Yemen Vilayet (Arabic: ولاية اليمن; Ottoman Turkish: ولايت یمن, romanized: Vilâyet-i Yemen) was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire. At the beginning of the 20th century it reportedly had an area of 200,000 square kilometres (77,200 sq mi).[2] The population for the vilayet is given by the 1885 Ottoman census as 2,500,000.[2]
Broadly speaking, the vilayet was bounded by the 20th parallel north to the north, the Aden protectorate to the south, the Red Sea to the west and the 45th meridian east to the east. The southern border was demarcated by the Anglo-Turkish Boundary Commission of 1902–1905, while the limit of the eastern border was left vague.[3]
Since the Ottoman conquest of Yemen in 1517, it had been known as the Yemen Eyalet. After the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire, Yemen Vilayet was established from most of the former Eyalet in 1872.[4] In the 1830s, aided by the collapse of the Zaidi Imamate due to internal division and the adoption of modern weaponry after the Crimean War, the Ottomans moved into northern Yemen, eventually taking San'a and making it the capital of the Yemen Vilayet in 1872. Even then, Ottoman control was largely confined to cities, and the Zaidiimam's rule over Upper Yemen was formally recognized.
Starting in 1872, after the Sana'a region was firmly under control, Ahmed Muhtar Pasha set about restructuring the administration of the Yemen vilayet, dividing it into four sanjaks, with San'a' city serving as capital of the vilayet.[5]Asir became a sanjak of Yemen in 1872.[6]
Turkish officers with Yemeni soldiers and militiamen prior to World War I
In the late 19th century, the Zaidis rebelled against the Turks, and Imam Mohammed ibn Yahya laid the foundation of a hereditary dynasty.[7] When he died in 1904, his successor Imam Yahya ibn Mohammed led the revolt against the Turks in 1904–1905, and forced them to grant important concessions to the Zaidis.[7] The Ottoman agreed to withdraw the civil code and restore sharia in Yemen.[7]
In 1906, the Idrisi leaders of Asir rebelled against the Ottomans. By 1910 they controlled most of Asir, but they were ultimately defeated by Turkish and Hejazi forces.[6]
Ahmet İzzet Pasha concluded a treaty with Imam Yahya in October 1911, by which he was recognised as temporal and spiritual head of the Zaidis, was given the right to appoint officials over them, and collect taxes from them. The Ottomans maintained their system of government in the Sunni-majority parts of Yemen.[7]
In March 1914, the Anglo-Turkish Treaty delimited the border between Yemen and the Aden Protectorate.[7] When World War I broke out, Imam Yahya remained nominally loyal to the Sultan, but tried to negotiate with Britain at the same time. The Asir, on the other hand, joined Britain as soon as the war began.[7] The Arab Revolt in Hejaz cut off Yemen from the rest of the Ottoman Empire, and the imam took the opportunity to establish his power over all of Yemen.[7]
Turkish forces withdrew in 1918, and Imam Yahya strengthened his control over northern Yemen creating the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen.
^Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (2009-01-01). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. p. 603. ISBN978-1-4381-1025-7. Retrieved 2013-05-24.
^George Bury (December 2004). Arabia Infelix Or the Turks in Yamen. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 19–. ISBN978-1-4179-7518-1. Retrieved 2013-05-24.
^Bruce Masters (2013-04-29). The Arabs of the Ottoman Empire, 1516–1918: A Social and Cultural History. Cambridge University Press. p. 189. ISBN978-1-107-03363-4. Retrieved 2013-06-08.
^Caesar E. Farah (2002-06-29). The Sultan's Yemen: 19th-Century Challenges to Ottoman Rule. I.B.Tauris. p. 97. ISBN978-1-86064-767-3. Retrieved 2013-05-24.
^ abJames Minahan (2002-01-01). Encyclopedia of the stateless nations. 1. A – C. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 195. ISBN978-0-313-32109-2. Retrieved 2013-06-01.
^ abcdefgNikshoy C. Chatterji (1973). Muddle of the Middle East. Abhinav Publications. pp. 195–197. ISBN978-0-391-00304-0. Retrieved 2013-06-01.
^Joshua Teitelbaum (2001). The Rise and Fall of the Hashemite Kingdom of Arabia. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 59. ISBN978-1-85065-460-5. Retrieved 2013-05-24.
External linksedit
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wahab, R. A. (1911). "Yemen". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 913.
January 01, 1970
yemen, vilayet, arabic, ولاية, اليمن, ottoman, turkish, ولايت, یمن, romanized, vilâyet, yemen, first, level, administrative, division, vilayet, ottoman, empire, beginning, 20th, century, reportedly, area, square, kilometres, population, vilayet, given, 1885, o. Yemen Vilayet Arabic ولاية اليمن Ottoman Turkish ولايت یمن romanized Vilayet i Yemen was a first level administrative division vilayet of the Ottoman Empire At the beginning of the 20th century it reportedly had an area of 200 000 square kilometres 77 200 sq mi 2 The population for the vilayet is given by the 1885 Ottoman census as 2 500 000 2 Vilayet of YemenArabic ولاية اليمن Ottoman Turkish ولايت یمنVilayet of the Ottoman Empire1872 1918FlagThe Yemen Vilayet in 1900CapitalSana a 1 DemonymYemeniArea c 1900 2 200 000 km2 77 000 sq mi History Established1872 Armistice of Mudros1918Preceded by Succeeded by Yemen Eyalet Aden Protectorate Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen Idrisid Emirate of AsirToday part ofYemenSaudi Arabia Broadly speaking the vilayet was bounded by the 20th parallel north to the north the Aden protectorate to the south the Red Sea to the west and the 45th meridian east to the east The southern border was demarcated by the Anglo Turkish Boundary Commission of 1902 1905 while the limit of the eastern border was left vague 3 Contents 1 History 2 Governors 3 Administrative divisions 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksHistory editSee also Yemeni Ottoman ConflictsSince the Ottoman conquest of Yemen in 1517 it had been known as the Yemen Eyalet After the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire Yemen Vilayet was established from most of the former Eyalet in 1872 4 In the 1830s aided by the collapse of the Zaidi Imamate due to internal division and the adoption of modern weaponry after the Crimean War the Ottomans moved into northern Yemen eventually taking San a and making it the capital of the Yemen Vilayet in 1872 Even then Ottoman control was largely confined to cities and the Zaidi imam s rule over Upper Yemen was formally recognized Starting in 1872 after the Sana a region was firmly under control Ahmed Muhtar Pasha set about restructuring the administration of the Yemen vilayet dividing it into four sanjaks with San a city serving as capital of the vilayet 5 Asir became a sanjak of Yemen in 1872 6 nbsp Turkish officers with Yemeni soldiers and militiamen prior to World War I In the late 19th century the Zaidis rebelled against the Turks and Imam Mohammed ibn Yahya laid the foundation of a hereditary dynasty 7 When he died in 1904 his successor Imam Yahya ibn Mohammed led the revolt against the Turks in 1904 1905 and forced them to grant important concessions to the Zaidis 7 The Ottoman agreed to withdraw the civil code and restore sharia in Yemen 7 In 1906 the Idrisi leaders of Asir rebelled against the Ottomans By 1910 they controlled most of Asir but they were ultimately defeated by Turkish and Hejazi forces 6 Ahmet Izzet Pasha concluded a treaty with Imam Yahya in October 1911 by which he was recognised as temporal and spiritual head of the Zaidis was given the right to appoint officials over them and collect taxes from them The Ottomans maintained their system of government in the Sunni majority parts of Yemen 7 In March 1914 the Anglo Turkish Treaty delimited the border between Yemen and the Aden Protectorate 7 When World War I broke out Imam Yahya remained nominally loyal to the Sultan but tried to negotiate with Britain at the same time The Asir on the other hand joined Britain as soon as the war began 7 The Arab Revolt in Hejaz cut off Yemen from the rest of the Ottoman Empire and the imam took the opportunity to establish his power over all of Yemen 7 Turkish forces withdrew in 1918 and Imam Yahya strengthened his control over northern Yemen creating the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen Governors edit nbsp Huseyin Hilmi Pasha Governor of Yemen Vilayet before Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire Governors of the Yemen Vilayet 8 Katircioglu Ahmed Muhtar Pasha September 1871 May 1873 Ahmed Eyyub Pasha May 1873 April 1875 Mustafa Asim Pasha April 1875 April 1879 Botgoriceli Ismail Hakki Pasha December 1879 December 1882 Mehmed Izzet Pasha December 1882 December 1884 Ahmed Fayzi Pasha 1st time December 1884 December 1886 Ahmed Aziz Pasha December 1886 December 1887 Topal Osman Nuri Pasha December 1887 June 1889 Potirikli Osman Nuri Pasha June 1889 May 1890 Botgoriceli Ismail Hakki Pasha May 1890 April 1891 Hasan Edip Pasha April 1891 December 1891 Ahmed Fayzi Pasha 2nd time December 1891 May 1898 Huseyin Hilmi Pasha May 1898 October 1902 Cerkes Abdullah Reshid Pasha October 1902 August 1904 Biren Mehmed Tevfik Pasha August 1904 August 1905 Ahmed Fayzi Pasha 3rd time August 1905 October 1908 Arnavud Hasan Tahsin Pasha October 1908 January 1910 Kamil Bey January 1910 April 1910 Mehmed Ali Pasha April 1910 November 1911 Akdilek Mahmud Pasha November 1911 December 1918 Administrative divisions editSanjaks circa 1876 9 Sanjak of Sana a Sanjak of Hudeyde Sanjak of Asir 10 Sanjak of Ta izzSee also edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yemen Vilayet Islamic history of Yemen Anglo Ottoman Convention of 1913References edit Gabor Agoston Bruce Alan Masters 2009 01 01 Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire Infobase Publishing p 603 ISBN 978 1 4381 1025 7 Retrieved 2013 05 24 a b c Asia by A H Keane page 459 George Bury December 2004 Arabia Infelix Or the Turks in Yamen Kessinger Publishing pp 19 ISBN 978 1 4179 7518 1 Retrieved 2013 05 24 Bruce Masters 2013 04 29 The Arabs of the Ottoman Empire 1516 1918 A Social and Cultural History Cambridge University Press p 189 ISBN 978 1 107 03363 4 Retrieved 2013 06 08 Caesar E Farah 2002 06 29 The Sultan s Yemen 19th Century Challenges to Ottoman Rule I B Tauris p 97 ISBN 978 1 86064 767 3 Retrieved 2013 05 24 a b James Minahan 2002 01 01 Encyclopedia of the stateless nations 1 A C Greenwood Publishing Group p 195 ISBN 978 0 313 32109 2 Retrieved 2013 06 01 a b c d e f g Nikshoy C Chatterji 1973 Muddle of the Middle East Abhinav Publications pp 195 197 ISBN 978 0 391 00304 0 Retrieved 2013 06 01 World Statesmen Yemen Pavet de Courteille Abel 1876 Etat present de l empire ottoman in French J Dumaine pp 91 96 Joshua Teitelbaum 2001 The Rise and Fall of the Hashemite Kingdom of Arabia C Hurst amp Co Publishers p 59 ISBN 978 1 85065 460 5 Retrieved 2013 05 24 External links edit nbsp This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Wahab R A 1911 Yemen In Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 28 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 913 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Yemen Vilayet amp oldid 1212515724, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
