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Veliocasses

April 14, 2024

The Veliocasses or Velocasses (Gaulish: *Weliocassēs) were a Belgic or Gallic tribe of the La Tène and Roman periods, dwelling in the south of modern Seine-Maritime and in the north of Eure.[1]

Name edit

They are mentioned as Veliocasses by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC) and Pliny (1st c. AD),[2] as Ou̓éliokásioi (Οὐέλιοκάσιοι; var. οὐενελιοάσιοι) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD),[3] and as Velocasses by Orosius (early 5th c. AD).[4][5]

The meaning of the Gaulish ethnonym is uncertain. The first part is certainly the Gaulish root uelio-, which could either stem from Proto-Celtic *wēliyā- ('modesty'; cf. OIr. féle, OBret. guiled 'honestas'), or else from Proto-Celtic *wēlyo- ('better'; cf. Welsh gwell 'better').[6][7] The second etymology is semantically more probable for a tribal name, but the unknown length of the vowel e in uelio- makes it difficult to conclude with certainty.[6][8] The meaning of the second element -casses, attested in other Gaulish ethnonyms such as Bodiocasses, Durocasses, Sucasses, Tricasses, or Viducasses, has been debated, but it probably signifies '(curly) hair, hairstyle' (cf. Old Irish chass 'curl'), perhaps referring to a particular warrior coiffure.[9][7] Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel has proposed to interpret the name as 'those with better helmets'.[10]

The county of Vexin, attested in 617 as pagus Veliocassinus ('pagus of the Veliocasses'; Vilcassinum in 1092, Vulesin in 1118), is named after the ancient tribe.[11]

Geography edit

The territory of the Veliocasses was located in the north and, limited extent, also in the south of the lower reaches of the Sequana (Seine) river.[1] Their territory was situated between that of the Caletes and Bellovaci. Wooded heights constituted a natural frontier with the Bellovaci, where the latter dominated.[12]

During the pre-Roman period, their capital was probably the oppidum of Camp de Calidou (near Caudebec), then Rotomagus (present-day Rouen) after the reign of Augustus (27 BC–14 AD).[1] The settlement was an important harbour for exports to the British Island in the 2nd century AD.[13]

History edit

During the Gallic Wars (58–50 BC), the Veliocasses participated in the tribal coalition of the Belgae that resisted the Romans in 57 BC. In 52 they raised 3,000 men to support Vercingetorix, and fought alongside the Bellovaci in the final rebellion against Roman hegemony.

Culture edit

As for the neighbouring Calates, whether the Veliocasses should be regarded as Gallic or Belgic is debatable.[12]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Polfer 2006.
  2. ^ Caesar. Commentarii de Bello Gallico, 2:4, 8:7; Pliny. Naturalis Historia, 4:107.
  3. ^ Ptolemy. Geōgraphikḕ Hyphḗgēsis, 2:8:7.
  4. ^ Orosius. Historiae Adversus Paganos, 6:7:14.
  5. ^ Falileyev 2010, s.v. Veliocasses.
  6. ^ a b Delamarre 2003, p. 311.
  7. ^ a b Busse 2006, p. 199.
  8. ^ Matasović 2009, p. 410.
  9. ^ Delamarre 2003, pp. 109–110: "H. Birkhan parvient cependant à la conclusion raisonnable que -casses et cassi- sont deux mots différents, que -casses signifie probablement 'au cheveux bouclés / crépus' ("mit wirrem Kraushaar") et s'explique par la coiffure spéciale des Celtes au combat (une forme celto-germanique *kazdh- permettrait d'unifier le celtique -cass- et les mots v.norr. haddr 'longs cheveux de femme', ags. heord 'chevelure' < *kazdh-to-/ti-)."
  10. ^ de Bernardo Stempel 2015, p. 85.
  11. ^ Roblin 1976, pp. 4, 28.
  12. ^ a b Wightman 1985, p. 27.
  13. ^ Lafond, Yves (2006). "Ratomagus". Brill's New Pauly. doi:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e1019070.

Primary sources edit

  • Caesar (1917). The Gallic War. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Edwards, H. J. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-99080-7.
  • Pliny (1938). Natural History. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Rackham, H. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674993648.

Bibliography edit

  • Busse, Peter E. (2006). "Belgae". In Koch, John T. (ed.). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 195–200. ISBN 978-1-85109-440-0.
  • de Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia (2015). "Zu den keltisch benannten Stämmen im Umfeld des oberen Donauraums". In Lohner-Urban, Ute; Scherrer, Peter (eds.). Der obere Donauraum 50 v. bis 50 n. Chr. Frank & Timme. ISBN 978-3-7329-0143-2.
  • Delamarre, Xavier (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Errance. ISBN 9782877723695.
  • Falileyev, Alexander (2010). Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-names: A Celtic Companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. CMCS. ISBN 978-0955718236.
  • Matasović, Ranko (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Brill. ISBN 9789004173361.
  • Polfer, Michel (2006). "Veliocasses". Brill's New Pauly. doi:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e1229330.
  • Roblin, Michel (1976). "Petromanlalum, Saint-Clair et le Vexin". Journal des Savants. 1 (1): 3–31. doi:10.3406/jds.1976.1332.
  • Wightman, Edith M. (1985). Gallia Belgica. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-05297-0.

April 14, 2024
veliocasses, velocasses, gaulish, weliocassēs, were, belgic, gallic, tribe, tène, roman, periods, dwelling, south, modern, seine, maritime, north, eure, contents, name, geography, history, culture, references, primary, sources, bibliographyname, editthey, ment. The Veliocasses or Velocasses Gaulish Weliocasses were a Belgic or Gallic tribe of the La Tene and Roman periods dwelling in the south of modern Seine Maritime and in the north of Eure 1 Contents 1 Name 2 Geography 3 History 4 Culture 5 References 6 Primary sources 6 1 BibliographyName editThey are mentioned as Veliocasses by Caesar mid 1st c BC and Pliny 1st c AD 2 as Ou eliokasioi Oὐeliokasioi var oὐenelioasioi by Ptolemy 2nd c AD 3 and as Velocasses by Orosius early 5th c AD 4 5 The meaning of the Gaulish ethnonym is uncertain The first part is certainly the Gaulish root uelio which could either stem from Proto Celtic weliya modesty cf OIr fele OBret guiled honestas or else from Proto Celtic welyo better cf Welsh gwell better 6 7 The second etymology is semantically more probable for a tribal name but the unknown length of the vowel e in uelio makes it difficult to conclude with certainty 6 8 The meaning of the second element casses attested in other Gaulish ethnonyms such as Bodiocasses Durocasses Sucasses Tricasses or Viducasses has been debated but it probably signifies curly hair hairstyle cf Old Irish chass curl perhaps referring to a particular warrior coiffure 9 7 Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel has proposed to interpret the name as those with better helmets 10 The county of Vexin attested in 617 as pagus Veliocassinus pagus of the Veliocasses Vilcassinum in 1092 Vulesin in 1118 is named after the ancient tribe 11 Geography editThe territory of the Veliocasses was located in the north and limited extent also in the south of the lower reaches of the Sequana Seine river 1 Their territory was situated between that of the Caletes and Bellovaci Wooded heights constituted a natural frontier with the Bellovaci where the latter dominated 12 During the pre Roman period their capital was probably the oppidum of Camp de Calidou near Caudebec then Rotomagus present day Rouen after the reign of Augustus 27 BC 14 AD 1 The settlement was an important harbour for exports to the British Island in the 2nd century AD 13 History editDuring the Gallic Wars 58 50 BC the Veliocasses participated in the tribal coalition of the Belgae that resisted the Romans in 57 BC In 52 they raised 3 000 men to support Vercingetorix and fought alongside the Bellovaci in the final rebellion against Roman hegemony Culture editAs for the neighbouring Calates whether the Veliocasses should be regarded as Gallic or Belgic is debatable 12 References edit a b c Polfer 2006 Caesar Commentarii de Bello Gallico 2 4 8 7 Pliny Naturalis Historia 4 107 Ptolemy Geōgraphikḕ Hyphḗgesis 2 8 7 Orosius Historiae Adversus Paganos 6 7 14 Falileyev 2010 s v Veliocasses a b Delamarre 2003 p 311 a b Busse 2006 p 199 Matasovic 2009 p 410 Delamarre 2003 pp 109 110 H Birkhan parvient cependant a la conclusion raisonnable que casses et cassi sont deux mots differents que casses signifie probablement au cheveux boucles crepus mit wirrem Kraushaar et s explique par la coiffure speciale des Celtes au combat une forme celto germanique kazdh permettrait d unifier le celtique cass et les mots v norr haddr longs cheveux de femme ags heord chevelure lt kazdh to ti de Bernardo Stempel 2015 p 85 Roblin 1976 pp 4 28 a b Wightman 1985 p 27 Lafond Yves 2006 Ratomagus Brill s New Pauly doi 10 1163 1574 9347 bnp e1019070 Primary sources editCaesar 1917 The Gallic War Loeb Classical Library Translated by Edwards H J Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 99080 7 Pliny 1938 Natural History Loeb Classical Library Translated by Rackham H Harvard University Press ISBN 9780674993648 Bibliography edit Busse Peter E 2006 Belgae In Koch John T ed Celtic Culture A Historical Encyclopedia ABC CLIO pp 195 200 ISBN 978 1 85109 440 0 de Bernardo Stempel Patrizia 2015 Zu den keltisch benannten Stammen im Umfeld des oberen Donauraums In Lohner Urban Ute Scherrer Peter eds Der obere Donauraum 50 v bis 50 n Chr Frank amp Timme ISBN 978 3 7329 0143 2 Delamarre Xavier 2003 Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise Une approche linguistique du vieux celtique continental Errance ISBN 9782877723695 Falileyev Alexander 2010 Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place names A Celtic Companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World CMCS ISBN 978 0955718236 Matasovic Ranko 2009 Etymological Dictionary of Proto Celtic Brill ISBN 9789004173361 Polfer Michel 2006 Veliocasses Brill s New Pauly doi 10 1163 1574 9347 bnp e1229330 Roblin Michel 1976 Petromanlalum Saint Clair et le Vexin Journal des Savants 1 1 3 31 doi 10 3406 jds 1976 1332 Wightman Edith M 1985 Gallia Belgica University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 05297 0 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Veliocasses amp oldid 1194832181, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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