This article is about historiography and theology. For paranormal criticism, see Postdiction. For the scientific technique, see Retrodiction.
vāticinium ex ēventū (Classical Latin: [wäːt̪ɪˈkɪnɪ.ʊ̃ˑ ɛks eːˈwɛn̪t̪uː], "prophecy from the event") or post eventum ("after the event") is a technical theological or historiographical term referring to a prophecy written after the author already had information about the events being "foretold". The text is written so as to appear that the prophecy had taken place before the event, when in fact it was written after the events supposedly predicted. Vaticinium ex eventu is a form of hindsight bias. The concept is similar to postdiction.
The Babylonian "Marduk Prophecy", a text describing the travels of the Marduk idol from Babylon, "prophesies" of the statue’s seizure during the sack of the city by Mursilis I in 1531 BC, Assyria, when Tukulti-Ninurta I overthrew Kashtiliash IV in 1225 BC and took the idol to Assur, and Elam, when Kudur-Nahhunte ransacked the city and pilfered the statue around 1160 BC. A copy[1] was found in the House of the Exorcist at Assur, whose contents date from 713–612 BC and is closely related thematically to another vaticinium ex eventu text called the Shulgi prophecy, which probably followed it in a sequence of tablets. Both compositions present a favorable view of Assyria.
The Book of Daniel utilizes vaticinium ex eventu, by its seeming foreknowledge of events from Alexander's conquest up to the persecution of Antiochus IV in the summer of 164 BCE.[2] The stories of the first half are legendary in origin, and the visions of the second the product of anonymous authors in the Maccabean period (2nd century BCE).[3] Its inclusion in Ketuvim (Writings) rather than Nevi'im (Prophets) was likely because it appeared after the canon for those books had closed, and the dominant view among Jews and scholars is that Daniel is not in any case a prophetic book but an apocalypse.
Statements attributed to Jesus in the Gospels that foretell the destruction of Jerusalem (e.g., Mark 13:14, Luke 21:20)[4] and its temple are considered to be examples of vaticinia ex eventu by the great majority of Biblical scholars (with regard to the siege of Jerusalem in AD 70, in which the Second Temple was destroyed).[5][6] However, there are some scholars who only see the verses from Luke as constituting a vaticinium ex eventu (and those of Mark not),[6] while a few even go as far as to deny that the verses from Luke refer to the destruction of the temple in AD 70.[5]
Secular
The Ancient world saw the technique of vaticinium ex eventu used by a wide variety of figures, from Pindar and Herodotus to Horace and Virgil.[7]
References in the late correspondence of Virginia Woolf to "how I love this savage medieval water [...] and myself so eliminated"[9] are sometimes taken as presaging her suicide by drowning a few months later: the danger of vaticinium ex eventu has however also been observed.[10]
^Lester L. Grabbe (2001). "A Dan(iel) For All Seasons". In John Joseph Collins, Peter W. Flint (ed.). The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. supplements to Vetus Testamentum ( vol. 83). Vol. 1. Leiden & Boston: Brill. p. 230. ISBN9004226753..
^Browning, W. R. F. (2000) [1996]. "Vaticinium ex eventu (or post eventum)". A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 387. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199543984.001.0001. ISBN978-0-19-954398-4.
^ abSoulen, Richard N.; Soulen, R. Kendall (2001). Handbook of Biblical Criticism (3rd ed.). Westminster John Knox Press. p. 204. ISBN9780664223144. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
^ abHengel, Martin (14 March 2003) [1985]. Studies in the Gospel of Mark. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 127 fn. 86. ISBN978-1-72520-078-4.
^J. J. O'Hara, Death and the Optimistic Prophecy in Vergil's Aeneid (2014) pp. 128-9
^Tasso, Torquato (1971). Gerusalemme Liberata. Turin: Einaudi. p. 459.
Vaticinium ex eventu (or post eventum) Dictionary of the Bible
Collins, John J. (2002). "Current Issues in the Study of Daniel". In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (eds.). The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. BRILL. ISBN978-9004116757.
January 26, 2023
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This article is about historiography and theology For paranormal criticism see Postdiction For the scientific technique see Retrodiction This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Vaticinium ex eventu news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message vaticinium ex eventu Classical Latin waːt ɪˈkɪnɪ ʊ ˑ ɛks eːˈwɛn t uː prophecy from the event or post eventum after the event is a technical theological or historiographical term referring to a prophecy written after the author already had information about the events being foretold The text is written so as to appear that the prophecy had taken place before the event when in fact it was written after the events supposedly predicted Vaticinium ex eventu is a form of hindsight bias The concept is similar to postdiction Contents 1 Examples 1 1 In religious writings 1 2 Secular 2 See also 3 Notes 4 ReferencesExamples EditIn religious writings Edit The Babylonian Marduk Prophecy a text describing the travels of the Marduk idol from Babylon prophesies of the statue s seizure during the sack of the city by Mursilis I in 1531 BC Assyria when Tukulti Ninurta I overthrew Kashtiliash IV in 1225 BC and took the idol to Assur and Elam when Kudur Nahhunte ransacked the city and pilfered the statue around 1160 BC A copy 1 was found in the House of the Exorcist at Assur whose contents date from 713 612 BC and is closely related thematically to another vaticinium ex eventu text called the Shulgi prophecy which probably followed it in a sequence of tablets Both compositions present a favorable view of Assyria The Book of Daniel utilizes vaticinium ex eventu by its seeming foreknowledge of events from Alexander s conquest up to the persecution of Antiochus IV in the summer of 164 BCE 2 The stories of the first half are legendary in origin and the visions of the second the product of anonymous authors in the Maccabean period 2nd century BCE 3 Its inclusion in Ketuvim Writings rather than Nevi im Prophets was likely because it appeared after the canon for those books had closed and the dominant view among Jews and scholars is that Daniel is not in any case a prophetic book but an apocalypse Statements attributed to Jesus in the Gospels that foretell the destruction of Jerusalem e g Mark 13 14 Luke 21 20 4 and its temple are considered to be examples of vaticinia ex eventu by the great majority of Biblical scholars with regard to the siege of Jerusalem in AD 70 in which the Second Temple was destroyed 5 6 However there are some scholars who only see the verses from Luke as constituting a vaticinium ex eventu and those of Mark not 6 while a few even go as far as to deny that the verses from Luke refer to the destruction of the temple in AD 70 5 Secular Edit The Ancient world saw the technique of vaticinium ex eventu used by a wide variety of figures from Pindar and Herodotus to Horace and Virgil 7 The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri includes a number of such prophecies of Dante s own exile from Florence In Jerusalem Delivered Torquato Tasso uses the vaticinium ex eventu trope in presaging the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus Un uom de la Liguria avra ardimento a l incognito corso esporsi in prima 8 References in the late correspondence of Virginia Woolf to how I love this savage medieval water and myself so eliminated 9 are sometimes taken as presaging her suicide by drowning a few months later the danger of vaticinium ex eventu has however also been observed 10 See also EditEschatology Hindsight bias Parapsychology Precognition Prefiguration PreterismNotes Edit Tablet K 2158 Lester L Grabbe 2001 A Dan iel For All Seasons In John Joseph Collins Peter W Flint ed The Book of Daniel Composition and Reception supplements to Vetus Testamentum vol 83 Vol 1 Leiden amp Boston Brill p 230 ISBN 9004226753 Collins 2002 p 2 Browning W R F 2000 1996 Vaticinium ex eventu or post eventum A Dictionary of the Bible 2 ed Oxford University Press p 387 doi 10 1093 acref 9780199543984 001 0001 ISBN 978 0 19 954398 4 a b Soulen Richard N Soulen R Kendall 2001 Handbook of Biblical Criticism 3rd ed Westminster John Knox Press p 204 ISBN 9780664223144 Retrieved 19 February 2015 a b Hengel Martin 14 March 2003 1985 Studies in the Gospel of Mark Wipf and Stock Publishers p 127 fn 86 ISBN 978 1 72520 078 4 J J O Hara Death and the Optimistic Prophecy in Vergil s Aeneid 2014 pp 128 9 Tasso Torquato 1971 Gerusalemme Liberata Turin Einaudi p 459 Quoted in H Lee Virginia Woolf 1996 p 752 Olivia Laing To the River 2011 pp 195 8References EditVaticinium ex eventu or post eventum Dictionary of the Bible Collins John J 2002 Current Issues in the Study of Daniel In Collins John J Flint Peter W VanEpps Cameron eds The Book of Daniel Composition and Reception BRILL ISBN 978 9004116757 Retrieved from 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