The Wahweap Formation of the Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument is a geological formation in southern Utah and northern Arizona, around the Lake Powell region, whose strata date back to the Late Cretaceous (Campanian stage). Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.[1]
The Wahweap formation is divided into four members, which are listed below with their respective ages:[2]
Last Chance Creek Member: 82.17-81.55 Ma
Reynolds Point Member: 81.55-80.61 Ma
Coyote Point Member: 80.61-79 Ma
Pardner Canyon Member: 79-77.29 Ma
Paleobiotaedit
Invertebratesedit
The Wahweap Formation shows a substantial amount of invertebrate activity ranging from fossilized insect burrows in petrified logs[3] to various mollusks that characterize the shell beds. Large fossilized crabs are common at most shell bed sites in the Wahweap,[4] and over 1,900 gastropod specimens (of four likely genera) have been unearthed in the formation's siltstone.[5]
A maniraptorandinosaur digging a primitive mammal out of its burrow, as per the 2010 discovery by Simpson et al. of trace fossils indicating a predator–prey relationship in the Wahweap Formation.[22]
Trace fossils are also relatively abundant in the Wahweap, and include vertebrate tracks as well as burrow activity. Tracks preserved in the capping sandstone indicate the presence of crocodylomorphs, which had been previously known in this area only from teeth elements, as well as ornithischian dinosaurs. At least one possible theropod track has been identified in this area as well.[24]
In 2010 a unique trace fossil from the Wahweap was discovered that indicates a predator–prey relationship between dinosaurs and primitive mammals. The trace fossil includes at least two fossilized mammalian den complexes as well as associated digging grooves presumably caused by a maniraptoran dinosaur. The proximity indicates a case of probable active predation of the burrow inhabitants by the owners of the claw marks.[22]
^Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous, North America)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 574–588. ISBN0-520-24209-2.
^Beveridge, Tegan L.; Roberts, Eric M.; Ramezani, Jahandar; Titus, Alan L.; Eaton, Jeffrey G.; Irmis, Randall B.; Sertich, Joseph J. W. (April 1, 2022). "Refined geochronology and revised stratigraphic nomenclature of the Upper Cretaceous Wahweap Formation, Utah, U.S.A. and the age of early Campanian vertebrates from southern Laramidia". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 591: 110876. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.110876. ISSN 0031-0182.
^De Blieux, Donald D. "Analysis of Jim's hadrosaur site; a dinosaur site in the middle Campanian (Cretaceous) Wahweap Formation of Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument (GSENM), southern Utah." Abstracts with Programs – Geological Society of America, vol. 39, no. 5, pp.6, May 2007
^Kirkland, James Ian. "An inventory of paleontological resources in the lower Wahweap Formation (lower Campanian), southern Kaiparowits Plateau, Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, Utah." Abstracts with Programs – Geological Society of America, vol.37, no.7, pp.114, Oct 2005.
^Williams, Jessica A J; Lohrengel, C Frederick. Preliminary study of freshwater gastropods in the Wahweap Formation, Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah. Abstracts with Programs – Geological Society of America, vol. 39, no. 5, pp.43, May 2007
^ abcdefgKirkland, James I.; Eaton, Jeffrey G.; Brinkman, Donald B. (2013). "Elasmobranchs from Upper Cretaceous Freshwater Facies in Southern Utah". In Titus, Alan L.; Loewen, Mark A. (eds.). At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 153–194. ISBN9780253008961.
^Maisch, Michael W.; Matzke, Andreas T. (June 1, 2016). "A new hybodontid shark (Chondrichthyes, Hybodontiformes) from the Lower Jurassic Posidonienschiefer Formation of Dotternhausen, SW Germany". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 280 (3): 241–257. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2016/0577. ISSN 0077-7749.
^ abBrinkman, Donald B.; Newbrey, Michael G.; Neuman, Andrew G.; Eaton, Jeffrey G. (2013). "Freshwater Osteichthyes from the Cenomanian to Late Campanian of Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, Utah". In Titus, Alan L.; Loewen, Mark A. (eds.). At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 195–236. ISBN9780253008961.
^ abcGardner, James D.; Eaton, Jeffrey G.; Cifelli, Richard L. (2013). "Preliminary Report on Salamanders (Lissamphibia; Caudata) from the Late Cretaceous (Late Cenomanian–Late Campanian) of Southern Utah, U.S.A.". In Titus, Alan L.; Loewen, Mark A. (eds.). At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 237–272. ISBN9780253008961.
^(PDF). Utah Geological Survey. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 31, 2021.
^John Wesley Powell Memorial Museum display, visited April 30, 2009
^Gates, T.A.; Horner, J.R.; Hanna, R.R.; Nelson, C.R. (2011). "New unadorned hadrosaurine hadrosaurid (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda) from the Campanian of North America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (4): 798–811. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.577854. S2CID 8878474.
^ abGates, Terry A.; Jinnah, Zubair; Levitt, Carolyn; Getty, Michael A. (2014). "New Hadrosaurid (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda) Specimens from the Lower—Middle Campanian Wahweap Formation of Southern Utah". In Eberth, David A.; Evans, David Christopher; Ralrick, Patricia E. (eds.). Hadrosaurs. Indiana University Press. pp. 156–173. ISBN9780253013859.
^Holroyd, Patricia A.; Hutchison, J. Howard (June 9, 2016). "Fauna and setting of the Adelolophus hutchisoni type locality in the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Wahweap Formation of Utah" (PDF). PaleoBios. 33. doi:10.5070/P9331031196. ISSN 0031-0298.
^ abLoewen, Mark A.; Burns, Michael E.; Getty, Michael E.; Kirkland, James I.; Matthew K., Vickaryous (2013). "Review of Late Cretaceous Ankylosaurian Dinosaurs from the Grand Staircase Region, Southern Utah". In Titus, Alan L.; Loewen, Mark A. (eds.). At the Top of the Grand Staircase-The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 445–462. ISBN9780253008961.
^Gates, Terry A.; Lund, Eric K.; Boyd, C.A.; DeBlieux, Donald D.; Titus, Alan L.; Evans, David C.; Getty, Michael A.; Kirkland, James I.; Eaton, Jeffrey J. (2013). "Ornithopod Dinosaurs from the Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument Region, Utah, and Their Role in Paleobiogeographic and Macroevolutionary Studies". In Titus, Alan L.; Loewen, Mark A. (eds.). At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 463–481. ISBN9780253008961.
^ abcLoewen, Mark A.; Farke, Andrew A.; Sampson, Scott D.; Getty, Michael A.; Lund, Eric K.; O'Connor, Patrick M. (2013). "Ceratopsid Dinosaurs from the Grand Staircase of Southern Utah". In Titus, Alan L.; Loewen, Mark A. (eds.). At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 488–503. ISBN9780253008961.
^Kirkland, James I.; Deblieux, Donald D. (2010). "New basal centrosaurine ceratopsian skulls from the Wahweap Formation (Middle Campanian), Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, southern Utah" (PDF). In Ryan, M.J.; Chinnery-Allgeier, B.J.; Eberth, D.A. (eds.). New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 117–140. ISBN9780253007797.
^Loewen, Mark A.; Irmis, Randall B.; Sertich, Joseph J. W.; Currie, Philip J.; Sampson, Scott D. (November 6, 2013). "Tyrant Dinosaur Evolution Tracks the Rise and Fall of Late Cretaceous Oceans". PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e79420. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...879420L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079420. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC3819173. PMID 24223179.
^Lund, Eric K.; O’Connor, Patrick M.; Loewen, Mark A.; Jinnah, Zubair A. (May 18, 2016). "A New Centrosaurine Ceratopsid, Machairoceratops cronusi gen et sp. nov., from the Upper Sand Member of the Wahweap Formation (Middle Campanian), Southern Utah". PLOS ONE. 11 (5): e0154403. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1154403L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154403. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC4871575. PMID 27192148.
^Evans, David C.; Williamson, Thomas; Loewen, Mark A.; Kirkland, James I. (2013). "Review of Pachycephalosaurian Dinosaurs from Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, Southern Utah". In Titus, Alan L.; Loewen, Mark A. (eds.). At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 482–487. ISBN9780253008961.
^ abSimpson, Edward L.; Hilbert-Wolf, Hannah L.; Wizevich, Michael C.; Tindall, Sarah E.; Fasinski, Ben R.; Storm, Lauren P.; Needle, Mattathias D. (2010). "Predatory digging behavior by dinosaurs". Geology. 38 (8): 699–702. Bibcode:2010Geo....38..699S. doi:10.1130/G31019.1.
^Eaton, Jeffrey G; Cifelli, Richard L. "Review of Cretaceous mammalian paleontology; Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, Utah. Abstracts with Programs – Geological Society of America, vol.37, no.7, pp.115, Oct 2005
^Tester, Edward et al.Isolated vertebrate tracks from the Upper Cretaceous capping sandstone member of the Wahweap Formation; Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, Utah Abstracts with Programs – Geological Society of America, vol. 39, no. 5, pp.42, May 2007
March 16, 2024
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The Wahweap Formation of the Grand Staircase Escalante National Monument is a geological formation in southern Utah and northern Arizona around the Lake Powell region whose strata date back to the Late Cretaceous Campanian stage Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation 1 Wahweap FormationStratigraphic range Campanian 82 2 77 3 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Wahweap Formation Grand Staircase Escalante National Monument UtahTypeGeological formationUnit ofKaiparowits PlateauSub unitsLast Chance Creek Member Reynolds Point Member Coyote Point Member Pardner Canyon MemberUnderliesKaiparowits FormationOverliesStraight Cliffs FormationLithologyPrimarysandstoneLocationCoordinates37 30 N 111 42 W 37 5 N 111 7 W 37 5 111 7RegionNorth AmericaCountry USAExtentSouthern Utah Northern ArizonaType sectionNamed forWahweap Creek Contents 1 Age 2 Paleobiota 2 1 Invertebrates 2 2 Elasmobranchs 2 3 Osteichthyes 2 4 Salamanders 2 5 Dinosaurs 2 6 Mammals 3 Trace fossils 4 See also 5 ReferencesAge editThe Wahweap formation is divided into four members which are listed below with their respective ages 2 Last Chance Creek Member 82 17 81 55 Ma Reynolds Point Member 81 55 80 61 Ma Coyote Point Member 80 61 79 Ma Pardner Canyon Member 79 77 29 MaPaleobiota editInvertebrates edit The Wahweap Formation shows a substantial amount of invertebrate activity ranging from fossilized insect burrows in petrified logs 3 to various mollusks that characterize the shell beds Large fossilized crabs are common at most shell bed sites in the Wahweap 4 and over 1 900 gastropod specimens of four likely genera have been unearthed in the formation s siltstone 5 Elasmobranchs edit Elasmobranchs of the Wahweap FormationTaxon Species Locality Member Material Notes ImagesCantioscyllium 6 C estesi MNA Locality 705 MNA Locality 455 1 UMNH VP Locality 82 MNA V10230 32 MNA V10384 85 MNA 10390 UMNH VP 18915 16 UMNH VP 18919 teeth A nurse shark which inhabited freshwater nbsp Chiloscyllium griseum grey bamboo shark nbsp Hybodus hauffianusChiloscyllium 6 C missouriense UMNH VP Locality 77 MNA Locality 455 1 MNA V10386 UMNH VP 18880 UMNH VP 18882 UMMNH VP 18886 UMNH VP 18887 UMNH VP 18888 teeth A bamboo shark which inhabited freshwater One specimen is similar to Restesia americana Columbusia 6 C deblieuxi UMNH VP Locality 77 UMNH VP 18877 UMNH VP 18879 UMNH VP 18836 UMNH VP 18876 UMNH VP 18878 teeth A sclerorhynchid ray closely related to Squatirhina Cristomylus 6 C ciffelli MNA Locality 456 1 UMNH VP Locality 77 UMNH VP Locality 82 MNA V9531 MNA V9568 MNA V9600 UMNH VP 17393 symphysial teeth MNA V9502 MNA V9525 MNA V9569 MNA V9633 MNA V9635 MNA V9652 UMNH VP 17393 UMNH VP 17395 UMNH VP 17399 UMNH VP 17404 small teeth MNA V9593 MNA V9683 MNA V9686 UMNH VP 17401 large teeth A small guitarfish suited for handling hard shelled prey Hybodus 6 7 H sp MNA Locality 456 2 MNA V10387 Tooth A large hybodont shark reaching over 2 m 6 6 ft in length Normally a marine species but would enter freshwater environmentsLonchidion 6 L sp UMNH VP Locality 82 UMNH VP 18917 Tooth Smaller than Lonchidon selachos Texatrygon 6 T brycensis UMNH VP Locality 77 UMNH VP Locality 82 UMNH VP 18882 83 Rostral teeth UMNH VP 18836 UMNH VP 18885 UMNH VP 18889 94 UMNH VP 18920 Oral teeth UMNH VP 18918 denticle A sawfish Osteichthyes edit Osteichthyes of the Wahweap FormationTaxon Genus Locality Member Material Notes ImagesLepidotes 8 Indeterminate Teeth A seminotiform fish no extant relatives live today nbsp Albula vulpes Bonefish Micropycnodon M sp MNA Locality 706 2 MNA V10336 pharyngeal tooth A pycnodontiform fish adapted to crush its prey Paralbula P sp Teeth A bonefish which is adapted to eating hard shelled prey Polyodontidae 8 Indeterminate MNA Locality 456 2 MNA 10356 denticle A paddlefish very rare in the Wahweap Formation Salamanders edit Lissamphibians of the Wahweap FormationTaxon Species Locality Member Material Notes ImagesGen nov 9 sp nov UMNH VP Locality 77 UMNH VP 19209 trunk vertebra Higher level relationships are uncertain Similar to sirenids but lacks sirenid synapomorphies Opisthotriton 9 O sp UMNH VP Locality 130 UMNH VP 19194 19198 atlantes UMNH VP 19199 19200 trunk vertebrae A batrachosauroidid a family of extinct aquatic salamanders Scapherpeton 9 S sp UMNH VP Locality 77 UMNH VP 19186 atlas A scapherpetontid Dinosaurs edit Dinosaurs known from the Wahweap include at least 2 species of hadrosaur at least two ceratopsians 10 and at least one theropod 11 Dinosaurs of the Wahweap FormationTaxon Species Locality Member Material Notes ImagesAcristavus 12 A gagslarsoni near the junction of Smokey Mountain Road and Right Hand Collet Canyon Upper part of Reynolds Point Member UMNH VP 16607 a partial articulated skull roof including lacrimals and entire braincase and a single cervical vertebra A hadrosaurid closely related to Brachylophosaurus and Maiasaura Also known from the Two Medicine Formation nbsp Acristavus nbsp Adelolophus nbsp Brachylophosaurus nbsp Diabloceratops nbsp Lythronax nbsp MachairoceratopsAdelolophus 13 A hutchisoni UCMP V98173 14 Lower part of Coyote Point Member UCMP 152028 partial maxilla A lambeosaurine hadrosaurid possibly a parasaurolophin Ankylosauridae 15 Indeterminate Coyote Point Member OMNH 21280 in part OMNH 21858 OMNH 24276 TeethBrachylophosaurus 16 Indeterminate Death Ridge Upper part of Coyote Point Member UMNH VP 9548 Partial limb bones and a partial maxilla Different from Acristavus Centrosaurinae 17 Indeterminate Nipple Butte Upper part of Last Chance Creek Member UMNH VP 16704 Partial skull Originally referred to Diabloceratops but is more derived possibly a nasutoceratopsin Centrosaurinae 17 Indeterminate Pilot Knoll Upper part of Last Chance Creek Member UMNH VP 20600 A partial braincase and a nearly complete parietosquamosal frill Also known as Wahweap Centrosaurine A Similar to Albertaceratops Centrosaurinae 17 Indeterminate Death Ridge Upper part of Coyote Point Member UMNH VP 9549 Partial frill and some postcranial elements Also known as Wahweap Centrosaurine C Possibly has spikes similar to Styracosaurus Diabloceratops 18 D eatoni 42Ka800V south side of Last Chance Canyon Middle part of Reynolds Point Member UMNH VP 166999 a skull preserving the entire left side of the skull and portions of the right side The older specimen from Nipple Butte may not belong to Diabloceratops Lythronax 19 L argestes UMNH VP Locality 1501 Lower part of Reynolds Point Member UMNH VP 20200 partial skeleton A tyrannosaurineMachairoceratops 20 M cronusi Star Seep Coyote Point Member UMNH VP 20550 partial skull A centrosaurine closely related to Diabloceratops Previously known as Wahweap Centrosaurine B Nodosauridae 15 Indeterminate Last Chance Creek Member Reynolds Point Member Coyote Point Member OMNH 21280 in part OMNH 21992 OMNH 24278 Teeth UMNH VP 13981 UMNH VP 15664 UMNH VP 16408 UMNH VP 21207 osteoderms a cranium lost a partial skeleton The skeleton was under excavation as of 2013 The cranium was only tentatively identified as a nodosaurid but now can t be confirmed Pachycephalosauridae 21 Indeterminate Clints Cove Lower part of Reynolds Point Member UMNH VP 11939 incomplete frontoparietal dome some isolated teeth The dome doesn t preserve diagnostic features so its affinity with other pachycephalosaurids is uncertain Saurolophinae 13 Indeterminate Reynolds Point Member UMNH VP 21087 partial juvenile skeleton UMNH VP 13881 partial adult skeleton Probably represents a new distinct taxon Mammals edit nbsp A maniraptoran dinosaur digging a primitive mammal out of its burrow as per the 2010 discovery by Simpson et al of trace fossils indicating a predator prey relationship in the Wahweap Formation 22 A fair number of mammals spanning the lower Campanian are known from the Wahweap as well including at least 15 genera of multituberculates cladotherians marsupials and placental insectivores 23 Trace fossils editTrace fossils are also relatively abundant in the Wahweap and include vertebrate tracks as well as burrow activity Tracks preserved in the capping sandstone indicate the presence of crocodylomorphs which had been previously known in this area only from teeth elements as well as ornithischian dinosaurs At least one possible theropod track has been identified in this area as well 24 In 2010 a unique trace fossil from the Wahweap was discovered that indicates a predator prey relationship between dinosaurs and primitive mammals The trace fossil includes at least two fossilized mammalian den complexes as well as associated digging grooves presumably caused by a maniraptoran dinosaur The proximity indicates a case of probable active predation of the burrow inhabitants by the owners of the claw marks 22 See also edit nbsp Earth sciences portal nbsp Paleontology portal nbsp Dinosaurs portalList of dinosaur bearing rock formationsReferences edit Weishampel David B et al 2004 Dinosaur distribution Late Cretaceous North America In Weishampel David B Dodson Peter and Osmolska Halszka eds The Dinosauria 2nd Berkeley University of California Press Pp 574 588 ISBN 0 520 24209 2 Beveridge Tegan L Roberts Eric M Ramezani Jahandar Titus Alan L Eaton Jeffrey G Irmis Randall B Sertich Joseph J W April 1 2022 Refined geochronology and revised stratigraphic nomenclature of the Upper Cretaceous Wahweap Formation Utah U S A and the age of early Campanian vertebrates from southern Laramidia Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 591 110876 doi 10 1016 j palaeo 2022 110876 ISSN 0031 0182 De Blieux Donald D Analysis of Jim s hadrosaur site a dinosaur site in the middle Campanian Cretaceous Wahweap Formation of Grand Staircase Escalante National Monument GSENM southern Utah Abstracts with Programs Geological Society of America vol 39 no 5 pp 6 May 2007 Kirkland James Ian An inventory of paleontological resources in the lower Wahweap Formation lower Campanian southern Kaiparowits Plateau Grand Staircase Escalante National Monument Utah Abstracts with Programs Geological Society of America vol 37 no 7 pp 114 Oct 2005 Williams Jessica A J Lohrengel C Frederick Preliminary study of freshwater gastropods in the Wahweap Formation Bryce Canyon National Park Utah Abstracts with Programs Geological Society of America vol 39 no 5 pp 43 May 2007 a b c d e f g Kirkland James I Eaton Jeffrey G Brinkman Donald B 2013 Elasmobranchs from Upper Cretaceous Freshwater Facies in Southern Utah In Titus Alan L Loewen Mark A eds At the Top of the Grand Staircase The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah Bloomington Indiana University Press pp 153 194 ISBN 9780253008961 Maisch Michael W Matzke Andreas T June 1 2016 A new hybodontid shark Chondrichthyes Hybodontiformes from the Lower Jurassic Posidonienschiefer Formation of Dotternhausen SW Germany Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen 280 3 241 257 doi 10 1127 njgpa 2016 0577 ISSN 0077 7749 a b Brinkman Donald B Newbrey Michael G Neuman Andrew G Eaton Jeffrey G 2013 Freshwater Osteichthyes from the Cenomanian to Late Campanian of Grand Staircase Escalante National Monument Utah In Titus Alan L Loewen Mark A eds At the Top of the Grand Staircase The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah Bloomington Indiana University Press pp 195 236 ISBN 9780253008961 a b c Gardner James D Eaton Jeffrey G Cifelli Richard L 2013 Preliminary Report on Salamanders Lissamphibia Caudata from the Late Cretaceous Late Cenomanian Late Campanian of Southern Utah U S A In Titus Alan L Loewen Mark A eds At the Top of the Grand Staircase The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah Bloomington Indiana University Press pp 237 272 ISBN 9780253008961 New Horned Dinosaurs from the Wahweap Formation PDF Utah Geological Survey 2007 Archived from the original PDF on August 31 2021 John Wesley Powell Memorial Museum display visited April 30 2009 Gates T A Horner J R Hanna R R Nelson C R 2011 New unadorned hadrosaurine hadrosaurid Dinosauria Ornithopoda from the Campanian of North America Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31 4 798 811 doi 10 1080 02724634 2011 577854 S2CID 8878474 a b Gates Terry A Jinnah Zubair Levitt Carolyn Getty Michael A 2014 New Hadrosaurid Dinosauria Ornithopoda Specimens from the Lower Middle Campanian Wahweap Formation of Southern Utah In Eberth David A Evans David Christopher Ralrick Patricia E eds Hadrosaurs Indiana University Press pp 156 173 ISBN 9780253013859 Holroyd Patricia A Hutchison J Howard June 9 2016 Fauna and setting of the Adelolophus hutchisoni type locality in the Upper Cretaceous Campanian Wahweap Formation of Utah PDF PaleoBios 33 doi 10 5070 P9331031196 ISSN 0031 0298 a b Loewen Mark A Burns Michael E Getty Michael E Kirkland James I Matthew K Vickaryous 2013 Review of Late Cretaceous Ankylosaurian Dinosaurs from the Grand Staircase Region Southern Utah In Titus Alan L Loewen Mark A eds At the Top of the Grand Staircase The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah Bloomington Indiana University Press pp 445 462 ISBN 9780253008961 Gates Terry A Lund Eric K Boyd C A DeBlieux Donald D Titus Alan L Evans David C Getty Michael A Kirkland James I Eaton Jeffrey J 2013 Ornithopod Dinosaurs from the Grand Staircase Escalante National Monument Region Utah and Their Role in Paleobiogeographic and Macroevolutionary Studies In Titus Alan L Loewen Mark A eds At the Top of the Grand Staircase The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah Bloomington Indiana University Press pp 463 481 ISBN 9780253008961 a b c Loewen Mark A Farke Andrew A Sampson Scott D Getty Michael A Lund Eric K O Connor Patrick M 2013 Ceratopsid Dinosaurs from the Grand Staircase of Southern Utah In Titus Alan L Loewen Mark A eds At the Top of the Grand Staircase The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah Bloomington Indiana University Press pp 488 503 ISBN 9780253008961 Kirkland James I Deblieux Donald D 2010 New basal centrosaurine ceratopsian skulls from the Wahweap Formation Middle Campanian Grand Staircase Escalante National Monument southern Utah PDF In Ryan M J Chinnery Allgeier B J Eberth D A eds New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs The Royal Tyrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium Bloomington Indiana University Press pp 117 140 ISBN 9780253007797 Loewen Mark A Irmis Randall B Sertich Joseph J W Currie Philip J Sampson Scott D November 6 2013 Tyrant Dinosaur Evolution Tracks the Rise and Fall of Late Cretaceous Oceans PLOS ONE 8 11 e79420 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 879420L doi 10 1371 journal pone 0079420 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 3819173 PMID 24223179 Lund Eric K O Connor Patrick M Loewen Mark A Jinnah Zubair A May 18 2016 A New Centrosaurine Ceratopsid Machairoceratops cronusi gen et sp nov from the Upper Sand Member of the Wahweap Formation Middle Campanian Southern Utah PLOS ONE 11 5 e0154403 Bibcode 2016PLoSO 1154403L doi 10 1371 journal pone 0154403 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 4871575 PMID 27192148 Evans David C Williamson Thomas Loewen Mark A Kirkland James I 2013 Review of Pachycephalosaurian Dinosaurs from Grand Staircase Escalante National Monument Southern Utah In Titus Alan L Loewen Mark A eds At the Top of the Grand Staircase The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah Bloomington Indiana University Press pp 482 487 ISBN 9780253008961 a b Simpson Edward L Hilbert Wolf Hannah L Wizevich Michael C Tindall Sarah E Fasinski Ben R Storm Lauren P Needle Mattathias D 2010 Predatory digging behavior by dinosaurs Geology 38 8 699 702 Bibcode 2010Geo 38 699S doi 10 1130 G31019 1 Eaton Jeffrey G Cifelli Richard L Review of Cretaceous mammalian paleontology Grand Staircase Escalante National Monument Utah Abstracts with Programs Geological Society of America vol 37 no 7 pp 115 Oct 2005 Tester Edward et al Isolated vertebrate tracks from the Upper Cretaceous capping sandstone member of the Wahweap Formation Grand Staircase Escalante National Monument Utah Abstracts with Programs Geological Society of America vol 39 no 5 pp 42 May 2007 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Wahweap Formation amp oldid 1193615526, wikipedia, wiki, 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