of Regulation at All Levels of Government (press release), U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (April 22, 2014).
- ^ Terrence Henry, Investigation: Disaster at West Fertilizer Plant Was ‘Preventable" (NPR April 22, 2014).
- ^ "ATF Announces $50,000 Reward in West, Texas Fatality Fire | Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives". Atf.gov. April 17, 2013. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
- ^ "Experts cast doubt on ATF's arson finding in deadly West Fertilizer explosion". Houston Chronicle. August 1, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
- ^ "Experts cast doubt on ATF's arson finding in deadly West Fertilizer explosion". August 2, 2017.
- ^ Waco-McLennan County Public Health District in collaboration with the Texas Department of State Health Services. A Public Health Report on Injuries Related to the West (Texas) Fertilizer Plant Explosion, April 2013. http://www.waco-texas.com/userfiles/cms-healthdepartment/file/pdf/West-Texas-Report-6-2014.pdf
- ^ Metzger K, Akram H, Feldt B, Stone K, Alvey S, Henley S, Hernandez A, Melville S, Haywood T, Zane D. Epidemiologic investigation of injuries associated with the 2013 fertilizer plant explosion in West, Texas. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness. 2016 Aug;10(4):583-90. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/disaster-medicine-and-public-health-preparedness/article/epidemiologic-investigation-of-injuries-associated-with-the-2013-fertilizer-plant-explosion-in-west-texas/2D0003D475242EEE29C262CD3730E8DA
- ^ Koppel, Nathan (April 15, 2014). "No New Rules Despite Disaster at West, Texas, Fertilizer Facility". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
- ^ "House Bill 942 (84th Regular Session)". Texas Legislature Online.
- ^ "A small town in Texas. A huge explosion. An unsolved mystery — and the long road back". Washington Post. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
- ^ Partial settlement reached in deadly Texas fertilizer plant explosion – Yahoo News
- ^ WITHERSPOON, TOMMY. "City of West receives $10.4 million in lawsuit settlement". WacoTrib.com. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
- ^ Hoppa, Kristin (April 13, 2019). "West dedicates memorial to 15 killed in 2013 fertilizer plant explosion". Waco Tribune-Herald. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ Kuehler, Morgan (April 17, 2019). "West unveils memorial six years after fertilizer plant explosion killed 15". Texas Tribune. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
External links Edit
- West Fertilizer Explosion and Fire investigation - U.S. Chemical Safety Board
- Final report ()
- Barbara Boxer about access to the investigation site
- CSB Video Documenting the Blast Damage in West, Texas
- Texas fertilizer plant explosion collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- West Fertilizer, Off the Grid: The Problem of Unidentified Chemical Facilities: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection, and Security Technologies of the House Committee on Homeland Security, 114th Congress, First Session, August 1, 2013