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Walter Bagehot

February 15, 2024

For the asteroid, see 2901 Bagehot.

Walter Bagehot (/ˈbædʒət/ BAJ-ət; 3 February 1826 – 24 March 1877) was an English journalist, businessman, and essayist, who wrote extensively about government, economics, literature and race. He is known for co-founding the National Review in 1855, and for his works The English Constitution and Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market (1873).

Walter Bagehot
Portrait by Norman Hirst,
after an unknown artist
Born(1826-02-03)3 February 1826
Langport, Somerset, England
Died24 March 1877(1877-03-24) (aged 51)
Langport, Somerset, England
NationalityBritish
Alma materUniversity College London
Occupations
  • Businessman
  • essayist
  • journalist
Political partyLiberal[1]
Spouse
Elizabeth (Eliza) Wilson
​
​
(m. 1858)​
Signature

Life edit

Bagehot was born in Langport, Somerset, England, on 3 February 1826. His father, Thomas Watson Bagehot, was managing director and vice-chairman of Stuckey's Bank. He attended University College London (UCL), where he studied mathematics and, in 1848, earned a master's degree in moral philosophy.[2] Bagehot was called to the bar by Lincoln's Inn, but preferred to join his father in 1852 in his family's shipping and banking business.

In 1858, Bagehot married Elizabeth (Eliza) Wilson (1832–1921), whose father, James Wilson, was the founder and owner of The Economist. The couple were happily married until Bagehot's untimely death at age 51, but had no children.[3] A collection of their love-letters was published in 1933.[4]

Journalism edit

In 1855, Bagehot founded the National Review with his friend Richard Holt Hutton.[5][6] In 1861, he became editor-in-chief of The Economist. In the 16 years he served as its editor, Bagehot expanded the reporting of politics by The Economist, and increased its influence among policy-makers. He was widely accepted by the British establishment and was elected to the Athenaeum in 1875.[7]

Works edit

 
Title page of the first edition of Bagehot's The English Constitution, 1867.[8]

In 1867, Bagehot wrote The English Constitution,[8] a book that explores the nature of the constitution of the United Kingdom, specifically its Parliament and monarchy. It appeared at the same time that Parliament enacted the Reform Act of 1867, requiring Bagehot to write an extended introduction to the second edition which appeared in 1872.

Bagehot also wrote Physics and Politics (1872),[9] in which he examines how civilisations sustain themselves, arguing that, in their earliest phase, civilisations are very much in opposition to the values of modern liberalism, insofar as they are sustained by conformism and military success but, once they are secured, it is possible for them to mature into systems which allow for greater diversity and freedom.

His viewpoint was based on his distinction between the qualities of an "accomplished man" and those of a "rude man", which he considered to be the result of iterative inheritances by which the "nervous organisation" of the individual became increasingly refined down through the generations.[10] He regarded that distinction as a moral achievement whereby, through the actions of the will, the "accomplished" elite was able to morally differentiate themselves from "rude men" by a "hereditary drill". He equally applied such reasoning to develop a form of pseudoscientific racism, whereby those of mixed race lacked any "inherited creed" or "fixed traditional sentiments" upon which, he considered, human nature depended.

He attempted to provide empirical support for his views by citing John Lubbock and Edward Tylor although, in their writings on human evolution, neither of them accepted arguments for innate hereditary differences, as opposed to cultural inheritance. Tylor, in particular, rejected Bagehot's view of the centrality of physical heredity, or that the modern "savage" mind had become "tattooed over with monstrous images" by which base instincts had been preserved in crevices, as opposed to accomplished European man, for whom such instincts had been smoothed away through the inherited will to exercise reason.[10]

In Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market (1873) Bagehot seeks to explain the world of finance and banking.[11] His observations on finance are often cited by central bankers, in particular in the period in wake of the global financial crisis which began in 2007. More specifically, there was particular popularity "Bagehot's Dictum" that in times of crisis of the financial system, central banks should lend freely to solvent depository institutions, yet only against sound collateral and at interest rates high enough to dissuade those borrowers that are not genuinely in need.[12]

Legacy edit

 
Lombard Street, 1873.

Bagehot never fully recovered from a bout of pneumonia he suffered in 1867, and he died in 1877 from complications of what was said to be a cold.[13] Collections of Bagehot's literary, political, and economic essays were published after his death. Their subjects ranged from Shakespeare and Disraeli to the price of silver. Every year, the British Political Studies Association awards the Walter Bagehot Prize for the best dissertation in the field of government and public administration.

Minor planet 2901 Bagehot, discovered by Luboš Kohoutek, is named in his honor.[14]

The Economist carries a weekly current affairs commentary entitled "Bagehot", which is named in his honour and is described as "an analysis of British life and politics, in the tradition of Walter Bagehot".[15][16] As of January 2022, the column has been written by Duncan Robinson, political editor of the publication.

Major publications edit

  • (1848). "Principles of Political Economy," The Prospective Review, Vol. 4, No. 16, pp. 460–502.
  • (1858). Estimates of Some Englishmen and Scotchmen.
  • (1867; second edition, 1872). The English Constitution. (online)
  • (1872). Physics and Politics (online).
  • (1873). Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market. (online)
  • (1875). "A New Standard of Value," The Economist, Vol. 33, No. 1682, pp. 1361–63.
  • (1877). Some Articles on the Depreciation of Silver and on Topics Connected with It.
  • (1879). Literary Studies.
    • Vol I
    • Vol III
  • (1880). Economic Studies.
  • (1881). Biographical Studies.
  • (1885). The Postulates of English Political Economy.
  • (1889). The Works of Walter Bagehot.
  • (1933). The Love Letters of Walter Bagehot and Eliza Wilson (with his spouse).

References edit

  1. ^ Selinger, William; Conti, Greg (2015). "Reappraising Walter Bagehot's Liberalism: Discussion, Public Opinion, and the Meaning of Parliamentary Government". History of European Ideas. 41 (2): 264. doi:10.1080/01916599.2014.926105. S2CID 144027865.
  2. ^ Hutton, Richard Holt (1915). "Memoirs." In: The Works and Life of Walter Bagehot, Vol. 1. London: Longmans, Green, and Co., pp. 1–54.
  3. ^ Roberts, David H. "Walter Bagehot: A Brief Biography". The Victorian Web. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  4. ^ "Women's Studies Subject Guide: Eliza Wilson". University Archives. The University of Hull. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  5. ^ Walter Bagehot by St. Norman John-Stevas The British Council/National Book League/Longmans, Greene & Co. London. (1963)
  6. ^ Andrew King, John Plunkett (2005). Victorian Print Media: A Reader. Oxford University Press. p. https://archive.org/details/victorianprintme00plun/page/n66 50. ISBN 978-0-19-927037-8. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. National Review (1855–64) one of the most prestigious quarterlies of mid-century
  7. ^ "Walter Bagehot Key dates - A brief chronology of his life, family, work and legacy". Langport Heritage Society. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
  8. ^ a b Walter Bagehot (1867), The English Constitution (1st ed.), London: Chapman & Hall, OCLC 60724184.
  9. ^ Bagehot, Walter (November 1867). "Physics and Politics. No. I. The Pre-Economic Age". Hathi Trust. Fortnightly Review. Retrieved 17 July 2018. This three-part article was published over the course of three years in the Fortnightly Review: the first section was published in November, 1867; the second section in April, 1868; and the third in July, 1869.
  10. ^ a b Shilliam, Robbie. "How Black Deficit Entered the British Academy" (PDF). robbieshilliam.wordpress.com. Robbie Shilliam. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
  11. ^ "Bagehot and International Lending". by Professor M. Lipton. The Financial Times (London, England), Tuesday, June 12, 1984; p. 17; edition 29,344.
  12. ^ Paul Tucker, Deputy Governor, Financial Stability, Bank of England, "The Repertoire of Official Sector Interventions in the Financial System: Last Resort Lending, Market-Making, and Capital" 20 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Bank of Japan 2009 International Conference, 27–28 May 2009, p. 5
  13. ^ Roger Kimball, "The Greatest Victorian", The New Criterion October 1998.
  14. ^ "(2901) Bagehot". (2901) Bagehot In: Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. Springer. 2003. p. 238. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_2902. ISBN 978-3-540-29925-7.
  15. ^ "Adrian Wooldridge". The Economist. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  16. ^ "What can Britain today learn from Walter Bagehot?". The Economist. 3 January 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2021.

Bibliography edit

  • Barrington, Emilie Isabel Wilson (1914). Life of Walter Bagehot. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
  • Buchan, Alastair (1960). The Spare Chancellor: The Life of Walter Bagehot. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.
  • Grant, James (2019). Bagehot: The Life and Times of the Greatest Victorian. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
  • Orel, Harold (1984). Victorian Literary Critics. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Sisson C.H. (1972). The Case of Walter Bagehot. London: Faber and Faber Ltd.
  • Stevas, Norman (1959). Walter Bagehot a Study of His Life and Thought. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Sullivan, Harry R. (1975). Walter Bagehot. Boston: Twayne Publishers.
  •   "Bagehot, Walter", A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature, 1910 – via Wikisource
  • "Bagehot, Walter" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.

Further reading edit

  • Barrington, Emilie Isabel Wilson (1933). The Love-letters of Walter Bagehot and Eliza Wilson. London: Faber & Faber
  • Baumann, Arthur Anthony (1916). "Walter Bagehot." In: Persons & Politics of the Transition. London: Macmillan & Co., pp. 121–50
  • Birrell, Augustine (1922). "Walter Bagehot." In: The Collected Essays and Addresses of the Rt. Hon. Augustine Birrell, Vol. 2. London: J.M. Dent & Sons, pp. 213–35
  • Briggs, Asa, “Trollope, Bagehot, and the English Constitution,” in Briggs, Victorian People (1955) pp. 87–115. online
  • Brogan, Hugh (1977). "America and Walter Bagehot," Journal of American Studies, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 335–56
  • Brinton, Crane (1962). "Walter Bagehot." In: English Plolitical Thought in the 19th Century. New York: Harper Torchbooks
  • Buchan, Alastair. "Walter Bagehot." History Today (Nov 1954) 4#11 pp 764–770
  • Clinton, David (2003). "'Dash and Doubt': Walter Bagehot and International Restraint," The Review of Politics, Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 89–109
  • Cousin, John William (1910). A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J.M. Dent & Sons, p. 20
  • Easton, David (1949). "Walter Bagehot and Liberal Realism," The American Political Science Review, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 17–37
  • Edwards, Ruth Dudley (1993). The Pursuit of Reason: The Economist 1843–1993. London: Hamish Hamilton
  • Grant Duff, M.E. (1903). "Walter Bagehot: His Life and Works, 1826–1877." In: Out of the Past. London: John Murray, pp. 1–34
  • Halsted, John B. (1958). "Walter Bagehot on Toleration," Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 119–28
  • Hanley, Brian (2004). "'The Greatest Victorian' in the New Century: The Enduring Relevance of Walter Bagehot's Commentary on Literature, Scholarship, and Public Life", Papers on Language and Literature, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 167–98
  • Irvine, William (1939). Walter Bagehot. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
  • Kolbe, F.C. (1908). "Walter Bagehot: An Appreciation," The Irish Monthly, Vol. 36, No. 419, pp. 282–87
  • Lanchester, John, "The Invention of Money: How the heresies of two bankers became the basis of our modern economy", The New Yorker, 5 & 12 August 2019, pp. 28–31.
  • Morgan, Forrest (1995). Collected Works of Walter Bagehot. Routledge
  • Ostlund, Leonard A. (1956). "Walter Bagehot—Pioneer Social Psychology Theorist," Social Science, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 107–11
  • Spring, David (1976). "Walter Bagehot and Deference," The American Historical Review, Vol. 81, No. 3, pp. 524–31
  • Stephen, Leslie (1907). "Walter Bagehot." In: Studies of a Biographer, Vol. 3. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, pp. 144–74
  • Stevas, Norman, ed. (1986). The Collected Works of Walter Bagehot: Volumes 1–15. New York: Oxford University Press
  • Westwater, S.A.M. (1977). "Walter Bagehot: A Reassessment," The Antioch Review, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 39–49
  • Wilson, Woodrow (1895). "A Literary Politician," The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 76, No. 457, pp. 668–80
  • Wilson, Woodrow (1898). "A Wit and a Seer," The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 82, No. 492, pp. 527–40

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Walter Bagehot.
 
Wikisource has original works by or about:
Walter Bagehot
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Walter Bagehot.
  • Works by Walter Bagehot at Project Gutenberg
  • Works by or about Walter Bagehot at Internet Archive
  • Works by Walter Bagehot at Hathi Trust
  • Walter Bagehot: at McMaster University Archive for the History of Economic Thought.
  • Works by Walter Bagehot at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)  

February 15, 2024
walter, bagehot, asteroid, 2901, bagehot, february, 1826, march, 1877, english, journalist, businessman, essayist, wrote, extensively, about, government, economics, literature, race, known, founding, national, review, 1855, works, english, constitution, lombar. For the asteroid see 2901 Bagehot Walter Bagehot ˈ b ae dʒ e t BAJ et 3 February 1826 24 March 1877 was an English journalist businessman and essayist who wrote extensively about government economics literature and race He is known for co founding the National Review in 1855 and for his works The English Constitution and Lombard Street A Description of the Money Market 1873 Walter BagehotPortrait by Norman Hirst after an unknown artistBorn 1826 02 03 3 February 1826Langport Somerset EnglandDied24 March 1877 1877 03 24 aged 51 Langport Somerset EnglandNationalityBritishAlma materUniversity College LondonOccupationsBusinessman essayist journalistPolitical partyLiberal 1 SpouseElizabeth Eliza Wilson m 1858 wbr Signature Contents 1 Life 1 1 Journalism 1 2 Works 1 3 Legacy 2 Major publications 3 References 3 1 Bibliography 4 Further reading 5 External linksLife editBagehot was born in Langport Somerset England on 3 February 1826 His father Thomas Watson Bagehot was managing director and vice chairman of Stuckey s Bank He attended University College London UCL where he studied mathematics and in 1848 earned a master s degree in moral philosophy 2 Bagehot was called to the bar by Lincoln s Inn but preferred to join his father in 1852 in his family s shipping and banking business In 1858 Bagehot married Elizabeth Eliza Wilson 1832 1921 whose father James Wilson was the founder and owner of The Economist The couple were happily married until Bagehot s untimely death at age 51 but had no children 3 A collection of their love letters was published in 1933 4 Journalism edit In 1855 Bagehot founded the National Review with his friend Richard Holt Hutton 5 6 In 1861 he became editor in chief of The Economist In the 16 years he served as its editor Bagehot expanded the reporting of politics by The Economist and increased its influence among policy makers He was widely accepted by the British establishment and was elected to the Athenaeum in 1875 7 Works edit nbsp Title page of the first edition of Bagehot s The English Constitution 1867 8 In 1867 Bagehot wrote The English Constitution 8 a book that explores the nature of the constitution of the United Kingdom specifically its Parliament and monarchy It appeared at the same time that Parliament enacted the Reform Act of 1867 requiring Bagehot to write an extended introduction to the second edition which appeared in 1872 Bagehot also wrote Physics and Politics 1872 9 in which he examines how civilisations sustain themselves arguing that in their earliest phase civilisations are very much in opposition to the values of modern liberalism insofar as they are sustained by conformism and military success but once they are secured it is possible for them to mature into systems which allow for greater diversity and freedom His viewpoint was based on his distinction between the qualities of an accomplished man and those of a rude man which he considered to be the result of iterative inheritances by which the nervous organisation of the individual became increasingly refined down through the generations 10 He regarded that distinction as a moral achievement whereby through the actions of the will the accomplished elite was able to morally differentiate themselves from rude men by a hereditary drill He equally applied such reasoning to develop a form of pseudoscientific racism whereby those of mixed race lacked any inherited creed or fixed traditional sentiments upon which he considered human nature depended He attempted to provide empirical support for his views by citing John Lubbock and Edward Tylor although in their writings on human evolution neither of them accepted arguments for innate hereditary differences as opposed to cultural inheritance Tylor in particular rejected Bagehot s view of the centrality of physical heredity or that the modern savage mind had become tattooed over with monstrous images by which base instincts had been preserved in crevices as opposed to accomplished European man for whom such instincts had been smoothed away through the inherited will to exercise reason 10 In Lombard Street A Description of the Money Market 1873 Bagehot seeks to explain the world of finance and banking 11 His observations on finance are often cited by central bankers in particular in the period in wake of the global financial crisis which began in 2007 More specifically there was particular popularity Bagehot s Dictum that in times of crisis of the financial system central banks should lend freely to solvent depository institutions yet only against sound collateral and at interest rates high enough to dissuade those borrowers that are not genuinely in need 12 Legacy edit nbsp Lombard Street 1873 Bagehot never fully recovered from a bout of pneumonia he suffered in 1867 and he died in 1877 from complications of what was said to be a cold 13 Collections of Bagehot s literary political and economic essays were published after his death Their subjects ranged from Shakespeare and Disraeli to the price of silver Every year the British Political Studies Association awards the Walter Bagehot Prize for the best dissertation in the field of government and public administration Minor planet 2901 Bagehot discovered by Lubos Kohoutek is named in his honor 14 The Economist carries a weekly current affairs commentary entitled Bagehot which is named in his honour and is described as an analysis of British life and politics in the tradition of Walter Bagehot 15 16 As of January 2022 update the column has been written by Duncan Robinson political editor of the publication Major publications edit 1848 Principles of Political Economy The Prospective Review Vol 4 No 16 pp 460 502 1858 Estimates of Some Englishmen and Scotchmen 1867 second edition 1872 The English Constitution online 1872 Physics and Politics online 1873 Lombard Street A Description of the Money Market online 1875 A New Standard of Value The Economist Vol 33 No 1682 pp 1361 63 1877 Some Articles on the Depreciation of Silver and on Topics Connected with It 1879 Literary Studies Vol I Vol III 1880 Economic Studies 1881 Biographical Studies 1885 The Postulates of English Political Economy 1889 The Works of Walter Bagehot 1933 The Love Letters of Walter Bagehot and Eliza Wilson with his spouse References edit Selinger William Conti Greg 2015 Reappraising Walter Bagehot s Liberalism Discussion Public Opinion and the Meaning of Parliamentary Government History of European Ideas 41 2 264 doi 10 1080 01916599 2014 926105 S2CID 144027865 Hutton Richard Holt 1915 Memoirs In The Works and Life of Walter Bagehot Vol 1 London Longmans Green and Co pp 1 54 Roberts David H Walter Bagehot A Brief Biography The Victorian Web Retrieved 10 April 2016 Women s Studies Subject Guide Eliza Wilson University Archives The University of Hull Retrieved 10 April 2016 Walter Bagehot by St Norman John Stevas The British Council National Book League Longmans Greene amp Co London 1963 Andrew King John Plunkett 2005 Victorian Print Media A Reader Oxford University Press p https archive org details victorianprintme00plun page n66 50 ISBN 978 0 19 927037 8 Archived from the original on 23 July 2013 National Review 1855 64 one of the most prestigious quarterlies of mid century Walter Bagehot Key dates A brief chronology of his life family work and legacy Langport Heritage Society Retrieved 12 September 2022 a b Walter Bagehot 1867 The English Constitution 1st ed London Chapman amp Hall OCLC 60724184 Bagehot Walter November 1867 Physics and Politics No I The Pre Economic Age Hathi Trust Fortnightly Review Retrieved 17 July 2018 This three part article was published over the course of three years in the Fortnightly Review the first section was published in November 1867 the second section in April 1868 and the third in July 1869 a b Shilliam Robbie How Black Deficit Entered the British Academy PDF robbieshilliam wordpress com Robbie Shilliam Retrieved 28 June 2019 Bagehot and International Lending by Professor M Lipton The Financial Times London England Tuesday June 12 1984 p 17 edition 29 344 Paul Tucker Deputy Governor Financial Stability Bank of England The Repertoire of Official Sector Interventions in the Financial System Last Resort Lending Market Making and Capital Archived 20 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine Bank of Japan 2009 International Conference 27 28 May 2009 p 5 Roger Kimball The Greatest Victorian The New Criterion October 1998 2901 Bagehot 2901 Bagehot In Dictionary of Minor Planet Names Springer 2003 p 238 doi 10 1007 978 3 540 29925 7 2902 ISBN 978 3 540 29925 7 Adrian Wooldridge The Economist Retrieved 19 June 2021 What can Britain today learn from Walter Bagehot The Economist 3 January 2020 Retrieved 19 June 2021 Bibliography edit Barrington Emilie Isabel Wilson 1914 Life of Walter Bagehot London Longmans Green and Co Buchan Alastair 1960 The Spare Chancellor The Life of Walter Bagehot East Lansing Michigan State University Press Grant James 2019 Bagehot The Life and Times of the Greatest Victorian New York W W Norton amp Company Orel Harold 1984 Victorian Literary Critics London Palgrave Macmillan Sisson C H 1972 The Case of Walter Bagehot London Faber and Faber Ltd Stevas Norman 1959 Walter Bagehot a Study of His Life and Thought Bloomington Indiana University Press Sullivan Harry R 1975 Walter Bagehot Boston Twayne Publishers nbsp Bagehot Walter A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature 1910 via Wikisource Bagehot Walter Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed 1911 Further reading editBarrington Emilie Isabel Wilson 1933 The Love letters of Walter Bagehot and Eliza Wilson London Faber amp Faber Baumann Arthur Anthony 1916 Walter Bagehot In Persons amp Politics of the Transition London Macmillan amp Co pp 121 50 Birrell Augustine 1922 Walter Bagehot In The Collected Essays and Addresses of the Rt Hon Augustine Birrell Vol 2 London J M Dent amp Sons pp 213 35 Briggs Asa Trollope Bagehot and the English Constitution in Briggs Victorian People 1955 pp 87 115 online Brogan Hugh 1977 America and Walter Bagehot Journal of American Studies Vol 11 No 3 pp 335 56 Brinton Crane 1962 Walter Bagehot In English Plolitical Thought in the 19th Century New York Harper Torchbooks Buchan Alastair Walter Bagehot History Today Nov 1954 4 11 pp 764 770 Clinton David 2003 Dash and Doubt Walter Bagehot and International Restraint The Review of Politics Vol 65 No 1 pp 89 109 Cousin John William 1910 A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature London J M Dent amp Sons p 20 Easton David 1949 Walter Bagehot and Liberal Realism The American Political Science Review Vol 43 No 1 pp 17 37 Edwards Ruth Dudley 1993 The Pursuit of Reason The Economist 1843 1993 London Hamish Hamilton Grant Duff M E 1903 Walter Bagehot His Life and Works 1826 1877 In Out of the Past London John Murray pp 1 34 Halsted John B 1958 Walter Bagehot on Toleration Journal of the History of Ideas Vol 19 No 1 pp 119 28 Hanley Brian 2004 The Greatest Victorian in the New Century The Enduring Relevance of Walter Bagehot s Commentary on Literature Scholarship and Public Life Papers on Language and Literature Vol 40 No 2 pp 167 98 Irvine William 1939 Walter Bagehot London Longmans Green and Co Kolbe F C 1908 Walter Bagehot An Appreciation The Irish Monthly Vol 36 No 419 pp 282 87 Lanchester John The Invention of Money How the heresies of two bankers became the basis of our modern economy The New Yorker 5 amp 12 August 2019 pp 28 31 Morgan Forrest 1995 Collected Works of Walter Bagehot Routledge Ostlund Leonard A 1956 Walter Bagehot Pioneer Social Psychology Theorist Social Science Vol 31 No 2 pp 107 11 Spring David 1976 Walter Bagehot and Deference The American Historical Review Vol 81 No 3 pp 524 31 Stephen Leslie 1907 Walter Bagehot In Studies of a Biographer Vol 3 New York G P Putnam s Sons pp 144 74 Stevas Norman ed 1986 The Collected Works of Walter Bagehot Volumes 1 15 New York Oxford University Press Westwater S A M 1977 Walter Bagehot A Reassessment The Antioch Review Vol 35 No 1 pp 39 49 Wilson Woodrow 1895 A Literary Politician The Atlantic Monthly Vol 76 No 457 pp 668 80 Wilson Woodrow 1898 A Wit and a Seer The Atlantic Monthly Vol 82 No 492 pp 527 40External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Walter Bagehot nbsp Wikisource has original works by or about Walter Bagehot nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Walter Bagehot Works by Walter Bagehot at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Walter Bagehot at Internet Archive Works by Walter Bagehot at Hathi Trust Walter Bagehot at McMaster University Archive for the History of Economic Thought Works by Walter Bagehot at LibriVox public domain audiobooks nbsp Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Walter Bagehot amp oldid 1202964808, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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