fbpx
Wikipedia

Wallsend

April 15, 2024

For other uses, see Wallsend (disambiguation).

Wallsend (/ˌwɔːlzˈɛnd/) is a town in North Tyneside, Tyne and Wear, England, at the eastern end of Hadrian's Wall. It has a population of 43,842 and lies 4 miles (6.5 kilometres) east of Newcastle upon Tyne.[2]

Wallsend
Wallsend
Location within Tyne and Wear
Population43,826 [1]
OS grid referenceNZ301664
Metropolitan borough
Metropolitan county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townWALLSEND
Postcode districtNE28
Dialling code0191
PoliceNorthumbria
FireTyne and Wear
AmbulanceNorth East
UK Parliament
List of places
UK
England
Tyne and Wear
54°59′28″N 1°32′02″W / 54.991°N 1.534°W / 54.991; -1.534

History edit

Roman Wallsend edit

In Roman times, this was the site of the fort of Segedunum. This fort protected the eastern end of Hadrian's Wall, which did not terminate at the western wall of the fort, but continued from its south-eastern corner down to the shore of the River Tyne. As David Breeze writes, "In the early nineteenth century, as recorded by Bruce, John Buddle the Younger had often seen the Wall foundations extending far into the river when swimming there as a boy."[3]

Pre-Conquest edit

The withdrawal of the Romans from the Wall immediately brought the Picts from the north and shortly afterwards the Angles, sailing from near the mouth of the River Elbe with frequent raids both from sea and from land. Ida the Saxon laid waste to the whole of the north in 547 and Wallsend doubtless suffered in the general devastation. It was not until the golden age of Northumberland under Edwin of Northumbria, and the subsequent introduction of the Christian faith by King Oswald of Northumbria (635-642) and St Aidan, that Wallsend enjoyed a time of peace and progress. This time of peace came to an abrupt end in 794 when the Danes (or Vikings) swarmed up the Tyne in great numbers. In the years before the Norman conquest there was a struggle for mastery between Danes and Angles

19th century to present edit

Several urban sanitary districts were formed in the parish in the late 19th century: Willington Quay, Howdon and Wallsend itself. The first two joined to form the Willington Quay urban district under the Local Government Act 1894, with the portion of the parish outside any urban sanitary district forming the parish of Willington in Tynemouth Rural District. Wallsend was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1901,[4] and in 1910 took over Willington Quay and Willington, and also part of the parish of Longbenton.

St Peter's church (Church of England) has four fine stained glass windows by Michael Healy of An Túr Gloine: St Patrick, St Peter and St Luke (1913); Our Lord with the Nativity and the Shepherds (1919); Angel of the Resurrection with St George and St Christopher (1921); Our Lord walking on water (1921); and a window by Ethel Rhind, also of An Túr Gloine, depicting The Good Shepherd, Mary of Bethany, David (1921).

Shipbuilding edit

 
World Unicorn being built by Swan Hunter at the Wallsend shipyard, Tyneside in 1973.

Wallsend has a history of shipbuilding and was the home of the Wigham Richardson shipyard, which later amalgamated to form Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson, probably best known for building the RMS Mauretania.[5] This express liner held the Blue Riband, for the fastest crossing of the Atlantic, for 22 years.

Other famous ships included the RMS Carpathia[6] which rescued the survivors from the Titanic in 1912, and the icebreaker Krasin (launched as Sviatogor) which rescued the Umberto Nobile expedition on Spitzbergen in 1928, when Roald Amundsen perished. The story is retold in the movie The Red Tent, starring Sean Connery and Peter Finch.

Charles Parsons launched his revolutionary Turbinia here in 1894,[7] thus not only revolutionising the navies of the world, but also, through the large-scale production of affordable electricity, making a significant contribution to the modern age.[clarification needed] He features in a BBC film called The Inventor of the Twentieth Century.

 
Wallsend ship repair dry docks, 1987

Russian novelist Yevgeny Zamyatin worked at Swan Hunter in 1916–17, and used it as background for his great anti-utopian work We which was a major influence on George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four.[8]

World War II ships built here include HMS Sheffield and HMS Victorious which took part in the sinking of the Bismarck.[9] Other ships built there include the new HMS Ark Royal in the 1980s.[10]

The shipyard closed in 2007.[11] The musical The Last Ship by Sting is set in the shipyard. The former Wallsend Slipway & Engineering Company Shipyard continues to operate, constructing offshore oil rigs and as a TV studio: productions from there include the hit ITV drama Vera starring Brenda Blethyn and Inspector George Gently starring Martin Shaw.

Coal mining edit

Much of Wallsend's early industry was driven by coal mining. The Wallsend Colliery consisted of seven pits which were active between 1778[12] and 1935.[13] In the 1820s the pits became incorporated as Russell's Colliery, which then became the Wallsend and Hebburn Coal Company Ltd. By 1924 the colliery employed 2,183 people. Its most prominent manager was mining and railway engineer John Buddle[14] who helped develop the Davy Lamp.[15]

Between 1767 and 1925 there were 11 major incidents recorded at the colliery resulting in over 209 deaths.[13] On 18 June 1835 a gas explosion in one of the tunnels killed 102 miners,[12] the youngest of whom was aged eight and the oldest 75. Many of the dead were found with their cloth caps in their mouths. This is believed to have been an attempt to prevent inhalation of the gas which eventually killed them. The bodies were extracted and buried in St Peter's churchyard at the top of the bank overlooking the Wallsend Burn. A plaque has been erected within the churchyard to commemorate this tragedy.

Twentieth century edit

The town has expanded greatly in terms of housing since the end of World War II, and since the 1960s. Wallsend Town Centre—including the main shopping area known as the "Wallsend Forum"—is in fact to the west of the land covered by the town. To the north of this area lies the older estate of High Farm and the new estate of Hadrian Lodge. The town centre of Wallsend is separated from the eastern areas of the town by the Wallsend Burn, a stream running through a small glacial valley from north-west to south-east and through the Willington Gut into the River Tyne. To the east of the Burn is the old area of Holy Cross, which contains the ruins of a medieval church, the pre-war estate of Rosehill and the mainly post-war estate of Howdon. To the south of Howdon lies Willington Quay which, as its name suggests, once served shipping but which is now dominated by industry and housing. East Howdon forms a small enclave between Willington Quay and North Shields.

The town's principal thoroughfare and shopping street is the High Street. To the north of this street is Wallsend Green, the town's most picturesque area, consisting of large houses as well as the Sir G B Hunter Memorial Hospital, surrounding a green square.[16] Behind the Green, where the Burn runs through the parkland of the Hall Grounds lies Wallsend Park, a traditional British municipal park, whose restoration has frequently been demanded by local residents and is planned with many improvements such as a skate and BMX park, better pathways, and a rebuilding of the Duffy Memorial Fountain. On Rheydt Avenue in Wallsend is Centurion Park Golf Club, previously named Wallsend Golf Club. It has 18 holes and a driving range.

The town is home to Wallsend Boys Club, which has produced many famous football players such as Alan Shearer, Lee Clark, Steve Watson, Peter Beardsley, Robbie Elliott, Mick Tait and Michael Carrick. It is also hometown and birthplace to internationally successful musician Sting, whose song All This Time refers to the Roman wall and fort. The musical The Last Ship, composed and written by Sting, is set in Wallsend.

Wallsend Town Hall, a large Edwardian Baroque style building in High Street East, was completed in 1908.[17]

Commemorating Roman history edit

In dedication to its Roman heritage, Wallsend's historic name Segedunum is shown in many places in the town, and signs with Latin wordings can also be found. Wallsend Metro Station has some signs in English and Latin. Such translations tend to amuse, with contrasts between today's and ancient times. Segedunum Roman Fort Museum has displays on Roman history as well as reconstructions of a bath house and a section of the Roman Wall which once stood on the site.[18]

  •  
    A Hadrian's Wall map imitating the style of a Metro map
  •  
    Bilingual, English–Latin station platform and no smoking sign
  •  
    No trespassing signs with penalty, in English and Latin

Demography edit

In 2011 Wallsend had a population of 43,826 compared with 42,842 in the previous census.

  Wallsend North Tyneside
White British 95.1% 95.1%
Asian 1.9% 1.9%
Black 0.6% 0.4%
Sources:[19][20]

In Wallsend, 4.9% of the population is non-white British, which is the same as the surrounding borough. It also has the same percentage of Asian people, but has slightly more black people. Wallsend is the second least ethnically diverse major urban subdivision in Tyneside and has a larger percentage of white British people compared with Tynemouth which is also slightly larger in population. However it has more ethnic minorities than Jarrow, which is south of the river Tyne.

Notable people edit

Politics edit

Music edit

Football - players, managers, coaches edit

Other sports players edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Wallsend Built-up Area sub division (E35001401)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  2. ^ Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Urban Areas : Table KS01 : Usual Resident Population 2007-02-08 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2009-08-26
  3. ^ Handbook to the Roman Wall, Fourteenth Edition by David Breeze, p.136.
  4. ^ "William Stephen Daglish | Art UK".
  5. ^ "World War One role of luxury liner RMS Mauretania". BBC News. 13 November 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  6. ^ . Archived from the original on 8 May 2012.
  7. ^ "Objects". Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  8. ^ "What George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four owes Yevgeny Zamyatin's We". TheGuardian.com. 8 June 2009.
  9. ^ Morton, David (29 November 2017). "10 archive images of Swan Hunter on the River Tyne". nechronicle.
  10. ^ "HMS Ark Royal to be scrapped in Turkey". 10 September 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  11. ^ . Archived from the original on 11 June 2013.
  12. ^ a b "History of Wallsend Parks - North Tyneside Council". 8 October 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  13. ^ a b Museum, Durham Mining. "Durham Mining Museum - Wallsend Colliery". Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  14. ^ "John Buddle - Graces Guide". Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  15. ^ . 4 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
  16. ^ "The Green, Wallsend Conservation Area" (PDF). North Tyneside Council. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  17. ^ "Historic Wallsend Town Hall refurbished as office space for businesses". Newcastle Chronicle. 22 February 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  18. ^ . Archived from the original on 14 October 2012.
  19. ^ "KS201EW (Ethnic group) - Nomis - Official Labour Market Statistics". Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  20. ^ Services, Good Stuff IT. "North Tyneside - UK Census Data 2011". Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  21. ^ Broadbent, Mercedes (31 January 2014). "10 stars you might not have known were from the North East". Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  22. ^ Kelly, Mike (25 August 2019). "The ultimate list of 100 great Northerners". ChronicleLive.
  23. ^ "Paul Kennedy - Department of History". Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  24. ^ Barr, Gordon (11 June 2015). "Emmerdale's Charlie Hardwick leaving soap for Theatre Royal pantomime Dick Whittington". Chroniclelive.
  25. ^ [1][dead link]
  26. ^ Chronicle, Evening (23 September 2009). "Display shows T Dan Smith altered Newcastle". Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  27. ^ Merkling, Frank; Bryan, Karen M. (2013). "Gaddes, Richard (born 1942), opera administrator : Grove Music Online - oi". Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.a2235173. Retrieved 7 February 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  28. ^ Whetstone, David (14 January 2015). "Lindisfarne legend Ray Jackson calls it a day". The Journal. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  29. ^ Proctor, Kate (6 March 2015). "Sting talks to fans about 'paying back his debt' to his Wallsend community". Retrieved 7 February 2017.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wallsend.
 
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Wallsend".
  • Tyne and Wear Archives Service: historical information on Wallsend 5 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  • Read a detailed historic record about Wallsend Roman Fort

April 15, 2024
wallsend, other, uses, disambiguation, ɔː, town, north, tyneside, tyne, wear, england, eastern, hadrian, wall, population, lies, miles, kilometres, east, newcastle, upon, tyne, town, halllocation, within, tyne, wearpopulation43, grid, referencenz301664metropol. For other uses see Wallsend disambiguation Wallsend ˌ w ɔː l z ˈ ɛ n d is a town in North Tyneside Tyne and Wear England at the eastern end of Hadrian s Wall It has a population of 43 842 and lies 4 miles 6 5 kilometres east of Newcastle upon Tyne 2 WallsendWallsend Town HallWallsendLocation within Tyne and WearPopulation43 826 1 OS grid referenceNZ301664Metropolitan boroughNorth TynesideMetropolitan countyTyne and WearRegionNorth EastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townWALLSENDPostcode districtNE28Dialling code0191PoliceNorthumbriaFireTyne and WearAmbulanceNorth EastUK ParliamentNorth TynesideList of places UK England Tyne and Wear 54 59 28 N 1 32 02 W 54 991 N 1 534 W 54 991 1 534 Contents 1 History 1 1 Roman Wallsend 1 2 Pre Conquest 1 3 19th century to present 1 4 Shipbuilding 1 5 Coal mining 1 6 Twentieth century 1 7 Commemorating Roman history 1 8 Demography 2 Notable people 2 1 Politics 2 2 Music 2 3 Football players managers coaches 2 4 Other sports players 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksHistory editRoman Wallsend edit In Roman times this was the site of the fort of Segedunum This fort protected the eastern end of Hadrian s Wall which did not terminate at the western wall of the fort but continued from its south eastern corner down to the shore of the River Tyne As David Breeze writes In the early nineteenth century as recorded by Bruce John Buddle the Younger had often seen the Wall foundations extending far into the river when swimming there as a boy 3 Pre Conquest edit The withdrawal of the Romans from the Wall immediately brought the Picts from the north and shortly afterwards the Angles sailing from near the mouth of the River Elbe with frequent raids both from sea and from land Ida the Saxon laid waste to the whole of the north in 547 and Wallsend doubtless suffered in the general devastation It was not until the golden age of Northumberland under Edwin of Northumbria and the subsequent introduction of the Christian faith by King Oswald of Northumbria 635 642 and St Aidan that Wallsend enjoyed a time of peace and progress This time of peace came to an abrupt end in 794 when the Danes or Vikings swarmed up the Tyne in great numbers In the years before the Norman conquest there was a struggle for mastery between Danes and Angles 19th century to present edit Several urban sanitary districts were formed in the parish in the late 19th century Willington Quay Howdon and Wallsend itself The first two joined to form the Willington Quay urban district under the Local Government Act 1894 with the portion of the parish outside any urban sanitary district forming the parish of Willington in Tynemouth Rural District Wallsend was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1901 4 and in 1910 took over Willington Quay and Willington and also part of the parish of Longbenton St Peter s church Church of England has four fine stained glass windows by Michael Healy of An Tur Gloine St Patrick St Peter and St Luke 1913 Our Lord with the Nativity and the Shepherds 1919 Angel of the Resurrection with St George and St Christopher 1921 Our Lord walking on water 1921 and a window by Ethel Rhind also of An Tur Gloine depicting The Good Shepherd Mary of Bethany David 1921 Shipbuilding edit nbsp World Unicorn being built by Swan Hunter at the Wallsend shipyard Tyneside in 1973 Wallsend has a history of shipbuilding and was the home of the Wigham Richardson shipyard which later amalgamated to form Swan Hunter amp Wigham Richardson probably best known for building the RMS Mauretania 5 This express liner held the Blue Riband for the fastest crossing of the Atlantic for 22 years Other famous ships included the RMS Carpathia 6 which rescued the survivors from the Titanic in 1912 and the icebreaker Krasin launched as Sviatogor which rescued the Umberto Nobile expedition on Spitzbergen in 1928 when Roald Amundsen perished The story is retold in the movie The Red Tent starring Sean Connery and Peter Finch Charles Parsons launched his revolutionary Turbinia here in 1894 7 thus not only revolutionising the navies of the world but also through the large scale production of affordable electricity making a significant contribution to the modern age clarification needed He features in a BBC film called The Inventor of the Twentieth Century nbsp Wallsend ship repair dry docks 1987Russian novelist Yevgeny Zamyatin worked at Swan Hunter in 1916 17 and used it as background for his great anti utopian work We which was a major influence on George Orwell s Nineteen Eighty Four 8 World War II ships built here include HMS Sheffield and HMS Victorious which took part in the sinking of the Bismarck 9 Other ships built there include the new HMS Ark Royal in the 1980s 10 The shipyard closed in 2007 11 The musical The Last Ship by Sting is set in the shipyard The former Wallsend Slipway amp Engineering Company Shipyard continues to operate constructing offshore oil rigs and as a TV studio productions from there include the hit ITV drama Vera starring Brenda Blethyn and Inspector George Gently starring Martin Shaw Coal mining edit Much of Wallsend s early industry was driven by coal mining The Wallsend Colliery consisted of seven pits which were active between 1778 12 and 1935 13 In the 1820s the pits became incorporated as Russell s Colliery which then became the Wallsend and Hebburn Coal Company Ltd By 1924 the colliery employed 2 183 people Its most prominent manager was mining and railway engineer John Buddle 14 who helped develop the Davy Lamp 15 Between 1767 and 1925 there were 11 major incidents recorded at the colliery resulting in over 209 deaths 13 On 18 June 1835 a gas explosion in one of the tunnels killed 102 miners 12 the youngest of whom was aged eight and the oldest 75 Many of the dead were found with their cloth caps in their mouths This is believed to have been an attempt to prevent inhalation of the gas which eventually killed them The bodies were extracted and buried in St Peter s churchyard at the top of the bank overlooking the Wallsend Burn A plaque has been erected within the churchyard to commemorate this tragedy Twentieth century edit The town has expanded greatly in terms of housing since the end of World War II and since the 1960s Wallsend Town Centre including the main shopping area known as the Wallsend Forum is in fact to the west of the land covered by the town To the north of this area lies the older estate of High Farm and the new estate of Hadrian Lodge The town centre of Wallsend is separated from the eastern areas of the town by the Wallsend Burn a stream running through a small glacial valley from north west to south east and through the Willington Gut into the River Tyne To the east of the Burn is the old area of Holy Cross which contains the ruins of a medieval church the pre war estate of Rosehill and the mainly post war estate of Howdon To the south of Howdon lies Willington Quay which as its name suggests once served shipping but which is now dominated by industry and housing East Howdon forms a small enclave between Willington Quay and North Shields The town s principal thoroughfare and shopping street is the High Street To the north of this street is Wallsend Green the town s most picturesque area consisting of large houses as well as the Sir G B Hunter Memorial Hospital surrounding a green square 16 Behind the Green where the Burn runs through the parkland of the Hall Grounds lies Wallsend Park a traditional British municipal park whose restoration has frequently been demanded by local residents and is planned with many improvements such as a skate and BMX park better pathways and a rebuilding of the Duffy Memorial Fountain On Rheydt Avenue in Wallsend is Centurion Park Golf Club previously named Wallsend Golf Club It has 18 holes and a driving range The town is home to Wallsend Boys Club which has produced many famous football players such as Alan Shearer Lee Clark Steve Watson Peter Beardsley Robbie Elliott Mick Tait and Michael Carrick It is also hometown and birthplace to internationally successful musician Sting whose song All This Time refers to the Roman wall and fort The musical The Last Ship composed and written by Sting is set in Wallsend Wallsend Town Hall a large Edwardian Baroque style building in High Street East was completed in 1908 17 Commemorating Roman history edit In dedication to its Roman heritage Wallsend s historic name Segedunum is shown in many places in the town and signs with Latin wordings can also be found Wallsend Metro Station has some signs in English and Latin Such translations tend to amuse with contrasts between today s and ancient times Segedunum Roman Fort Museum has displays on Roman history as well as reconstructions of a bath house and a section of the Roman Wall which once stood on the site 18 nbsp A Hadrian s Wall map imitating the style of a Metro map nbsp Bilingual English Latin station platform and no smoking sign nbsp No trespassing signs with penalty in English and LatinDemography edit In 2011 Wallsend had a population of 43 826 compared with 42 842 in the previous census Wallsend North TynesideWhite British 95 1 95 1 Asian 1 9 1 9 Black 0 6 0 4 Sources 19 20 In Wallsend 4 9 of the population is non white British which is the same as the surrounding borough It also has the same percentage of Asian people but has slightly more black people Wallsend is the second least ethnically diverse major urban subdivision in Tyneside and has a larger percentage of white British people compared with Tynemouth which is also slightly larger in population However it has more ethnic minorities than Jarrow which is south of the river Tyne Notable people editPaul W S Anderson filmmaker 21 Andrea Riseborough actress 22 Dr Sheldon Hall film historian Peter Higgs theoretical physicist winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics Paul Kennedy historian 23 Andrew Leslie shipbuilder John Anthony McGuckin theologian Orthodox Archpriest Vicky Pattison reality TV star Charlie Hardwick actress 24 Danny Murphy actorPolitics edit John McKay MP for Wallsend 1945 1964 Chi Onwurah MP for Newcastle Upon Tyne Central 2010 to present 25 T Dan Smith regional politician 26 Music edit Richard Gaddes opera administrator 27 Ray Jackson musician 28 Ochre musician Venom band Sting musician 29 Football players managers coaches edit Steve Bruce Brian Laws Michael Carrick George Reay Lee Clark Neil McDonald Tony Lowery Steve Watson Paul Stephenson Michael Smith Barry RichardsonOther sports players edit Billy Bolt motorcycle rider FIM SuperEnduro World Championship winner Kevin McDine darts player Chris Thorman Rugby league player Jocky Wilson darts player Gary Wilson snooker playerSee also editPoint Pleasant North East EnglandReferences edit UK Census 2011 Local Area Report Wallsend Built up Area sub division E35001401 Nomis Office for National Statistics Retrieved 2 July 2023 Office for National Statistics Census 2001 Urban Areas Table KS01 Usual Resident Population Archived 2007 02 08 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2009 08 26 Handbook to the Roman Wall Fourteenth Edition by David Breeze p 136 William Stephen Daglish Art UK World War One role of luxury liner RMS Mauretania BBC News 13 November 2014 Retrieved 7 February 2017 The Carpathia Archived from the original on 8 May 2012 Objects Retrieved 7 February 2017 What George Orwell s Nineteen Eighty Four owes Yevgeny Zamyatin s We TheGuardian com 8 June 2009 Morton David 29 November 2017 10 archive images of Swan Hunter on the River Tyne nechronicle HMS Ark Royal to be scrapped in Turkey 10 September 2012 Retrieved 7 February 2017 History of Wallsend Archived from the original on 11 June 2013 a b History of Wallsend Parks North Tyneside Council 8 October 2014 Retrieved 7 February 2017 a b Museum Durham Mining Durham Mining Museum Wallsend Colliery Retrieved 7 February 2017 John Buddle Graces Guide Retrieved 7 February 2017 Behind the controversy John Buddle and the development of the safety lamp 4 March 2015 Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 The Green Wallsend Conservation Area PDF North Tyneside Council Retrieved 28 December 2019 Historic Wallsend Town Hall refurbished as office space for businesses Newcastle Chronicle 22 February 2015 Retrieved 21 November 2020 About Segedunum Archived from the original on 14 October 2012 KS201EW Ethnic group Nomis Official Labour Market Statistics Retrieved 7 February 2017 Services Good Stuff IT North Tyneside UK Census Data 2011 Retrieved 7 February 2017 Broadbent Mercedes 31 January 2014 10 stars you might not have known were from the North East Retrieved 7 February 2017 Kelly Mike 25 August 2019 The ultimate list of 100 great Northerners ChronicleLive Paul Kennedy Department of History Retrieved 7 February 2017 Barr Gordon 11 June 2015 Emmerdale s Charlie Hardwick leaving soap for Theatre Royal pantomime Dick Whittington Chroniclelive 1 dead link Chronicle Evening 23 September 2009 Display shows T Dan Smith altered Newcastle Retrieved 7 February 2017 Merkling Frank Bryan Karen M 2013 Gaddes Richard born 1942 opera administrator Grove Music Online oi Oxford Music Online Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 gmo 9781561592630 article a2235173 Retrieved 7 February 2017 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Whetstone David 14 January 2015 Lindisfarne legend Ray Jackson calls it a day The Journal Retrieved 28 December 2019 Proctor Kate 6 March 2015 Sting talks to fans about paying back his debt to his Wallsend community Retrieved 7 February 2017 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wallsend nbsp Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Wallsend Tyne and Wear Archives Service historical information on Wallsend Archived 5 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine Read a detailed historic record about Wallsend Roman Fort Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Wallsend amp oldid 1172150762 Coal mining, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.