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Wikipedia

Welsh devolution

January 01, 1970

Welsh devolution is the transfer of legislative power for self-governance to Wales by the Government of the United Kingdom.[1]

Senedd building

Wales was conquered by England during the 13th century, with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 applying English law to Wales and incorporating it into England, and later Great Britain and the United Kingdom.

A rise in Welsh nationalism and political movements advocating for Welsh autonomy became more prominent in the late nineteenth century. The devolution of some administrative responsibilities began in the early twentieth century, as well as the passing of laws specific to Wales. Since World War II, various movements and proposals have advocated different models of Welsh devolution. In 1979, a referendum on devolution was rejected by 79% of voters amid regional divisions and cultural concerns, but by 1997 support for devolution had increased and was narrowly supported in a referendum. Laws were subsequently passed to establish the National Assembly for Wales and grant it secondary legislative powers over areas such as agriculture, education and housing. The third referendum in 2011 saw voters support full primary law-making powers for the National Assembly over specified areas of governance. After the Senedd and Elections (Wales) Act 2020, the National Assembly was renamed "Senedd Cymru" (in Welsh) and the "Welsh Parliament" (in English) (also collectively referred to as the "Senedd"), which was seen as a better reflection of the body's expanded legislative powers.

The Welsh Labour Party advocates for further Welsh devolution and "far-reaching federalism" with powers equal to those of Scotland and Northern Ireland, whilst the Welsh nationalist party, Plaid Cymru has described devolution as a stepping stone towards full Welsh independence.

Incorporation of Wales into England edit

Wales was conquered by England during the 13th century and the last native prince of Wales, Llywelyn the Last, was killed in an ambush by an English soldier in 1282.[2] The 1284 Statute of Rhuddlan caused Wales to lose its de facto independence and formed the constitutional basis for it as a principality in the Realm of England.[3]

Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored Welsh independence in a national uprising that began in 1400. He convened Wales' first Senedd in Machynlleth in 1404, but the Welsh were defeated by the English by 1412.[4] The penal laws against the Welsh of 1401-02 passed by the English parliament made the Welsh second-class citizens. With hopes of independence ended, there were no further wars or rebellions against English rule and the laws remained on the statute books until 1624.[5]

The English Parliament's Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 applied English law to Wales and united the Principality and the Marches of Wales, effectively abolishing both regions and incorporating Wales into England.[6][7] The Wales and Berwick Act 1746 defined "England" to include Wales.[8]

History edit

Home rule movement edit

Disestablishment of the Anglican church edit

Main article: Disestablishment of the Church in Wales

The Sunday Closing (Wales) Act 1881 was the first legislation to acknowledge that Wales had a separate politico-legal character from the rest of the English state.[9] At the time, a majority of people in Wales belonged to noncomformists chapels despite members of the Church of England having legal and social privileges. The Sunday Closing Act was therefore celebrated in Wales as a significant step towards establishing equal status for the noncomformist chapels and disestablishing the Anglican church in Wales. Historian and former BBC Wales producer John Trefor suggests that the act "was a victory, not only for the chapels and the temperance leagues, but for Welsh identity. He goes on to say, "There was a sense that things could be done differently here. Wales-only Education and cemetery acts came soon after, and in many respects it established the principle on which devolution and the National Assembly are based."[10]

 
David Lloyd George

David Lloyd George, MP for Caernarfon at the time, was devoted to Welsh devolution early in his career, starting with the Church in Wales. He said in 1890; "I am deeply impressed with the fact that Wales has wants and inspirations of her own which have too long been ignored, but which must no longer be neglected. First and foremost amongst these stands the cause of religious liberty and equality in Wales. If returned to Parliament by you, it shall be my earnest endeavour to labour for the triumph of this great cause. I believe in a liberal extension of the principle of decentralisation."[11] In 1895, in a Church in Wales Bill which was ultimately unsuccessful, Lloyd George added an amendment in a discreet attempt at forming a sort of Welsh home rule, a national council for appointment of the Welsh Church commissioners.[12][13][14] The Welsh Church Act 1914 was passed giving the Church in Wales the freedom to govern its own affairs. After being suspended for the duration of the First World War, the Act came into effect from 1920.[15]

Home rule edit

In response to the Irish demand for "home rule", Liberal prime minister of the UK, William Gladstone proposed two bills on home rule for Ireland in 1886 and 1893, which both failed.[16] Although the idea of "home rule all round" had been around since the 1830s the idea became more popular in 1910 during the constitutional conference and on the brink of an Irish war during 1913–14.[17]

 
Llywelyn Williams set up the first Cymru Fydd branch on Welsh soil in Barry in 1891.[18]

Political movements supporting Welsh self-rule began in the late nineteenth century alongside a rise in Welsh nationalism.[19][20] In the same year as the first bill for Ireland was proposed, the Cymru Fydd (Wales To Be/Wales Will Be) movement was founded to further the home rule cause for Wales.[9] Lloyd George was one of the main leaders of Cymru Fydd which was an organisation created with the aim of establishing a Welsh Government[21] and a "stronger Welsh identity".[22] As such Lloyd George was seen as a radical figure in British politics and was associated with the reawakening of Welsh nationalism and identity, saying in 1880, "Is it not high time that Wales should have the powers to manage its own affairs".[23][24] Historian Emyr Price has referred to him as "the first architect of Welsh devolution and its most famous advocate’" as well as "the pioneering advocate of a powerful parliament for the Welsh people".[25] The first Cymru Fydd societies were set up in Liverpool and London in 1887 and in the winter the winter of 1886–7, the North and South Wales liberal federations were founded.[26] Lloyd George was also particularly active in attempting to set up a separate Welsh National Party which was based on Charles Stewart Parnell's Irish Parliamentary Party and also worked to unite the North and South Wales Liberal Federations with Cymru Fydd to form a Welsh National Liberal Federation.[27] The Cymru Fydd movement collapsed in 1896 amid personal rivalries and rifts between Liberal representatives such as David Alfred Thomas.[9][28] In 1898 however, David Lloyd George managed to form the Welsh National Liberal Council, a loose umbrella organisation covering the two federations.[29]

Support for home rule for Wales and Scotland amongst most political parties was strongest in 1918 following the independence of other European countries after the First World War, and the Easter Rising in Ireland, wrote Dr Davies.[30] Although Cymru Fydd had collapsed, home rule was still on the agenda, with liberal Joseph Chamberlain proposing "Home Rule All Round" for all nations of the United Kingdom, in part to meet Irish demands but maintain the superiority of the imperial parliament of Westminster. This idea which eventually fell out of favour after "southern Ireland" left the UK and became a dominion in 1921 and the Irish free state was established in 1922.[26] Home rule all round became official labour party policy, by he 1920s, but the Liberals lost interest because if a Welsh Parliament was formed they would not control it.[31]

Welsh institutions form edit

The late 19th century saw the formation of a number of national institutions; a national and annual cultural event, the National Eisteddfod of Wales in 1861,[32] the Football Association of Wales in 1876,[33] the Welsh Rugby Union in 1881[34] and the University of Wales in 1893.[35]

In 1896, Education in Wales began to become distinct with the formation of the Central Welsh Board which inspected grammar schools in Wales and The Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889 was brought about to "make further provision for the intermediate and technical education of the inhabitants of Wales and the county of Monmouth.", making the board responsible for inspection of secondary schools.[36][37] In 1907, the Welsh department of the Board of Education was formed and in the same year, a Welsh Inspectorate was established for inspection of primary and secondary schools in Wales.[38]

The early 20th century also saw the continued formation of a number of Welsh national institutions; the National Library of Wales in 1911,[39] the Welsh Guards in 1915[40] and the Welsh Board of Health in 1919.[41] The Church in Wales came into existence in 1920 following the disestablishment of the Church of England via the Welsh Church Act 1914.[42]

 
Lewis Valentine, first president of Plaid Cymru.[43]

There had been discussions about the need for a "Welsh party" since the 19th century.[44] With the generation or so before 1922 there "had been a marked growth in the constitutional recognition of the Welsh nation", wrote historian Dr John Davies.[45] By 1924 there were people in Wales "eager to make their nationality the focus of Welsh politics".[46] In 1925 Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru ("the National Party of Wales") was founded; it was renamed Plaid Cymru – The Party of Wales in 1945. The party's principles defined in 1970 were (1) self government for Wales, (2) to safeguard the culture, traditions, language and economic position of Wales and (3) to secure membership for a self-governing Welsh state in the United Nations.[47]

Early members of the Independent Labour Party attempted to establish a South Wales Federation towards the end of the 19th century but the South Wales Regional Council of Labour was not established until 1937.[48] The UK Labour government elected in 1945 was strongly centrist, but in the same year, there were 15 UK Government departments established in Wales.[31][49] By 1947, a unified Welsh Regional Council of Labour became responsible for all Wales.[48] In 1959 the Labour council title was changed from "Welsh Regional council" to "Welsh council", and the Labour body was renamed Labour Party Wales in 1975.[48]

Council for Wales edit

Main article: Council for Wales and Monmouthshire

Welsh Labour backbenchers such as D. R. Grenfell, W. H. Mainwaring and James Griffiths supported the establishment of a Secretary of State post whereas Aneurin Bevan thought devolution would distract from "British mainstream politics". The UK Government compromised and agreed to the establishment of a Council for Wales and Monmouthshire. However, it was given no more than a responsibility to advise the UK government on matters of Welsh interest.[50]

The proposal to set up a Council for Wales and Monmouthshire was announced in the House of Commons on 24 November 1948. Its inaugural meeting was in May 1949, and its first business meeting the following month. Its terms of reference were:

  • to meet from time to time and at least quarterly for the interchange of views and information on development and trends in the economic and cultural fields in Wales and Monmouthshire; and
  • to ensure the government is adequately informed of the impact of government activities on the general life of the people of Wales and Monmouthshire.[51]

The Council for Wales and Monmouthshire had 27 appointed members. Of these, 12 were nominated by Welsh local authorities; there were also nominees from the Joint Education Committee, the University of Wales, the National Eisteddfod Council, the Welsh Tourist and Holidays Board, and from both management and union sides of Welsh industry and agriculture.[52] The chairman was Huw T. Edwards, a trade union leader.[53] The Council met in private, a further source of controversy.[54] It set up various panels and committees to investigate issues affecting Wales, including a Welsh Language Panel to study and report upon the present situation of the language; a Government Administration Panel; an Industrial Panel; a Rural Development Panel; a Transport Panel; and a Tourist Industry Panel.[51]

 
A Plaid Cymru rally in Machynlleth in 1949 where the "Parliament for Wales in 5 years" campaign was started
 
Megan Lloyd George, leader of the Parliament for Wales campaign 1950–1956.

Parliament for Wales campaign edit

Main article: Parliament for Wales Campaign

In the 1950s, the deterioration of the British Empire removed a sense of Britishness and there was a realisation that Wales was not as prosperous as south-east England and smaller European countries. Successive Conservative Party victories in Westminster led to suggestions that only through self-government could Wales achieve a government reflecting the votes of a Welsh electorate. The Tryweryn flooding was opposed by 125 local authorities and 27 of 36 Welsh MPs voted against the second reading of the bill with none voting for it. At the time, Wales had no Welsh office (introduced in 1964) or any devolution.[55] John Davies adds that the representatives of Wales were powerless under the political structure of the time, a core message of Plaid Cymru.[56] The Epynt clearance in 1940 has also been described as a "significant - but often overlooked - chapter in the history of Wales".[57]

Those in favour of a Welsh parliament paraded in Machynlleth (the place of Owain Glyndŵr's last Senedd) on 1 October 1949. Speakers and entertainment were also at the event.[58] From 1950 to 1956, Parliament for Wales campaign brought devolution back onto the political agenda. A cross-party campaign was led by Lady Megan Lloyd George, daughter of former Prime minister and campaigner for Welsh devolution, David Lloyd George who had passed away in 1945.[38][59] The Campaign for a Welsh parliament (Ymgyrch Senedd i Gymru) was formally launched on 1 July 1950, at a rally in Llandrindod. This event lead to the creation of a petition of 240,652 names calling for the establishment of a Welsh parliament, which was presented to the House of Commons by Megan Lloyd George in 1956.[58] This was rejected by the UK government. Petitions were also presented to the House of Commons for a Secretary of State for Wales which were also rejected.[59]

Welsh Office & Secretary of State for Wales edit

Main articles: Welsh Office and Secretary of State for Wales

In the first half of the 20th century, a number of politicians had supported the creation of the post of Secretary of State for Wales as a step towards home rule for Wales. A post of Minister of Welsh Affairs was created in 1951 under the home secretary and was promoted to minister of state level in 1954.[20] In 1964, the UK Labour government formed a new office of the Secretary of State for Wales and in 1965 the Welsh Office was created which was run by the Secretary of State for Wales and which was responsible for implementing UK government policies in Wales.[20] In 1999 the Welsh Office made way for the National Assembly for Wales and staff from the Welsh office moved into the National Assembly.[60]

Official flag and capital city edit

Main articles: Flag of Wales and Capital of Wales

The first official flag of Wales was created in 1953 for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. This "augmented" flag including the Royal badge of Wales was criticised in 1958 by "Gorsedd y Beirdd", a national Welsh group comprising Welsh literary figures and Welsh people of note. In 1959, likely in response to criticism, the Welsh flag was changed to a red Welsh dragon on a green and white background that remains the current flag of Wales today.[61]

 
1908 banner used by Cardiff & District Women's Suffrage Society
 
Welsh flag today featuring the Welsh dragon

On 21 December 1955, the Lord Mayor of Cardiff announced to a crowd that Cardiff was now the official capital of Wales following a vote the previous day by Welsh local authority members. Cardiff won the vote with 136 votes and Caernarfon came in second place with 11 votes. A campaign for Cardiff to become the capital city had been ongoing for 30 years prior to the vote. Historian James Cowan outlined some reasons why Cardiff was chosen which included; being the largest city in Wales with a population of 243,632, buildings in Cathays park such as City Hall and the National Museum of Wales among other reasons. Dr Martin Johnes, lecturer at Swansea University suggested that following the formation of the National Assembly for Wales in 1999, Cardiff became "a capital in a meaningful way, as the home of the Welsh government, whereas before, its capital status was irrelevant, it was just symbolic".[62]

First Plaid Cymru MP edit

 
Gwynfor Evans in 1951.

The leader of Plaid Cymru, Gwynfor Evans won the party's first-ever seat in Westminster in Carmarthen in 1966, which "helped change the course of a nation" according to Dr Martin Johnes of Swansea University. This, paired with the SNP's Winnie Ewing's winning a seat in Hamilton, Scotland in 1967 may have contributed to pressure on Labour prime minister Harold Wilson to form the Kilbrandon Commission.[63][64] This event may have also contributed to the passing of the Welsh Language Act 1967.[64] This act repealed a provision in the Wales and Berwick Act 1746 that the term "England" should include Wales, thus defining Wales to be a separate entity from England within the UK.[65][66] The legislation permitted the use of Welsh including in courts of law. The act was in part based upon the Hughes Parry Report from 1965. While the Welsh Courts Act in 1942 had previously allowed limited use of Welsh if defendants or plaintiffs had limited knowledge of English, the 1967 act was far more robust. While the act itself was quite limited, it had large symbolic importance.[66] In 1966, Emlyn Hooson convinced a majority of delegates to merge both the Welsh liberal federations into a single entity, forming the Welsh Liberal Party. The new party had far more authority, and gradually centralised the finances and policy of the party in Wales.[67]

National Assembly referendums edit

See also: Yes for Wales

The UK Labour government introduced separate devolution bills for Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland in 1977 following the support for a Scottish parliament by the Kilbrandon Commission.[68] On St David's Day (March 1), 1979 Welsh devolution referendum was held on a National Assembly for Wales but came at the end of the Winter of Discontent in addition to "tribalism" divisions within Wales. According to John Morris, people in southern Wales were persuaded that the Assembly would be dominated by "bigoted Welsh-speakers from the north and the west" whilst in the northern Wales, people were persuaded that the Assembly would be dominated by Glamorgan County Council “Taffia”.[69] Richard Wyn Jones also suggests that suspicions of a secret elite of a "Taffia" or "crachach" may have affected the referendum results,“There was a perception amongst anti-devolutionists that devolution was some sort of plot by the establishment, by the crachach. Their [the anti-devolutionists’] idea that they were standing up for ‘the people’ was reinforced by 1979.” [70] Welsh voters voted against forming an Assembly, with 79.7% voting against and 20.3% who voting Yes. Meanwhile, Scotland had narrowly voted in favour of a Scottish parliament with 51.6% in favour.[68]

The Welsh Language Act 1993 provided a new law for public organisations in Wales to have bilingual schemes, which would be supervised by the Welsh Language Board. Some private sector companies including British Telecoms (BT) and British Gas had already included Welsh language schemes in company policies before this Act.[71]

In the 1980s, economic restructuring and market reforms by Margaret Thatcher are described as having brought social dislocation to parts of Wales, which was formerly described as having "the largest public sector west of the Iron Curtain".[72] A succession of non-Welsh Conservative Secretaries of State after 1987 was portrayed by opponents as 'colonial' and indicative of a 'democratic deficit'.[72]

In the early 1990s, Labour became committed to devolution to both Scotland and Wales, and in 1997 it was elected with a mandate to hold referendums on a Scottish Parliament and a Welsh Assembly.[72] The political climate was very different from that of 1979 Welsh devolution referendum which resulted in a no vote, with a new generation of Welsh MPs in Westminster and a broad consensus on the previously divisive issue of the Welsh language.[72] In the 1997 Welsh devolution referendum, a majority of the Welsh electorate vote in favour of establishing a National Assembly for Wales by 50.3 per cent, on a 50.2 per cent turnout.[73]

Devolved legislature (1998–present) edit

Main articles: Senedd, Welsh Government, and List of devolved matters in Wales
 
Senedd building, Cardiff Bay (formerly National Assembly for Wales).

The Government of Wales Act 1998 granted the formation of the National Assembly and granted it a significant number of new powers which included most of the powers previously held by the Secretary of State for Wales and at least 20 national institutions including the Education and Learning Wales, Environment Agency Wales and the Welsh Language Board.[74][75] The National Assembly for Wales was formed in 1999 and the UK Parliament reserved the right to set limits on its powers.[73]

Law making edit

The Commission on the Powers and Electoral Arrangements of the National Assembly for Wales (the Richard Commission) was formed in 2002. This commission made a series of recommendations in 2004. These included an increased number of members, legally separating executive and legislative acts and the devolution of primary law-making powers. A large majority of these findings were used by the UK government to introduce the Government of Wales Act 2006, describing the powers and responsibilities of the devolved authorities for legislating, decision-making and policy-making.[38] In March 2011, a referendum was held on whether full primary law-making powers should be given to the National Assembly in the twenty subject areas where it held jurisdiction. The referendum concluded with 63.5% of voters supporting the transfer of full primary law-making powers to the Assembly.[76]

Official country and language status edit

In 2011, the International Standards Organisation officially changed the status of Wales to country after the term "principality" was used in error. This came about following lobbying from Plaid Cymru AM (Assembly Member) Leanne Wood. Legally Wales had ceased to be a principality since the period that the Statue of Rhuddlan was implemented from 1284 to 1542.[77] The governments of the United Kingdom and of Wales almost invariably define Wales as a country.[78][79] VisitWales.com states that "Wales is not a Principality. Although we are joined with England by land, and we are part of Great Britain, Wales is a country in its own right."[80][81]

The Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011 modernised the 1993 Welsh Language Act and gave Welsh an official status in Wales for the first time, a major landmark for the language. Welsh is the only official de jure language of any country in the UK. The Measure was also responsible for creating the post of Welsh Language Commissioner, replacing the Welsh Language Board.[82] Following the referendum in 2011, the Official Languages Act became the first Welsh law to be created in 600 years, according to the First Minister at the time, Carwyn Jones. This law was passed by Welsh AMs (assembly members) only and made Welsh an official language of the National Assembly.[83]

Further powers edit

The UK Government also formed the Commission on Devolution in Wales (the Silk Commission). The commission published part 1 of its report in 2012, recommending new financial powers for Wales including borrowing and taxation, which came into force in the Wales Act 2014.[38] The Tax Collection and Management (Wales) Act 2016 was passed by the National Assembly to facilitate the financial powers of the Wales Act 2014.[38] The Land Transaction Tax (replacing Stamp Duty) and the Landfill Disposal Tax were the very first two devolved taxes. In 2019, over £2 billion of income tax was devolved to the Senedd.[38]

 
Hall and oriel of the Senedd building.

The Wales Act 2017 defined the National Assembly and devolved institutions to be a permanent component of the UK constitution, and any abolition of such institutions would require a referendum. The act also changed the model of operation of the devolved institutions from a "conferred powers model" to a "reserved powers model".[38] This allowed the Assembly to legislate on any matter that is not expressly reserved from its competence.[84] The Assembly was also given the power to decide its own name and voting system of members.[38] In May 2020, the Senedd and Elections (Wales) Act 2020, the National Assembly for Wales was renamed "Senedd Cymru" or "the Welsh Parliament", commonly known as the "Senedd" in both English and Welsh, to reflect increased legislative powers.[85] The Act for the first time in Wales allowed 16 and 17-year-olds the right to vote, beginning with the 2021 Senedd election.[86]

Plaid Cymru proposed two bills to the UK parliament in the 2021-22 parliamentary session which ultimately did not gain royal assent. A Crown Estate (Devolution to Wales) Bill - A bill to devolve the Crown Estate's management and assets in Wales to the Welsh Government was sponsored by Liz Saville Roberts.[87] Shared Prosperity Fund (Wales) Bill - A bill which would require the Secretary of State to report to Parliament on the merits of devolving management and administration of the money allocated to Wales via the Shared Prosperity Fund to the Welsh Government, was sponsored by Ben Lake.[88]

Currently devolved powers edit

Main article: List of devolved matters in Wales

The powers currently employed by the Senedd are, in summary:

  • Agriculture, forestry and fishing
  • Education
  • Environment
  • Health and social care
  • Housing
  • Local government
  • Highways and transport
  • Some control over income tax, stamp duty and landfill tax
  • Welsh language[89]

Government of Wales Act 1998 edit

The Government of Wales Act 1998 allowed the creation of the National Assembly for Wales (now Senedd Cymru / Welsh Parliament) and also describes devolved powers given to the Senedd. These powers include most of the powers previously held by the Secretary of State for Wales and powers over multiple national institutions such as:

Government of Wales Act 2006 edit

The Government of Wales Act 2006 separated the Welsh Assembly Government and the National Assembly for Wales and gives the assembly the power to create legislation on devolved matters in the following "fields":

  1. Agriculture, fisheries, forestry & rural development
  2. Ancient monuments & historic buildings
  3. Culture
  4. Economic development
  5. Education & training
  6. Environment
  7. Fire and rescue services & promotion of fire safety
  8. Food
  9. Health & health services
  10. Highways and transport
  11. Housing
  12. Local government
  13. National Assembly for Wales
  14. Public administration
  15. Social welfare
  16. Sport and recreation
  17. Tourism
  18. Town and country planning
  19. Water and flood defence
  20. Welsh language[91]

Wales Act 2014: Tax edit

The Wales Act 2014 allows the Senedd the following:

  1. Legislate devolved taxes. These revisions to devolution are added to Part 4A of the Government of Wales Act 2006.
  2. This Act also allows the Senedd to set income tax rates for Wales.
  3. Welsh Ministers’ borrowing powers. This includes powers to borrow funds and meet current expenditure (Welsh income tax vs forecast receipts).
  4. The power for borrowing in order to fund capital spending (with the consent of UK Treasury). This sum was increased from £500 million to £1 billion.

Other provisions include:

  • Increasing the Senedd term from 4 to 5 years
  • no restriction on standing as a Senedd constituency member and Senedd regional member
  • Prevents someone from being both an MP and MS
  • Welsh Assembly Government renamed Welsh Government
  • Local Government and Housing Act 1989: limits on housing debts incurred by local housing authorities in Wales with a Housing Revenue Account
  • Law Commission to provide advice and assistance to Welsh Ministers & Welsh ministers to report how Law Commission recommendations are implemented in Wales[92]

Wales Act 2017: Reserved Powers Model edit

The reserved powers model sets out the UK reserved powers that the Senedd are not permitted to apply an Act of Senedd to change. These are set out in the Wales Act 2017.

Powers not devolved

Schedule 7A - Reserved Matters

The following subject headings are listed in the new Schedule 7A which contains all of the matters that are reserved to the UK Parliament.

Part 1 – General Reservations

  • The Constitution
  • Public service
  • Political parties
  • Single legal jurisdiction of England and Wales
  • Tribunals
  • Foreign affairs etc.
  • Defence

Part 2 – Specific Reservations

Head A – Financial and Economic Matters

Section A1 – Fiscal, economic and monetary policy

Section A2 – The currency

Section A3 – Financial services

Section A4 – Financial markets

Section A5 – Dormant accounts

Head B – Home Affairs

Section B1 – Elections

Section B2 – Nationality and immigration

Section B3 – National security and official secrets

Section B4 – Interception of communications, communications data and surveillance

Section B5 – Crime, public order and policing

Section B6 – Anti-social behaviour

Section B7 – Modern slavery

Section B8 – Prostitution

Section B9 – Emergency powers

Section B10 – Extradition

Section B11 – Rehabilitation of offenders

Section B12 – Criminal records

Section B13 – Dangerous items

Section B14 – Misuse of and dealing in drugs or psychoactive substances

Section B15 – Private security

Section B16 – Entertainment and late night refreshment

Section B17 – Alcohol

Section B18 – Betting, gaming and lotteries

Section B19 – Hunting

Section B20 – Scientific and educational procedures on live animals

Section B21 – Lieutenancies

Section B22 – Charities and fund-raising

Head C – Trade and Industry

Section C1 – Business associations and business names

Section C2 – Insolvency and winding up

Section C3 – Competition

Section C4 – Intellectual property

Section C5 – Import and export control

Section C6 – Consumer protection

Section C7 – Product standards, safety and liability

Section C8 – Weights and measures

Section C9 – Telecommunications and wireless telegraphy

Section C10 – Post

Section C11 – Research Councils

Section C12 – Industrial development

Section C13 – Protection of trading and economic interests

Section C14 – Assistance in connection with exports of goods and services

Section C15 – Water and sewerage

Section C16 – Pubs Code Adjudicator and the Pubs Code

Section C17 – Sunday trading

Head D – Energy

Section D1 – Electricity

Section D2 – Oil and gas

Section D3 – Coal

Section D4 – Nuclear energy

Section D5 – Heat and cooling

Section D6 – Energy conservation

Head E – Transport

Section E1 – Road transport

Section E2 – Rail transport

Section E3 – Marine and waterway transport etc.

Section E4 – Air transport

Section E5 – Transport security

Section E6 – Other matters

Head F – Social Security, Child Support, pensions and Compensation

Section F1 – Social security schemes

Section F2 – Child Support

Section F3 – Occupational and Personal Pensions

Section F4 – Public sector compensation

Section F5 – Armed forces compensation etc.

Head G – Professions

Section G1 – Architects, auditors, health professionals and veterinary surgeons

Head H – Employment

Section H1 – Employment and industrial relations

Section H2 – Industrial training boards

Section H3 – Job search and support

Head J – Health, Safety and Medicines

Section J1 – Abortion

Section J2 – Xenotransplantation

Section J3 – Embryology, surrogacy and genetics

Section J4 – Medicines, medical supplies, biological substances etc.

Section J5 – Welfare foods

Section J6 – Health and safety

Head K – Media, Culture and Sport

Section K1 – Media

Section K2 – Public lending right

Section K3 – Government Indemnity Scheme

Section K4 – Property accepted in satisfaction of tax

Section K5 – Sports grounds

Head L – Justice

Section L1 – The legal profession, legal services and claims management services

Section L2 – Legal aid

Section L3 – Coroners

Section L4 – Arbitration

Section L5 – Mental capacity

Section L6 – Personal data

Section L7 – Information rights

Section L8 – Public sector information

Section L9 – Public records

Section L10 – Compensation for persons affected by crime and miscarriages of justice

Section L11 – Prisons and offender management

Section L12 – Family relationships and children

Section L13 – Gender recognition

Section L14 – Registration of births, deaths and places of worship

Head M – Land and Agricultural Assets

Section M1 – Registration of land

Section M2 – Registration of agricultural charges and debentures

Section M3 – Development and buildings

Head N – Miscellaneous

Section N1 – Equal opportunities

Section N2 – Control of weapons

Section N3 – Ordnance Survey

Section N4 – Time

Section N5 – Outer space

Section N6 – Antarctica

Section N7 – Deep sea bed mining

Schedule 7B: Restrictions

Schedule 7B sets out certain restrictions on the Senedd’s powers. For example, Acts of the Senedd:

  • must not generally modify the law on reserved matters;
  • must not modify private law (such as contract, tort, property) unless it is for a devolved purpose,
  • must not modify certain criminal offences (such as serious offences against the person and any sexual offences) and must not modify certain rules around criminal law (such as the age a person can commit a criminal offence and the meaning of dishonesty);
  • must not modify certain enactments such as the Human Rights Act 1998 and the Civil Contingencies Act 2004;
  • must not modify any of the 2006 Act unless an exception applies;
  • must not confer or impose functions on reserved authorities (such as Ministers of the Crown, the Crown Prosecution Service and the Health & Safety Executive) without the consent of the UK Government.

Senedd, "Powers"[93]

Proposed further devolution edit

Main article: Proposed further Welsh devolution

The following options have been proposed as a systematic and constitutional change to autonomy in Wales by The Independent Commission on the Constitutional Future of Wales.

  1. Entrenched devolution
  2. Federal structures
  3. Independence[94]

Among calls for specific matters to be devolved to Wales are powers over; Broadcasting,[95] the Crown Estate in Wales[96] and natural resources,[97] Shared Prosperity Fund,[98] bank holidays,[99] energy firm taxation & regulation,[100] gender self-identification,[101] the justice system,[102] rail infrastructure,[103] setting rates and bands of all income tax,[104] welfare system and full taxation powers.[105]

Restrictions by UK government edit

The UK Parliament passed the UK Internal Market Act in 2020 which "directly constrains devolution" according to the Scottish Government. The actions of the Act are described in a report by Scottish MSP, Michael Russell, Cabinet Secretary for Constitution, Europe and External Affairs; The act allows goods sold in one part of the UK to be automatically accepted in the rest of the UK, despite differing devolved rules. The act can also cause the regulation of service in one part of the UK to be recognised across the whole UK. The act allows UK ministers to spend on devolved policies without the approval of the devolved parliament.[106]

The Welsh Government has voiced concerns over the United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020, passed by the UK Parliament, describing its passing as an "attack on its competence". It launched a request for judicial review of the act, which was rejected on the ground of being premature by the divisional court. As of February 2022, the Welsh government awaited an appeal of the divisional court's decision.[107]

Assessment of devolution edit

Ron Davies, former secretary of state for Wales and described as the architect of devolution said in 2022, "One thing which I know is lacking is an overarching sense of wanting to create a better way, of wanting to shape our own destiny. I don't see that." His deputy, Peter Hain said "We need to do what we all say we want to do, which is create a more vibrant, competitive, successful Wales economically. But it does mean some pretty tough decisions." Former leader of Plaid Cymru, Dafydd Wigley stated "We have yet to see the election in Wales, changing the colour of a government. And democracy in Wales will not have been properly tested until that happens." Originally the leader of the No campaign in the 90s, Conservative Nick Bourne now supports more members for the Senedd "We need more members. It's got expanded powers, it's the settled will of the people that we have a Welsh parliament, and that's got to be effective, so by all means, be concerned about value for money, we should be, as any political party should be, but in terms of is it a good idea then the personal view is we need more members."[108]

Economic impact edit

See also: Economy of Wales

In a report for the Institute of Welsh Affairs in 2003, Phil Cooke of Cardiff University argued that the Welsh Government had responded to the loss of productivity in manufacturing by substituting new jobs in the public sector, making Wales increasingly dependent on fiscal transfers from Whitehall. Cooke suggested that a relatively weak devolution settlement had prevented the Welsh Government from developing innovative economic policies, especially when compared to Scotland.[109] However, critics including former Welsh Secretary Ron Davies and John Lovering, another Cardiff academic, claimed that Cooke's argument that a more powerful Assembly was a necessary precondition to more effective economic policies was a non-sequitur.[110]

In 2005, Plaid Cymru leader Ieuan Wyn Jones suggested that the lack of tax varying powers in Wales was a major reason why Wales did not have its own Celtic Tiger and that growth strategy should not be focused only on cities.[111] Plaid Cymru have also argued that economic dividend can only be achieved with Welsh independence.[112]

Jonathan Bradbury and Andrew Davies published an article in the National Institute Economic Review in January 2023 criticising both the Welsh government and UK government economic policies for Wales. They note that Wales had one of the weakest economies of the UK prior to devolution. They also noted views that the UK government remained in control of macro-economic powers; lacked regional economic policy; and a lack of devolution to the Welsh government to make a real difference. They also note the view of some that the historic exploitation of Wales and its treatment as an economic periphery plays have implications today. They added that Wales' economic performance has not progressed under devolution with weakness in Welsh government strategy and policy and that the dissolution of the Wales Development Agency remains a topic of debate.[112]

Political party position on devolution edit

Welsh Labour and the Welsh Liberal Democrats support further devolution for Wales, as well as reform/federalism of the United Kingdom.[113][114] Plaid Cymru supports further devolution for Wales as well as independence.[115][116] Wales Green Party and Gwlad also both support Welsh independence whilst Propel supports national sovereignty for Wales.[117][118][119] The Welsh Conservatives support the devolution system as it currently stands.[120] The UK Independence Party and Abolish the Welsh Assembly Party both support reduced or the abolishment of devolution.[120]

Referendum results and opinion polling edit

Referendums on devolution
Date Conducted Question/Statement Support
Devolution (%) 		Against
Devolution (%) 		Turnout (%)
3 March 2011[121] Do you want the Assembly now to be able to make laws on all matters in the 20 subject areas it has powers for? 63.5 36.5 35.2
18 September 1997[122] (i) I agree that there should be a Welsh Assembly; or

(ii) I do not agree that there should be a Welsh Assembly

50.3 49.7 51.3
1 March 1979[123] Do you want the provisions of the Wales Act 1978 to be put into effect? 20.3 79.7 58.8

Polls on devolution status edit

Polls on powers edit

Note: On 4 March 2011, 63.5% voted to devolve primary lawmaking powers for the areas already devolved to the Senedd.[124]

Constitutional status polls
Date(s) conducted Polling organisation Support
independence (%) 		Support more
powers for
the Senedd (%) 		Support
status quo (%) 		Support fewer
powers for
the Senedd (%) 		Support abolition
of the Senedd (%) 		Indifferent/
don't know (%) 		Combined total:
more powers (%) 		Combined total:
no more powers (%)
5-25 June 2023[125] Beaufort Research / WalesOnline 16 23 25 6 17 13 39 48
12-17 May 2023[126] YouGov / Barn Cymru 13 21 20 7 20 16 34 47
3-7 February 2023[127] YouGov / Barn Cymru 15 20 21 7 20 16 35 50
25 November - 1 December 2022[128] YouGov / Barn Cymru 14 21 23 7 20 14 35 50
20-22 September 2022[128] YouGov 17 19 21 7 19 15 36 47
28 January – 21 February 2021[129] BBC / ICM Unlimited 14 35 27 3 15 6 49 45
4–22 February 2020[130] BBC / ICM 11 43 25 2 14 3 54 41
7–23 February 2019[131] BBC / ICM 7 46 27 3 13 4 53 43
December 2018[132] SkyData 8 40 23 4 18 7 48 45
February 2017[133] BBC / ICM 6 44 29 3 13 4 50 45
31 January 2017 Wales Act 2017 is passed
February 2016[134] BBC / ICM 6 43 30 3 13 4 49 46
February 2015[135] BBC / ICM 6 40 33 4 13 4 46 50
17 December 2014 Wales Act 2014 passed
19-22 September 2014[136] BBC / ICM 3 49 26 2 12 6 52 40
18 September 2014 2014 Scottish independence referendum
February 2014[137] BBC / ICM 5 37 28 3 23 5 42 54
2013[138] BBC / ICM 9 36 28 2 20 4 45 50
2012[138] BBC / ICM 7 36 29 2 22 4 43 55
2011[138] BBC / ICM 11 35 18 17 15 4 46 50
3 March 2011 2011 Welsh devolution referendum
January 2011[139] ITV Wales / YouGov n/a 49 26 n/a n/a 26 n/a n/a
2010[138] BBC / ICM 11 40 13 18 13 4 51 44
June 2007[139] BBC / ICM n/a 47 44 n/a n/a 9 n/a n/a

Polls on parliament edit

Polls on devolved parliament
Question: Should Wales Have Its Own Parliament?
Date published Publisher Yes Parliament (%) No Parliament (%) Do not know (%) Lead
23–24 March 2024 Redfield & Wilton Strategies 55 32 13 23
18 February 2024 Redfield & Wilton Strategies 55 34 11 21
24–26 January 2024 Redfield & Wilton Strategies 59 32 9 27
10–11 December 2023 Redfield & Wilton Strategies 60 30 10 30
12–13 November 2023 Redfield & Wilton Strategies 55 33 11 22
14–15 October 2023 Redfield & Wilton Strategies 58 32 10 26
16–17 September 2023 Redfield & Wilton Strategies 65 22 13 43
13–14 August 2023 Redfield & Wilton Strategies 60 28 12 32
14–16 July 2023 Redfield & Wilton Strategies 66 27 8 39
17–18 June 2023 Redfield & Wilton Strategies 61 30 9 31
14–15 May 2023 Redfield & Wilton Strategies 63 28 10 35
15–17 April 2023 Redfield & Wilton Strategies 63 25 12 38

Other edit

Polls on devolved powers
Date Published Publisher Question/Statement Disagree with removing powers (%) Agree with removing powers (%)
2021[140] UK in a Changing Europe

Using Welsh Election Study (WES) data in a report "British Politics after Brexit".

Brexit should not be used as an excuse to undermine the Senedd VS The UK Government is right to remove powers from the Senedd if it is necessary to maximise Brexit benefits 71 29
Polls on the status of the Senedd
Date(s) conducted Polling organisation Question/Statement Support devolution
(excluding don't know) (%) 		Abolish the Senedd
(excluding don't know) (%) 		Do not know (%) Abstain / Would not vote (%)
19 – 22 February 2021[141] YouGov If there was a referendum tomorrow on abolishing the Senedd (Welsh Parliament) and this was the question, how would you vote? Should Wales abolish the Senedd (Welsh Parliament)? 45 (62) 28 (38) 17 10
1997[142] The Guardian / ICM On establishing a National Assembly for Wales 37 (51) 36 (49) 27 n/a
Polls on increased devolved powers
Date(s) cConducted Polling organisation Question/Statement Age 18-24 Yes:No (%) Age 25-49 Yes:No (%) Age 50-64 Yes:No (%) Age 65+

Yes:No (%)

Yes (%, excluding don't know) No (%, excluding don't know) Do not know (%) Abstain / Would not vote (%) Refused
11–16 November 2020[143] YouGov If there was a referendum tomorrow on the transferring of more powers to the Senedd (Welsh Parliament), including control of tax and welfare, but excluding defence and foreign affairs, how would you vote? Should more powers be transferred to the Senedd (Welsh Parliament)? 55:12 41:15 40:39 32:43 40 (59) 28 (41) 20 10 3
Polls in the absence of devolution, by political party
Date(s) cConducted Polling organisation & client Sample size Independence (inc. sub-samples) No devolved government (inc. sub-samples) Indifferent

/ no reply (%)

Total (%) Conservative (%) Labour (%) Lib Dem (%) Plaid Cymru (%) Total (%) Conservative (%) Labour (%) Lib Dem (%) Plaid Cymru (%)
29 May – 1 June 2020 ITV Wales / YouGov / Cardiff Uni 2020-09-04 at the Wayback Machine 1,021 33% 12% 45% 39% 87% 45% 79% 35% 53% 4% 21%

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General sources edit

Further reading edit

  • Bradbury, Jonathan (2021). "Welsh Devolution and the Union: Reform Debates after Brexit". The Political Quarterly. 92 (1): 125–131. doi:10.1111/1467-923X.12944. S2CID 234250190.
  • Evans, Adam (2023). "Birth pangs or a honeymoon from hell? The long annus horribilis for Welsh devolution, 1998–2000". Contemporary British History. 37 (2): 192–215. doi:10.1080/13619462.2023.2167077. S2CID 255771047.
  • Jones, Robert; Harrison, Michael; Jones, Trevor (2022). "Policing and devolution in the UK: The 'special' case of Wales". Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice. 17. doi:10.1093/police/paac063.
  • Lesch, Matthew; McCambridge, Jim (2023). "Policy communities, devolution and policy transfer: The case of alcohol pricing in Wales". Regional & Federal Studies. 33 (2): 163–185. doi:10.1080/13597566.2021.1934454. PMC 10108489. PMID 37082296.
  • Rawlings, Richard (2022). "Wales and the United Kingdom: a territorial constitutional policy drive". Territory, Politics, Governance. 10 (5): 714–732. doi:10.1080/21622671.2022.2036630. S2CID 247240900.
  • Shattock, Michael; Horvath, Aniko (2020). "The decentralisation of the governance of UK higher education: the effects of devolution to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, and on England". Policy Reviews in Higher Education. 4 (2): 164–178. doi:10.1080/23322969.2020.1751688. S2CID 218925727.
  • Tarrant, Alison (2022). "Devolution and the difficulty of divergence: The development of adult social care policy in Wales". Critical Social Policy. 43 (4): 676–696. doi:10.1177/02610183221145404. S2CID 255293430.
  • Wallace, Jennifer (2019). Wellbeing and Devolution: Reframing the Role of Government in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Springer Nature. hdl:20.500.12657/23024. ISBN 978-3-030-02230-3.
  • Williams, Jane; Eirug, Aled (2022). The Impact of Devolution in Wales: Social Democracy with a Welsh Stripe?. University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-1-78683-888-9.

January 01, 1970
welsh, devolution, transfer, legislative, power, self, governance, wales, government, united, kingdom, senedd, building, wales, conquered, england, during, 13th, century, with, laws, wales, acts, 1535, 1542, applying, english, wales, incorporating, into, engla. Welsh devolution is the transfer of legislative power for self governance to Wales by the Government of the United Kingdom 1 Senedd building Wales was conquered by England during the 13th century with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 applying English law to Wales and incorporating it into England and later Great Britain and the United Kingdom A rise in Welsh nationalism and political movements advocating for Welsh autonomy became more prominent in the late nineteenth century The devolution of some administrative responsibilities began in the early twentieth century as well as the passing of laws specific to Wales Since World War II various movements and proposals have advocated different models of Welsh devolution In 1979 a referendum on devolution was rejected by 79 of voters amid regional divisions and cultural concerns but by 1997 support for devolution had increased and was narrowly supported in a referendum Laws were subsequently passed to establish the National Assembly for Wales and grant it secondary legislative powers over areas such as agriculture education and housing The third referendum in 2011 saw voters support full primary law making powers for the National Assembly over specified areas of governance After the Senedd and Elections Wales Act 2020 the National Assembly was renamed Senedd Cymru in Welsh and the Welsh Parliament in English also collectively referred to as the Senedd which was seen as a better reflection of the body s expanded legislative powers The Welsh Labour Party advocates for further Welsh devolution and far reaching federalism with powers equal to those of Scotland and Northern Ireland whilst the Welsh nationalist party Plaid Cymru has described devolution as a stepping stone towards full Welsh independence Contents 1 Incorporation of Wales into England 2 History 2 1 Home rule movement 2 1 1 Disestablishment of the Anglican church 2 1 2 Home rule 2 1 3 Welsh institutions form 2 1 4 Council for Wales 2 1 5 Parliament for Wales campaign 2 1 6 Welsh Office amp Secretary of State for Wales 2 1 7 Official flag and capital city 2 1 8 First Plaid Cymru MP 2 1 9 National Assembly referendums 2 2 Devolved legislature 1998 present 2 2 1 Law making 2 2 2 Official country and language status 2 2 3 Further powers 3 Currently devolved powers 3 1 Government of Wales Act 1998 3 2 Government of Wales Act 2006 3 3 Wales Act 2014 Tax 3 4 Wales Act 2017 Reserved Powers Model 3 4 1 Schedule 7A Reserved Matters 3 4 2 Part 1 General Reservations 3 4 3 Part 2 Specific Reservations 3 4 4 Schedule 7B Restrictions 4 Proposed further devolution 5 Restrictions by UK government 6 Assessment of devolution 6 1 Economic impact 7 Political party position on devolution 8 Referendum results and opinion polling 8 1 Polls on devolution status 8 1 1 Polls on powers 8 1 2 Polls on parliament 8 1 3 Other 9 References 10 General sources 11 Further readingIncorporation of Wales into England editWales was conquered by England during the 13th century and the last native prince of Wales Llywelyn the Last was killed in an ambush by an English soldier in 1282 2 The 1284 Statute of Rhuddlan caused Wales to lose its de facto independence and formed the constitutional basis for it as a principality in the Realm of England 3 Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored Welsh independence in a national uprising that began in 1400 He convened Wales first Senedd in Machynlleth in 1404 but the Welsh were defeated by the English by 1412 4 The penal laws against the Welsh of 1401 02 passed by the English parliament made the Welsh second class citizens With hopes of independence ended there were no further wars or rebellions against English rule and the laws remained on the statute books until 1624 5 The English Parliament s Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 applied English law to Wales and united the Principality and the Marches of Wales effectively abolishing both regions and incorporating Wales into England 6 7 The Wales and Berwick Act 1746 defined England to include Wales 8 History editHome rule movement edit Disestablishment of the Anglican church edit Main article Disestablishment of the Church in Wales The Sunday Closing Wales Act 1881 was the first legislation to acknowledge that Wales had a separate politico legal character from the rest of the English state 9 At the time a majority of people in Wales belonged to noncomformists chapels despite members of the Church of England having legal and social privileges The Sunday Closing Act was therefore celebrated in Wales as a significant step towards establishing equal status for the noncomformist chapels and disestablishing the Anglican church in Wales Historian and former BBC Wales producer John Trefor suggests that the act was a victory not only for the chapels and the temperance leagues but for Welsh identity He goes on to say There was a sense that things could be done differently here Wales only Education and cemetery acts came soon after and in many respects it established the principle on which devolution and the National Assembly are based 10 nbsp David Lloyd George David Lloyd George MP for Caernarfon at the time was devoted to Welsh devolution early in his career starting with the Church in Wales He said in 1890 I am deeply impressed with the fact that Wales has wants and inspirations of her own which have too long been ignored but which must no longer be neglected First and foremost amongst these stands the cause of religious liberty and equality in Wales If returned to Parliament by you it shall be my earnest endeavour to labour for the triumph of this great cause I believe in a liberal extension of the principle of decentralisation 11 In 1895 in a Church in Wales Bill which was ultimately unsuccessful Lloyd George added an amendment in a discreet attempt at forming a sort of Welsh home rule a national council for appointment of the Welsh Church commissioners 12 13 14 The Welsh Church Act 1914 was passed giving the Church in Wales the freedom to govern its own affairs After being suspended for the duration of the First World War the Act came into effect from 1920 15 Home rule edit In response to the Irish demand for home rule Liberal prime minister of the UK William Gladstone proposed two bills on home rule for Ireland in 1886 and 1893 which both failed 16 Although the idea of home rule all round had been around since the 1830s the idea became more popular in 1910 during the constitutional conference and on the brink of an Irish war during 1913 14 17 nbsp Llywelyn Williams set up the first Cymru Fydd branch on Welsh soil in Barry in 1891 18 Political movements supporting Welsh self rule began in the late nineteenth century alongside a rise in Welsh nationalism 19 20 In the same year as the first bill for Ireland was proposed the Cymru Fydd Wales To Be Wales Will Be movement was founded to further the home rule cause for Wales 9 Lloyd George was one of the main leaders of Cymru Fydd which was an organisation created with the aim of establishing a Welsh Government 21 and a stronger Welsh identity 22 As such Lloyd George was seen as a radical figure in British politics and was associated with the reawakening of Welsh nationalism and identity saying in 1880 Is it not high time that Wales should have the powers to manage its own affairs 23 24 Historian Emyr Price has referred to him as the first architect of Welsh devolution and its most famous advocate as well as the pioneering advocate of a powerful parliament for the Welsh people 25 The first Cymru Fydd societies were set up in Liverpool and London in 1887 and in the winter the winter of 1886 7 the North and South Wales liberal federations were founded 26 Lloyd George was also particularly active in attempting to set up a separate Welsh National Party which was based on Charles Stewart Parnell s Irish Parliamentary Party and also worked to unite the North and South Wales Liberal Federations with Cymru Fydd to form a Welsh National Liberal Federation 27 The Cymru Fydd movement collapsed in 1896 amid personal rivalries and rifts between Liberal representatives such as David Alfred Thomas 9 28 In 1898 however David Lloyd George managed to form the Welsh National Liberal Council a loose umbrella organisation covering the two federations 29 Support for home rule for Wales and Scotland amongst most political parties was strongest in 1918 following the independence of other European countries after the First World War and the Easter Rising in Ireland wrote Dr Davies 30 Although Cymru Fydd had collapsed home rule was still on the agenda with liberal Joseph Chamberlain proposing Home Rule All Round for all nations of the United Kingdom in part to meet Irish demands but maintain the superiority of the imperial parliament of Westminster This idea which eventually fell out of favour after southern Ireland left the UK and became a dominion in 1921 and the Irish free state was established in 1922 26 Home rule all round became official labour party policy by he 1920s but the Liberals lost interest because if a Welsh Parliament was formed they would not control it 31 Welsh institutions form edit The late 19th century saw the formation of a number of national institutions a national and annual cultural event the National Eisteddfod of Wales in 1861 32 the Football Association of Wales in 1876 33 the Welsh Rugby Union in 1881 34 and the University of Wales in 1893 35 In 1896 Education in Wales began to become distinct with the formation of the Central Welsh Board which inspected grammar schools in Wales and The Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889 was brought about to make further provision for the intermediate and technical education of the inhabitants of Wales and the county of Monmouth making the board responsible for inspection of secondary schools 36 37 In 1907 the Welsh department of the Board of Education was formed and in the same year a Welsh Inspectorate was established for inspection of primary and secondary schools in Wales 38 The early 20th century also saw the continued formation of a number of Welsh national institutions the National Library of Wales in 1911 39 the Welsh Guards in 1915 40 and the Welsh Board of Health in 1919 41 The Church in Wales came into existence in 1920 following the disestablishment of the Church of England via the Welsh Church Act 1914 42 nbsp Lewis Valentine first president of Plaid Cymru 43 There had been discussions about the need for a Welsh party since the 19th century 44 With the generation or so before 1922 there had been a marked growth in the constitutional recognition of the Welsh nation wrote historian Dr John Davies 45 By 1924 there were people in Wales eager to make their nationality the focus of Welsh politics 46 In 1925 Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru the National Party of Wales was founded it was renamed Plaid Cymru The Party of Wales in 1945 The party s principles defined in 1970 were 1 self government for Wales 2 to safeguard the culture traditions language and economic position of Wales and 3 to secure membership for a self governing Welsh state in the United Nations 47 Early members of the Independent Labour Party attempted to establish a South Wales Federation towards the end of the 19th century but the South Wales Regional Council of Labour was not established until 1937 48 The UK Labour government elected in 1945 was strongly centrist but in the same year there were 15 UK Government departments established in Wales 31 49 By 1947 a unified Welsh Regional Council of Labour became responsible for all Wales 48 In 1959 the Labour council title was changed from Welsh Regional council to Welsh council and the Labour body was renamed Labour Party Wales in 1975 48 Council for Wales edit Main article Council for Wales and Monmouthshire Welsh Labour backbenchers such as D R Grenfell W H Mainwaring and James Griffiths supported the establishment of a Secretary of State post whereas Aneurin Bevan thought devolution would distract from British mainstream politics The UK Government compromised and agreed to the establishment of a Council for Wales and Monmouthshire However it was given no more than a responsibility to advise the UK government on matters of Welsh interest 50 The proposal to set up a Council for Wales and Monmouthshire was announced in the House of Commons on 24 November 1948 Its inaugural meeting was in May 1949 and its first business meeting the following month Its terms of reference were to meet from time to time and at least quarterly for the interchange of views and information on development and trends in the economic and cultural fields in Wales and Monmouthshire and to ensure the government is adequately informed of the impact of government activities on the general life of the people of Wales and Monmouthshire 51 The Council for Wales and Monmouthshire had 27 appointed members Of these 12 were nominated by Welsh local authorities there were also nominees from the Joint Education Committee the University of Wales the National Eisteddfod Council the Welsh Tourist and Holidays Board and from both management and union sides of Welsh industry and agriculture 52 The chairman was Huw T Edwards a trade union leader 53 The Council met in private a further source of controversy 54 It set up various panels and committees to investigate issues affecting Wales including a Welsh Language Panel to study and report upon the present situation of the language a Government Administration Panel an Industrial Panel a Rural Development Panel a Transport Panel and a Tourist Industry Panel 51 nbsp A Plaid Cymru rally in Machynlleth in 1949 where the Parliament for Wales in 5 years campaign was started nbsp Megan Lloyd George leader of the Parliament for Wales campaign 1950 1956 Parliament for Wales campaign edit Main article Parliament for Wales Campaign In the 1950s the deterioration of the British Empire removed a sense of Britishness and there was a realisation that Wales was not as prosperous as south east England and smaller European countries Successive Conservative Party victories in Westminster led to suggestions that only through self government could Wales achieve a government reflecting the votes of a Welsh electorate The Tryweryn flooding was opposed by 125 local authorities and 27 of 36 Welsh MPs voted against the second reading of the bill with none voting for it At the time Wales had no Welsh office introduced in 1964 or any devolution 55 John Davies adds that the representatives of Wales were powerless under the political structure of the time a core message of Plaid Cymru 56 The Epynt clearance in 1940 has also been described as a significant but often overlooked chapter in the history of Wales 57 Those in favour of a Welsh parliament paraded in Machynlleth the place of Owain Glyndŵr s last Senedd on 1 October 1949 Speakers and entertainment were also at the event 58 From 1950 to 1956 Parliament for Wales campaign brought devolution back onto the political agenda A cross party campaign was led by Lady Megan Lloyd George daughter of former Prime minister and campaigner for Welsh devolution David Lloyd George who had passed away in 1945 38 59 The Campaign for a Welsh parliament Ymgyrch Senedd i Gymru was formally launched on 1 July 1950 at a rally in Llandrindod This event lead to the creation of a petition of 240 652 names calling for the establishment of a Welsh parliament which was presented to the House of Commons by Megan Lloyd George in 1956 58 This was rejected by the UK government Petitions were also presented to the House of Commons for a Secretary of State for Wales which were also rejected 59 Welsh Office amp Secretary of State for Wales edit Main articles Welsh Office and Secretary of State for Wales In the first half of the 20th century a number of politicians had supported the creation of the post of Secretary of State for Wales as a step towards home rule for Wales A post of Minister of Welsh Affairs was created in 1951 under the home secretary and was promoted to minister of state level in 1954 20 In 1964 the UK Labour government formed a new office of the Secretary of State for Wales and in 1965 the Welsh Office was created which was run by the Secretary of State for Wales and which was responsible for implementing UK government policies in Wales 20 In 1999 the Welsh Office made way for the National Assembly for Wales and staff from the Welsh office moved into the National Assembly 60 Official flag and capital city edit Main articles Flag of Wales and Capital of Wales The first official flag of Wales was created in 1953 for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II This augmented flag including the Royal badge of Wales was criticised in 1958 by Gorsedd y Beirdd a national Welsh group comprising Welsh literary figures and Welsh people of note In 1959 likely in response to criticism the Welsh flag was changed to a red Welsh dragon on a green and white background that remains the current flag of Wales today 61 nbsp 1908 banner used by Cardiff amp District Women s Suffrage Society nbsp Welsh flag today featuring the Welsh dragon On 21 December 1955 the Lord Mayor of Cardiff announced to a crowd that Cardiff was now the official capital of Wales following a vote the previous day by Welsh local authority members Cardiff won the vote with 136 votes and Caernarfon came in second place with 11 votes A campaign for Cardiff to become the capital city had been ongoing for 30 years prior to the vote Historian James Cowan outlined some reasons why Cardiff was chosen which included being the largest city in Wales with a population of 243 632 buildings in Cathays park such as City Hall and the National Museum of Wales among other reasons Dr Martin Johnes lecturer at Swansea University suggested that following the formation of the National Assembly for Wales in 1999 Cardiff became a capital in a meaningful way as the home of the Welsh government whereas before its capital status was irrelevant it was just symbolic 62 First Plaid Cymru MP edit nbsp Gwynfor Evans in 1951 The leader of Plaid Cymru Gwynfor Evans won the party s first ever seat in Westminster in Carmarthen in 1966 which helped change the course of a nation according to Dr Martin Johnes of Swansea University This paired with the SNP s Winnie Ewing s winning a seat in Hamilton Scotland in 1967 may have contributed to pressure on Labour prime minister Harold Wilson to form the Kilbrandon Commission 63 64 This event may have also contributed to the passing of the Welsh Language Act 1967 64 This act repealed a provision in the Wales and Berwick Act 1746 that the term England should include Wales thus defining Wales to be a separate entity from England within the UK 65 66 The legislation permitted the use of Welsh including in courts of law The act was in part based upon the Hughes Parry Report from 1965 While the Welsh Courts Act in 1942 had previously allowed limited use of Welsh if defendants or plaintiffs had limited knowledge of English the 1967 act was far more robust While the act itself was quite limited it had large symbolic importance 66 In 1966 Emlyn Hooson convinced a majority of delegates to merge both the Welsh liberal federations into a single entity forming the Welsh Liberal Party The new party had far more authority and gradually centralised the finances and policy of the party in Wales 67 National Assembly referendums edit See also Yes for Wales The UK Labour government introduced separate devolution bills for Wales Scotland and Northern Ireland in 1977 following the support for a Scottish parliament by the Kilbrandon Commission 68 On St David s Day March 1 1979 Welsh devolution referendum was held on a National Assembly for Wales but came at the end of the Winter of Discontent in addition to tribalism divisions within Wales According to John Morris people in southern Wales were persuaded that the Assembly would be dominated by bigoted Welsh speakers from the north and the west whilst in the northern Wales people were persuaded that the Assembly would be dominated by Glamorgan County Council Taffia 69 Richard Wyn Jones also suggests that suspicions of a secret elite of a Taffia or crachach may have affected the referendum results There was a perception amongst anti devolutionists that devolution was some sort of plot by the establishment by the crachach Their the anti devolutionists idea that they were standing up for the people was reinforced by 1979 70 Welsh voters voted against forming an Assembly with 79 7 voting against and 20 3 who voting Yes Meanwhile Scotland had narrowly voted in favour of a Scottish parliament with 51 6 in favour 68 The Welsh Language Act 1993 provided a new law for public organisations in Wales to have bilingual schemes which would be supervised by the Welsh Language Board Some private sector companies including British Telecoms BT and British Gas had already included Welsh language schemes in company policies before this Act 71 In the 1980s economic restructuring and market reforms by Margaret Thatcher are described as having brought social dislocation to parts of Wales which was formerly described as having the largest public sector west of the Iron Curtain 72 A succession of non Welsh Conservative Secretaries of State after 1987 was portrayed by opponents as colonial and indicative of a democratic deficit 72 In the early 1990s Labour became committed to devolution to both Scotland and Wales and in 1997 it was elected with a mandate to hold referendums on a Scottish Parliament and a Welsh Assembly 72 The political climate was very different from that of 1979 Welsh devolution referendum which resulted in a no vote with a new generation of Welsh MPs in Westminster and a broad consensus on the previously divisive issue of the Welsh language 72 In the 1997 Welsh devolution referendum a majority of the Welsh electorate vote in favour of establishing a National Assembly for Wales by 50 3 per cent on a 50 2 per cent turnout 73 Devolved legislature 1998 present edit Main articles Senedd Welsh Government and List of devolved matters in Wales nbsp Senedd building Cardiff Bay formerly National Assembly for Wales The Government of Wales Act 1998 granted the formation of the National Assembly and granted it a significant number of new powers which included most of the powers previously held by the Secretary of State for Wales and at least 20 national institutions including the Education and Learning Wales Environment Agency Wales and the Welsh Language Board 74 75 The National Assembly for Wales was formed in 1999 and the UK Parliament reserved the right to set limits on its powers 73 Law making edit The Commission on the Powers and Electoral Arrangements of the National Assembly for Wales the Richard Commission was formed in 2002 This commission made a series of recommendations in 2004 These included an increased number of members legally separating executive and legislative acts and the devolution of primary law making powers A large majority of these findings were used by the UK government to introduce the Government of Wales Act 2006 describing the powers and responsibilities of the devolved authorities for legislating decision making and policy making 38 In March 2011 a referendum was held on whether full primary law making powers should be given to the National Assembly in the twenty subject areas where it held jurisdiction The referendum concluded with 63 5 of voters supporting the transfer of full primary law making powers to the Assembly 76 Official country and language status edit In 2011 the International Standards Organisation officially changed the status of Wales to country after the term principality was used in error This came about following lobbying from Plaid Cymru AM Assembly Member Leanne Wood Legally Wales had ceased to be a principality since the period that the Statue of Rhuddlan was implemented from 1284 to 1542 77 The governments of the United Kingdom and of Wales almost invariably define Wales as a country 78 79 VisitWales com states that Wales is not a Principality Although we are joined with England by land and we are part of Great Britain Wales is a country in its own right 80 81 The Welsh Language Wales Measure 2011 modernised the 1993 Welsh Language Act and gave Welsh an official status in Wales for the first time a major landmark for the language Welsh is the only official de jure language of any country in the UK The Measure was also responsible for creating the post of Welsh Language Commissioner replacing the Welsh Language Board 82 Following the referendum in 2011 the Official Languages Act became the first Welsh law to be created in 600 years according to the First Minister at the time Carwyn Jones This law was passed by Welsh AMs assembly members only and made Welsh an official language of the National Assembly 83 Further powers editThe UK Government also formed the Commission on Devolution in Wales the Silk Commission The commission published part 1 of its report in 2012 recommending new financial powers for Wales including borrowing and taxation which came into force in the Wales Act 2014 38 The Tax Collection and Management Wales Act 2016 was passed by the National Assembly to facilitate the financial powers of the Wales Act 2014 38 The Land Transaction Tax replacing Stamp Duty and the Landfill Disposal Tax were the very first two devolved taxes In 2019 over 2 billion of income tax was devolved to the Senedd 38 nbsp Hall and oriel of the Senedd building The Wales Act 2017 defined the National Assembly and devolved institutions to be a permanent component of the UK constitution and any abolition of such institutions would require a referendum The act also changed the model of operation of the devolved institutions from a conferred powers model to a reserved powers model 38 This allowed the Assembly to legislate on any matter that is not expressly reserved from its competence 84 The Assembly was also given the power to decide its own name and voting system of members 38 In May 2020 the Senedd and Elections Wales Act 2020 the National Assembly for Wales was renamed Senedd Cymru or the Welsh Parliament commonly known as the Senedd in both English and Welsh to reflect increased legislative powers 85 The Act for the first time in Wales allowed 16 and 17 year olds the right to vote beginning with the 2021 Senedd election 86 Plaid Cymru proposed two bills to the UK parliament in the 2021 22 parliamentary session which ultimately did not gain royal assent A Crown Estate Devolution to Wales Bill A bill to devolve the Crown Estate s management and assets in Wales to the Welsh Government was sponsored by Liz Saville Roberts 87 Shared Prosperity Fund Wales Bill A bill which would require the Secretary of State to report to Parliament on the merits of devolving management and administration of the money allocated to Wales via the Shared Prosperity Fund to the Welsh Government was sponsored by Ben Lake 88 Currently devolved powers editMain article List of devolved matters in Wales The powers currently employed by the Senedd are in summary Agriculture forestry and fishing Education Environment Health and social care Housing Local government Highways and transport Some control over income tax stamp duty and landfill tax Welsh language 89 Government of Wales Act 1998 edit The Government of Wales Act 1998 allowed the creation of the National Assembly for Wales now Senedd Cymru Welsh Parliament and also describes devolved powers given to the Senedd These powers include most of the powers previously held by the Secretary of State for Wales and powers over multiple national institutions such as Arts Council of Wales Education and Learning Wales Historic Buildings Council for Wales Library Advisory Council for Wales Qualifications Curriculum and Assessment Authority for Wales Wales Tourist Board Welsh Industrial Development Advisory Board Welsh Development Agency Welsh Language Board Environment Agency Wales Countryside Council for Wales Higher Education Funding Council for Wales Ancient Monuments Board for Wales Welsh National Board for Nursing Midwifery and Health Visiting National Library of Wales National Museum of Wales Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales Sports Council for Wales and Forestry Commission Wales Auditor General for Wales 90 Government of Wales Act 2006 edit The Government of Wales Act 2006 separated the Welsh Assembly Government and the National Assembly for Wales and gives the assembly the power to create legislation on devolved matters in the following fields Agriculture fisheries forestry amp rural development Ancient monuments amp historic buildings Culture Economic development Education amp training Environment Fire and rescue services amp promotion of fire safety Food Health amp health services Highways and transport Housing Local government National Assembly for Wales Public administration Social welfare Sport and recreation Tourism Town and country planning Water and flood defence Welsh language 91 Wales Act 2014 Tax edit The Wales Act 2014 allows the Senedd the following Legislate devolved taxes These revisions to devolution are added to Part 4A of the Government of Wales Act 2006 This Act also allows the Senedd to set income tax rates for Wales Welsh Ministers borrowing powers This includes powers to borrow funds and meet current expenditure Welsh income tax vs forecast receipts The power for borrowing in order to fund capital spending with the consent of UK Treasury This sum was increased from 500 million to 1 billion Other provisions include Increasing the Senedd term from 4 to 5 years no restriction on standing as a Senedd constituency member and Senedd regional member Prevents someone from being both an MP and MS Welsh Assembly Government renamed Welsh Government Local Government and Housing Act 1989 limits on housing debts incurred by local housing authorities in Wales with a Housing Revenue Account Law Commission to provide advice and assistance to Welsh Ministers amp Welsh ministers to report how Law Commission recommendations are implemented in Wales 92 Wales Act 2017 Reserved Powers Model edit The reserved powers model sets out the UK reserved powers that the Senedd are not permitted to apply an Act of Senedd to change These are set out in the Wales Act 2017 Powers not devolved Schedule 7A Reserved Matters The following subject headings are listed in the new Schedule 7A which contains all of the matters that are reserved to the UK Parliament Part 1 General Reservations The Constitution Public service Political parties Single legal jurisdiction of England and Wales Tribunals Foreign affairs etc Defence Part 2 Specific Reservations Head A Financial and Economic MattersSection A1 Fiscal economic and monetary policySection A2 The currencySection A3 Financial servicesSection A4 Financial marketsSection A5 Dormant accounts Head B Home AffairsSection B1 ElectionsSection B2 Nationality and immigrationSection B3 National security and official secretsSection B4 Interception of communications communications data and surveillanceSection B5 Crime public order and policingSection B6 Anti social behaviourSection B7 Modern slaverySection B8 ProstitutionSection B9 Emergency powersSection B10 ExtraditionSection B11 Rehabilitation of offendersSection B12 Criminal recordsSection B13 Dangerous itemsSection B14 Misuse of and dealing in drugs or psychoactive substancesSection B15 Private securitySection B16 Entertainment and late night refreshmentSection B17 AlcoholSection B18 Betting gaming and lotteriesSection B19 HuntingSection B20 Scientific and educational procedures on live animalsSection B21 LieutenanciesSection B22 Charities and fund raising Head C Trade and IndustrySection C1 Business associations and business namesSection C2 Insolvency and winding upSection C3 CompetitionSection C4 Intellectual propertySection C5 Import and export controlSection C6 Consumer protectionSection C7 Product standards safety and liabilitySection C8 Weights and measuresSection C9 Telecommunications and wireless telegraphySection C10 PostSection C11 Research CouncilsSection C12 Industrial developmentSection C13 Protection of trading and economic interestsSection C14 Assistance in connection with exports of goods and servicesSection C15 Water and sewerageSection C16 Pubs Code Adjudicator and the Pubs CodeSection C17 Sunday trading Head D EnergySection D1 ElectricitySection D2 Oil and gasSection D3 CoalSection D4 Nuclear energySection D5 Heat and coolingSection D6 Energy conservation Head E TransportSection E1 Road transportSection E2 Rail transportSection E3 Marine and waterway transport etc Section E4 Air transportSection E5 Transport securitySection E6 Other matters Head F Social Security Child Support pensions and CompensationSection F1 Social security schemesSection F2 Child SupportSection F3 Occupational and Personal PensionsSection F4 Public sector compensationSection F5 Armed forces compensation etc Head G ProfessionsSection G1 Architects auditors health professionals and veterinary surgeons Head H EmploymentSection H1 Employment and industrial relationsSection H2 Industrial training boardsSection H3 Job search and support Head J Health Safety and MedicinesSection J1 AbortionSection J2 XenotransplantationSection J3 Embryology surrogacy and geneticsSection J4 Medicines medical supplies biological substances etc Section J5 Welfare foodsSection J6 Health and safety Head K Media Culture and SportSection K1 MediaSection K2 Public lending rightSection K3 Government Indemnity SchemeSection K4 Property accepted in satisfaction of taxSection K5 Sports grounds Head L JusticeSection L1 The legal profession legal services and claims management servicesSection L2 Legal aidSection L3 CoronersSection L4 ArbitrationSection L5 Mental capacitySection L6 Personal dataSection L7 Information rightsSection L8 Public sector informationSection L9 Public recordsSection L10 Compensation for persons affected by crime and miscarriages of justiceSection L11 Prisons and offender managementSection L12 Family relationships and childrenSection L13 Gender recognitionSection L14 Registration of births deaths and places of worship Head M Land and Agricultural AssetsSection M1 Registration of landSection M2 Registration of agricultural charges and debenturesSection M3 Development and buildings Head N MiscellaneousSection N1 Equal opportunitiesSection N2 Control of weaponsSection N3 Ordnance SurveySection N4 TimeSection N5 Outer spaceSection N6 AntarcticaSection N7 Deep sea bed mining Schedule 7B Restrictions Schedule 7B sets out certain restrictions on the Senedd s powers For example Acts of the Senedd must not generally modify the law on reserved matters must not modify private law such as contract tort property unless it is for a devolved purpose must not modify certain criminal offences such as serious offences against the person and any sexual offences and must not modify certain rules around criminal law such as the age a person can commit a criminal offence and the meaning of dishonesty must not modify certain enactments such as the Human Rights Act 1998 and the Civil Contingencies Act 2004 must not modify any of the 2006 Act unless an exception applies must not confer or impose functions on reserved authorities such as Ministers of the Crown the Crown Prosecution Service and the Health amp Safety Executive without the consent of the UK Government Senedd Powers 93 Proposed further devolution editMain article Proposed further Welsh devolution The following options have been proposed as a systematic and constitutional change to autonomy in Wales by The Independent Commission on the Constitutional Future of Wales Entrenched devolution Federal structures Independence 94 Among calls for specific matters to be devolved to Wales are powers over Broadcasting 95 the Crown Estate in Wales 96 and natural resources 97 Shared Prosperity Fund 98 bank holidays 99 energy firm taxation amp regulation 100 gender self identification 101 the justice system 102 rail infrastructure 103 setting rates and bands of all income tax 104 welfare system and full taxation powers 105 Restrictions by UK government editThe UK Parliament passed the UK Internal Market Act in 2020 which directly constrains devolution according to the Scottish Government The actions of the Act are described in a report by Scottish MSP Michael Russell Cabinet Secretary for Constitution Europe and External Affairs The act allows goods sold in one part of the UK to be automatically accepted in the rest of the UK despite differing devolved rules The act can also cause the regulation of service in one part of the UK to be recognised across the whole UK The act allows UK ministers to spend on devolved policies without the approval of the devolved parliament 106 The Welsh Government has voiced concerns over the United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020 passed by the UK Parliament describing its passing as an attack on its competence It launched a request for judicial review of the act which was rejected on the ground of being premature by the divisional court As of February 2022 the Welsh government awaited an appeal of the divisional court s decision 107 Assessment of devolution editRon Davies former secretary of state for Wales and described as the architect of devolution said in 2022 One thing which I know is lacking is an overarching sense of wanting to create a better way of wanting to shape our own destiny I don t see that His deputy Peter Hain said We need to do what we all say we want to do which is create a more vibrant competitive successful Wales economically But it does mean some pretty tough decisions Former leader of Plaid Cymru Dafydd Wigley stated We have yet to see the election in Wales changing the colour of a government And democracy in Wales will not have been properly tested until that happens Originally the leader of the No campaign in the 90s Conservative Nick Bourne now supports more members for the Senedd We need more members It s got expanded powers it s the settled will of the people that we have a Welsh parliament and that s got to be effective so by all means be concerned about value for money we should be as any political party should be but in terms of is it a good idea then the personal view is we need more members 108 Economic impact edit See also Economy of Wales In a report for the Institute of Welsh Affairs in 2003 Phil Cooke of Cardiff University argued that the Welsh Government had responded to the loss of productivity in manufacturing by substituting new jobs in the public sector making Wales increasingly dependent on fiscal transfers from Whitehall Cooke suggested that a relatively weak devolution settlement had prevented the Welsh Government from developing innovative economic policies especially when compared to Scotland 109 However critics including former Welsh Secretary Ron Davies and John Lovering another Cardiff academic claimed that Cooke s argument that a more powerful Assembly was a necessary precondition to more effective economic policies was a non sequitur 110 In 2005 Plaid Cymru leader Ieuan Wyn Jones suggested that the lack of tax varying powers in Wales was a major reason why Wales did not have its own Celtic Tiger and that growth strategy should not be focused only on cities 111 Plaid Cymru have also argued that economic dividend can only be achieved with Welsh independence 112 Jonathan Bradbury and Andrew Davies published an article in the National Institute Economic Review in January 2023 criticising both the Welsh government and UK government economic policies for Wales They note that Wales had one of the weakest economies of the UK prior to devolution They also noted views that the UK government remained in control of macro economic powers lacked regional economic policy and a lack of devolution to the Welsh government to make a real difference They also note the view of some that the historic exploitation of Wales and its treatment as an economic periphery plays have implications today They added that Wales economic performance has not progressed under devolution with weakness in Welsh government strategy and policy and that the dissolution of the Wales Development Agency remains a topic of debate 112 Political party position on devolution editWelsh Labour and the Welsh Liberal Democrats support further devolution for Wales as well as reform federalism of the United Kingdom 113 114 Plaid Cymru supports further devolution for Wales as well as independence 115 116 Wales Green Party and Gwlad also both support Welsh independence whilst Propel supports national sovereignty for Wales 117 118 119 The Welsh Conservatives support the devolution system as it currently stands 120 The UK Independence Party and Abolish the Welsh Assembly Party both support reduced or the abolishment of devolution 120 Referendum results and opinion polling editReferendums on devolution Date Conducted Question Statement SupportDevolution AgainstDevolution Turnout 3 March 2011 121 Do you want the Assembly now to be able to make laws on all matters in the 20 subject areas it has powers for 63 5 36 5 35 2 18 September 1997 122 i I agree that there should be a Welsh Assembly or ii I do not agree that there should be a Welsh Assembly 50 3 49 7 51 3 1 March 1979 123 Do you want the provisions of the Wales Act 1978 to be put into effect 20 3 79 7 58 8 Polls on devolution status edit Polls on powers edit Note On 4 March 2011 63 5 voted to devolve primary lawmaking powers for the areas already devolved to the Senedd 124 Constitutional status polls Date s conducted Polling organisation Supportindependence Support morepowers forthe Senedd Supportstatus quo Support fewerpowers forthe Senedd Support abolitionof the Senedd Indifferent don t know Combined total more powers Combined total no more powers 5 25 June 2023 125 Beaufort Research WalesOnline 16 23 25 6 17 13 39 48 12 17 May 2023 126 YouGov Barn Cymru 13 21 20 7 20 16 34 47 3 7 February 2023 127 YouGov Barn Cymru 15 20 21 7 20 16 35 50 25 November 1 December 2022 128 YouGov Barn Cymru 14 21 23 7 20 14 35 50 20 22 September 2022 128 YouGov 17 19 21 7 19 15 36 47 28 January 21 February 2021 129 BBC ICM Unlimited 14 35 27 3 15 6 49 45 4 22 February 2020 130 BBC ICM 11 43 25 2 14 3 54 41 7 23 February 2019 131 BBC ICM 7 46 27 3 13 4 53 43 December 2018 132 SkyData 8 40 23 4 18 7 48 45 February 2017 133 BBC ICM 6 44 29 3 13 4 50 45 31 January 2017 Wales Act 2017 is passed February 2016 134 BBC ICM 6 43 30 3 13 4 49 46 February 2015 135 BBC ICM 6 40 33 4 13 4 46 50 17 December 2014 Wales Act 2014 passed 19 22 September 2014 136 BBC ICM 3 49 26 2 12 6 52 40 18 September 2014 2014 Scottish independence referendum February 2014 137 BBC ICM 5 37 28 3 23 5 42 54 2013 138 BBC ICM 9 36 28 2 20 4 45 50 2012 138 BBC ICM 7 36 29 2 22 4 43 55 2011 138 BBC ICM 11 35 18 17 15 4 46 50 3 March 2011 2011 Welsh devolution referendum January 2011 139 ITV Wales YouGov n a 49 26 n a n a 26 n a n a 2010 138 BBC ICM 11 40 13 18 13 4 51 44 June 2007 139 BBC ICM n a 47 44 n a n a 9 n a n a Polls on parliament edit Polls on devolved parliamentQuestion Should Wales Have Its Own Parliament Date published Publisher Yes Parliament No Parliament Do not know Lead 23 24 March 2024 Redfield amp Wilton Strategies 55 32 13 23 18 February 2024 Redfield amp Wilton Strategies 55 34 11 21 24 26 January 2024 Redfield amp Wilton Strategies 59 32 9 27 10 11 December 2023 Redfield amp Wilton Strategies 60 30 10 30 12 13 November 2023 Redfield amp Wilton Strategies 55 33 11 22 14 15 October 2023 Redfield amp Wilton Strategies 58 32 10 26 16 17 September 2023 Redfield amp Wilton Strategies 65 22 13 43 13 14 August 2023 Redfield amp Wilton Strategies 60 28 12 32 14 16 July 2023 Redfield amp Wilton Strategies 66 27 8 39 17 18 June 2023 Redfield amp Wilton Strategies 61 30 9 31 14 15 May 2023 Redfield amp Wilton Strategies 63 28 10 35 15 17 April 2023 Redfield amp Wilton Strategies 63 25 12 38 Other edit Polls on devolved powers Date Published Publisher Question Statement Disagree with removing powers Agree with removing powers 2021 140 UK in a Changing Europe Using Welsh Election Study WES data in a report British Politics after Brexit Brexit should not be used as an excuse to undermine the Senedd VS The UK Government is right to remove powers from the Senedd if it is necessary to maximise Brexit benefits 71 29 Polls on the status of the Senedd Date s conducted Polling organisation Question Statement Support devolution excluding don t know Abolish the Senedd excluding don t know Do not know Abstain Would not vote 19 22 February 2021 141 YouGov If there was a referendum tomorrow on abolishing the Senedd Welsh Parliament and this was the question how would you vote Should Wales abolish the Senedd Welsh Parliament 45 62 28 38 17 10 1997 142 The Guardian ICM On establishing a National Assembly for Wales 37 51 36 49 27 n a Polls on increased devolved powers Date s cConducted Polling organisation Question Statement Age 18 24 Yes No Age 25 49 Yes No Age 50 64 Yes No Age 65 Yes No Yes excluding don t know No excluding don t know Do not know Abstain Would not vote Refused 11 16 November 2020 143 YouGov If there was a referendum tomorrow on the transferring of more powers to the Senedd Welsh Parliament including control of tax and welfare but excluding defence and foreign affairs how would you vote Should more powers be transferred to the Senedd Welsh Parliament 55 12 41 15 40 39 32 43 40 59 28 41 20 10 3 Polls in the absence of devolution by political party Date s cConducted Polling organisation amp client Sample size Independence inc sub samples No devolved government inc sub samples Indifferent no reply Total Conservative Labour Lib Dem Plaid Cymru Total Conservative Labour Lib Dem Plaid Cymru 29 May 1 June 2020 ITV Wales YouGov Cardiff Uni Archived 2020 09 04 at the Wayback Machine 1 021 33 12 45 39 87 45 79 35 53 4 21 References edit Devolution A beginner s guide 2010 04 29 Retrieved 2022 02 01 Gower John 2013 The Story of Wales BBC Books pp 119 120 Jones Francis 1969 The Princes and Principality of Wales University of Wales P ISBN 978 0 900768 20 0 Gower John 2013 The Story of Wales BBC Books pp 137 146 Jenkins Geraint 2007 A Concise History of Wales pp 107 119 BBC Wales History Themes The 1536 Act of Union www bbc co uk Retrieved 2022 02 09 Laws in Wales Act 1535 repealed 21 12 1993 The Welsh language Act of 1967 BBC 2012 07 26 Retrieved 2022 02 09 a b c The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales Cardiff University of Wales Press 2008 130 years since Sunday drinking was banned in Wales BBC News 2011 08 04 Retrieved 2023 01 13 OLCreate CYM WH E1 Sources for Unit 8 Source 8F www open edu Retrieved 2022 03 01 OLCreate CYM WH E1 Sources for Unit 8 Source 8Ji www open edu Retrieved 2022 03 05 OLCreate CYM WH E1 Sources for Unit 8 Source 8Jii www open edu Retrieved 2022 03 05 Doe Norman January 2020 The Welsh Church Act 1914 A Century of Constitutional Freedom for the Church in Wales Ecclesiastical Law Journal 22 1 2 14 doi 10 1017 S0956618X19001674 S2CID 213980589 Volume I Prefatory Note Church in Wales Retrieved 2022 03 01 Two home rule Bills Kendle J E Jun 1968 VI The Round Table Movement and Home Rule All Round The Historical Journal 11 2 332 353 doi 10 1017 s0018246x00002041 ISSN 0018 246X S2CID 159471230 A PROVED AND LOYAL FRIENDSHIP THE DIARY OF W LLEWELYN WILLIAMS MP 1906 15 PDF Pilkington Colin 2002 Devolution in Britain today Manchester University Press pp 35 38 ISBN 978 0 7190 6075 5 a b c History of devolution senedd wales Retrieved 2022 01 31 Jones J G 1 January 1990 Alfred Thomas s National Institution Wales Bills of 1891 92 Welsh History Review 15 1 218 239 ProQuest 1310503225 BBC Wales History Themes Cymru Fydd Young Wales Unit 8 David Lloyd George and the destiny of Wales View as single page Yes or No The Welsh Devolution Referendum National Library of Wales Blog 2022 02 28 Retrieved 2022 03 05 David Lloyd George Celtic Radicals University of Wales Press 2005 p 208 a b Home Rule all round Experiments in Regionalising Great Britain 1886 1914 Political Reform in Britain 1886 1996 Themes Ideas Policies Eds Jordan Ulrike Kaiser Wolfram Bochum Universitatsverlag Dr N Brockmeyer 169 192 Arbeitskreis Deutsche England Forschung 37 PDF BBC Wales History Themes David Lloyd George www bbc co uk Retrieved 2022 03 01 Wales Vol V no 8 9 1945 Cylchgronau Cymru Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru in Welsh National Library of Wales Retrieved 4 December 2020 Alderton Nicholas The formation of the Welsh Liberal Party 1966 1967 PDF Political Studies Association Retrieved 10 April 2019 Davies 1994 pp 523 a b BBC Wales History Themes Chapter 22 A new nation www bbc co uk Retrieved 2023 01 13 BBC Wales Eisteddfod Guide A brief history of the Eisteddfod www bbc co uk Retrieved 2022 02 04 FAW Who are FAW www faw cymru Retrieved 2022 02 04 140 Years of the Welsh Rugby Union Welsh Rugby Union Wales amp Regions Retrieved 2022 02 04 History of the University of Wales University of Wales www wales ac uk Retrieved 2022 02 04 The Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889 BBC 2013 08 12 Retrieved 2022 02 04 Records of the Welsh Department and successors Board of Education Board of Education Welsh Department Department of Education and Science Education Office for Wales Department of Education and Science Welsh Education Office Education Department Ministry of Education Welsh Department 1880 1983 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link a b c d e f g h History of devolution senedd wales Retrieved 2022 02 01 History of the Building The National Library of Wales www library wales Retrieved 2022 02 04 Welsh Guards www army mod uk Retrieved 2022 02 04 Records of the Welsh Board of Health Welsh Board of Health 1919 1969 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Welsh Church Act 1914 Fire in Llŷn Peoples Collection Wales Retrieved 2023 01 27 Davies 1994 pp 415 454 Davies 1994 pp 544 Davies 1994 pp 547 Lutz James M 1981 The Spread of the Plaid Cymru The Spatial Impress The Western Political Quarterly 34 2 310 328 doi 10 2307 447358 ISSN 0043 4078 JSTOR 447358 a b c Labour Party Wales Archives National Library of Wales Archives and Manuscripts archives library wales Retrieved 2023 01 13 Torrence David 2022 Devolution in Wales A process not an event PDF House of Commons Library p 9 John Davies A History of Wales Penguin 1993 ISBN 0 14 028475 3 a b Archives The National The Discovery Service discovery nationalarchives gov uk COUNCIL FOR WALES MEMBERSHIP Hansard 26 April 1949 Parliamentary Debates Hansard 26 April 1949 Archives Network Wales Council for Wales and Monmouthshire records Archived from the original on 2016 03 03 Retrieved 2022 06 04 WALES COUNCIL Hansard 20 January 1949 Parliamentary Debates Hansard 20 January 1949 Public Policy and Normative Language Utility Community and Nation in the Debate over the Construction of Tryweryn Reservoir academic oup com Retrieved 2023 04 09 John Davies 1994 A History of Wales Penguin p 664 Epynt A lost community www nfu cymru org uk Retrieved 2022 07 19 a b Watch Rali Senedd i Gymru Machynlleth 1949 BFI Player Retrieved 2022 02 01 a b Jones J Graham 1 December 1992 THE PARLIAMENT FOR WALES CAMPAIGN 1950 56 Welsh History Review 16 2 207 236 ProQuest 1310498251 Key Events in the Development of the National Assembly for Wales PDF 2009 01 07 Archived from the original PDF on 2009 01 07 Retrieved 2022 10 14 Wales history Why is the red dragon on the Welsh flag BBC News 2019 07 06 Retrieved 2022 02 23 Cardiff then and now 60 years as capital city of Wales BBC News 2015 12 21 Retrieved 2022 02 10 Remembering Gwynfor Evans by election which changed Welsh history The National Wales Archived from the original on 2021 09 23 Retrieved 2022 03 10 a b Plaid Cymru s first MP helped change course of a nation BBC News 2016 07 14 Retrieved 2022 03 10 The Constitution Series 1 Wales in the United Kingdom PDF National Assembly for Wales July 2011 Archived from the original PDF on 20 April 2016 Retrieved 6 April 2016 a b The Welsh language Act of 1967 BBC 2012 07 26 Retrieved 2022 01 31 Alderton Nicholas The formation of the Welsh Liberal Party 1966 1967 PDF Political Studies Association Retrieved 10 April 2019 a b Welsh Referendum www bbc co uk Retrieved 2022 02 10 WalesOnline 2011 10 02 Lord Morris of Aberavon lifts the lid on the disastrous 1979 devolution referendum WalesOnline Retrieved 2022 12 09 Williamson David 2009 03 05 Spectre of the Taffia could still threaten hopes of a law making Assembly WalesOnline Retrieved 2023 02 25 Q amp A New Welsh language legislation BBC News 2010 12 07 Retrieved 2022 02 03 a b c d Balsom Denis 2000 Political Developments in Wales 1979 1997 In Balsom Jones Barry eds The Road to the National Assembly for Wales Cardiff University of Wales Press a b Powys Betsan 12 January 2010 The long Welsh walk to devolution BBC News website BBC Retrieved 26 September 2010 Government of Wales Act PDF Reynolds David 2008 New Labour Education and Wales The Devolution Decade Oxford Review of Education 34 6 753 765 doi 10 1080 03054980802519019 JSTOR 20462432 S2CID 144624435 Historic Yes vote gives Wales greater law making powers Welsh Government www wired gov net Retrieved 2022 02 01 WalesOnline 2011 07 31 International body grants Wales country status after principality error WalesOnline Retrieved 2022 02 10 Countries within a country 10 Downing Street website 10 Downing Street 10 January 2003 Archived from the original on 9 September 2008 Retrieved 5 November 2010 The United Kingdom is made up of four countries England Scotland Wales and Northern Ireland UN report causes stir with Wales dubbed Principality WalesOnline website Media Wales Ltd 3 July 2010 Retrieved 25 July 2010 the Assembly s Counsel General John Griffiths said I agree that in relation to Wales Principality is a misnomer and that Wales should properly be referred to as a country Wales com FAQs Wales com website Welsh Government 2008 Retrieved 24 August 2015 Bogdanor Vernon 1995 11 09 The Monarchy and the Constitution Clarendon Press ISBN 978 0 19 827769 9 Welsh Language Wales Measure 2011 Law Wales law gov wales Retrieved 2022 02 03 First Welsh law for 600 years ITV News 2012 11 12 Retrieved 2022 02 03 Reserved vs Conferred powers research senedd wales Retrieved 2023 01 13 Welsh assembly renamed Senedd Cymru Welsh Parliament BBC News 2020 05 06 Retrieved 2022 01 31 16 and 17 year olds have secured the right to vote in Wales www electoral reform org uk Retrieved 2022 02 01 Crown Estate Devolution to Wales Bill Shared Prosperity Fund Wales Bill Devolution What is it and how does it work across the UK BBC News 2021 03 24 Retrieved 2022 03 10 Government of Wales Act PDF The Government of Wales Act 2006 the challenges for legal education Learning in Law Annual Conference 2008 at UKCLE ials sas ac uk Retrieved 2022 03 23 Wales Act 2014 Law Wales law gov wales Retrieved 2022 03 23 nbsp This article incorporates text published under the British Open Government Licence v2 0 Powers Welsh Government 2020 09 01 Interim report by The Independent Commission on the Constitutional Future of Wales PDF Deacon Russell 2018 01 23 1 The Evolution of Welsh Devolution The Government and Politics of Wales Edinburgh University Press pp 1 21 doi 10 1515 9780748699742 004 ISBN 9780748699742 retrieved 2022 11 29 Plenary 24 01 2023 Welsh Parliament Retrieved 2023 01 29 Petition calling for the Senedd to have control over Wales water signed by over 2 500 in just a few hours Nation Cymru 2022 08 25 Retrieved 2022 08 30 Plaid Cymru MP introduces Bill calling for the devolution of post EU funds to Wales Nation Cymru 2022 03 22 Retrieved 2023 03 11 Mosalski Ruth 2022 02 15 10 000 want St David s Day to be a bank holiday but UK gov says no WalesOnline Retrieved 2022 02 22 Mark Drakeford dismisses call for power to tax energy firms to be held in Wales Nation Cymru 2022 02 16 Retrieved 2022 03 09 Duffy Nick 2023 02 07 Welsh Government to seek devolution of gender recognition laws amid Scotland battle inews co uk Retrieved 2023 02 14 Plaid Cymru call for devolution of justice to Wales we can t be treated as an appendage to England Nation Cymru 2022 11 29 Retrieved 2022 11 29 Hayward Will 2023 03 17 Wales misses out on 1bn from a second major English rail project WalesOnline Retrieved 2023 03 18 Power to set tax rates could help Wales tackle cost of living crisis says Plaid Nation Cymru 2023 02 08 Retrieved 2023 02 08 Wales needs full control over welfare and taxation The National Wales Archived from the original on 2022 02 05 Retrieved 2022 02 05 After Brexit The UK Internal Market Act and devolution www gov scot Retrieved 2022 02 06 Written Statement Legal challenge to the UK Internal Market Act 2020 Update 29 June 2021 GOV WALES 29 June 2021 Retrieved 2022 02 06 25 years of devolution in Wales Has enough changed since the 1997 referendum Weak Devolution Settlement Hinders Economic Development Weak assembly harming Wales 24 November 2003 via news bbc co uk Williamson David 2005 11 16 Why Celtic tiger failed WalesOnline Retrieved 2023 03 13 a b Bradbury Jonathan Davies Andrew 2022 Regional Economic Development and the Case of Wales Theory and Practice and Problems of Strategy and Policy National Institute Economic Review 261 1 15 doi 10 1017 nie 2022 26 ISSN 0027 9501 S2CID 255571295 Our Nation movingforward wales Retrieved 2022 08 09 2021 manifesto Put Recovery First PDF Plaid Cymru campaign for devolution of broadcasting step closer following establishment of new expert panel The Party of Wales 20 June 2022 Retrieved 2022 08 09 Welsh independence to take longer than hoped admits Adam Price BBC News 2022 03 27 Retrieved 2022 08 09 EXCLUSIVE Wales can stand alone says Green leader as Welsh party backs independence Left Foot Forward Leading the UK s progressive debate 2020 10 27 Retrieved 2022 08 09 Gwlad llais newydd dros annibyniaeth i Gymru Gwlad Retrieved 2022 08 09 Propel Constitution PDF 2019 a b Welsh election 2021 Who should I vote for Compare party policies BBC News 2021 04 22 Retrieved 2022 08 09 Welsh referendum analysis Wales united in clear vote BBC News 2011 03 04 Retrieved 2022 02 09 Duclos Nathalie 2 January 2006 The 1997 devolution referendums in Scotland and Wales Revue francaise de civilisation britannique XIV 1 151 264 doi 10 4000 rfcb 1187 Welsh Referendum www bbc co uk Retrieved 2022 02 09 History of devolution senedd wales Retrieved 2022 09 28 Hayward Will 2023 07 10 Poll shows 40 of Welsh people want either independence or more powers for Wales WalesOnline Retrieved 2023 07 11 YouGov Barn Cymru Survey Results PDF YouGov Barn Cymru Survey Results PDF a b YouGov Barn Cymru Survey Results PDF Voting attitudes and Senedd powers quizzed in poll for BBC Wales BBC News 28 February 2021 Retrieved 28 February 2021 St Davids Day Poll 2020 1 March 2020 via www bbc co uk Attitudes to Brexit and economy polled BBC News 1 March 2019 Awan Scully Roger 20 December 2018 Does Wales Want to Abolish the Assembly Cardiff University Archived from the original on 15 May 2021 Retrieved 9 February 2022 EU migrants should have skills public tells BBC Wales poll BBC News 2017 03 01 St David s Day Poll PDF blogs cardiff ac uk 1 March 2016 Retrieved 2019 08 11 ICM Poll for the BBC PDF www icmunlimited com 2016 Retrieved 2019 08 11 Record low back Welsh independence BBC ICM poll Wales Online 2014 09 15 Retrieved 2014 09 19 BBC Cymru Wales poll Few in Wales back Scottish independence BBC News 28 February 2014 Retrieved 6 April 2014 a b c d Historical Polls icmunlimited Retrieved 2022 06 24 a b Wales referendum Has the nation warmed to devolution BBC News 2011 03 02 Retrieved 2022 09 25 British Politics After Brexit Report PDF Who supports abolishing the devolved parliaments and why YouGov yougov co uk Retrieved 2022 02 09 Poll shock for Welsh home rule the Guardian 1997 10 10 Retrieved 2022 09 25 Overwhelming support for giving more powers to the Senedd YesCymru 18 November 2020 Retrieved 2022 02 16 General sources editDavies John 1994 A History of Wales London Penguin ISBN 978 0 14 014581 6 Further reading editBradbury Jonathan 2021 Welsh Devolution and the Union Reform Debates after Brexit The Political Quarterly 92 1 125 131 doi 10 1111 1467 923X 12944 S2CID 234250190 Evans Adam 2023 Birth pangs or a honeymoon from hell The long annus horribilis for Welsh devolution 1998 2000 Contemporary British History 37 2 192 215 doi 10 1080 13619462 2023 2167077 S2CID 255771047 Jones Robert Harrison Michael Jones Trevor 2022 Policing and devolution in the UK The special case of Wales Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice 17 doi 10 1093 police paac063 Lesch Matthew McCambridge Jim 2023 Policy communities devolution and policy transfer The case of alcohol pricing in Wales Regional amp Federal Studies 33 2 163 185 doi 10 1080 13597566 2021 1934454 PMC 10108489 PMID 37082296 Rawlings Richard 2022 Wales and the United Kingdom a territorial constitutional policy drive Territory Politics Governance 10 5 714 732 doi 10 1080 21622671 2022 2036630 S2CID 247240900 Shattock Michael Horvath Aniko 2020 The decentralisation of the governance of UK higher education the effects of devolution to Scotland Wales and Northern Ireland and on England Policy Reviews in Higher Education 4 2 164 178 doi 10 1080 23322969 2020 1751688 S2CID 218925727 Tarrant Alison 2022 Devolution and the difficulty of divergence The development of adult social care policy in Wales Critical Social Policy 43 4 676 696 doi 10 1177 02610183221145404 S2CID 255293430 Wallace Jennifer 2019 Wellbeing and Devolution Reframing the Role of Government in Scotland Wales and Northern Ireland Springer Nature hdl 20 500 12657 23024 ISBN 978 3 030 02230 3 Williams Jane Eirug Aled 2022 The Impact of Devolution in Wales Social Democracy with a Welsh Stripe University of Wales Press ISBN 978 1 78683 888 9 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Welsh devolution amp oldid 1221974621, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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