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Vaikom Satyagraha

December 07, 2023

Vaikom Satyagraha, from 30 March 1924 to 23 November 1925, was a nonviolent agitation for access to the prohibited public environs of the Vaikom Temple in the Kingdom of Travancore. Kingdom of Travancore was known for its rigid and oppressive caste system.[1][2][3][4][5][6] The campaign, led by Congress leaders T. K. Madhavan, K. Kelappan K. P. Kesava Menon, George Joseph,[7][8] E. V. Ramasamy "Periyar"[9][10] and was noted for the active support and participation offered by different communities and a variety of activists.[4]

Vaikom Satyagraha
Leaders of Vaikom Satyagraha including T. K. Madhavan (sitting : middle row, last as one views the photograph) K. Kumar (standing last in the row behind TK Madhavan : bearded) K. P. Kesava Menon (sitting, third) and Amachadi Thevan .
DurationMarch, 1924 to November, 1925
LocationVaikom Temple, Travancore
TypeNonviolent agitation
MotivePublic access
Organised by
OutcomeNorth, South and West public roads to Vaikom Mahadeva Temple opened. Protestors released.

Background edit

 
Ramasamy statue at Vaikom town in Kottayam, Kerala

Most of the great temples in the princely state of Travancore had for years forbidden backward castes not just from entering, but also from walking on the surrounding roads.[11][12] The agitation was conceived by the Ezhava Congress leader and a follower of Sri Narayana Guru, T. K. Madhavan. It demanded the right of the backward communities such as, Ezhavas and 'Dalits' to use roads around the Vaikom Temple.[13]

Mahatma Gandhi himself visited Vaikom in March, 1925.[14] Travancore government eventually constructed new roads near the temple for the use of backward castes. The roads, however, kept the backward castes adequately away from the near environs of the Vaikom Temple and the temple remained closed to the backward castes.[14][13][15] After the intervention of Mahatma Gandhi, a compromise was reached with Regent Sethu Lakshmi Bayi who released all those arrested and opened the north, south and west public roads leading to Vaikom Mahadeva Temple to all castes. Bayi refused to open the eastern road. The compromise was criticized by E. V. Ramasamy "Periyar" and some others. Only in 1936, after the Temple Entry Proclamation, was access to the eastern road and entry into the temple allowed to the backward castes.[16][14][13] Vaikom Satyagraha markedly brought the method of nonviolent public protest to Kerala.[13]

  • T. K. Madhavan, an Ezhava leader, first advanced the question of temple entry of backward castes in an editorial in Deshabhimani newspaper in December, 1917.[6] Temple entry of backward castes was discussed and resolutions were introduced at meetings of S N D P Yogam and the Travancore Assembly between 1917 and 1920.[6] In 1919, an assembly of nearly 5,000 Ezhavas demanded the right to entry into all Hindu temples managed by the Government of Travancore.[17]
  • In November, 1920, T. K. Madhavan, walked beyond the regulatory notice boards on a road near the Vaikom Temple. He later publicly announced his defiance to the district magistrate.[6] Madhavan's later temple-entry meetings in Travancore instigated counter-agitations from caste Hindus.[17]
  • T. K. Madhavan met with "Mahatma" Gandhi at Tirunelveli in September 1921 to inform him of the predicament of Ezhavas in Kerala.[18] Gandhi, though initially oblivious to the position of the community in state, offered his support for the movement ("you must enter temples and court imprisonment if law interferes").[6]
  • At the 1923 Indian National Congress session at Kakinada, a resolution was passed which committed the party to work for 'the eradication of untouchability'.[18] This resolution was introduced by T. K. Madhavan.[18][17] The resolution also stated that 'temple entry was the birthright of all Hindus'.[17]
  • In January 1924, Congress leader K. Kelappan convened an 'Anti-untouchability Committee' within the K P C C.[17][6] Kelappan later toured southern Kerala with a contingent of Congress leaders from Malabar District.[17] Madhavan also succeeded in getting the finances, the Congress support and pan-India attention for the satyagraha.[18][19] The S N D P Yogam also conveyed its approval of the agitation.[19]

The agitation edit

 
A protest march during Vaikom Satyagraha

Vaikom Siva Temple, like most other great temples of Kerala, had for years forbidden lower castes and the 'untouchables' not just from entering, but also from walking on the surrounding roads.[6]

  • On 30 March 1924, a Nair, a Pulaya and an Ezhava activist, followed by thousands of others, most of whom in khadar, attempted to walk on the Vaikom temple roads. The three were arrested by the Travancore police.[17][6] More Congress activists, repeating the same act, were arrested by the police till the 10th April.[17] Among the arrested where K. P. Kesava Menon, T. K. Madhavan, and K. Kelappan.[17][5][6] The other leaders who were arrested and convicted included TR Krishna Swami Iyer,[20] K. Kumar,[21][22][23] AK Pillai,[24] Chittezhathu Sanku Pillai, Barrister George Joseph, EV Ramaswami Naikker also known as Periyar, Aiyyamuthu Gaudar and K Velayudha Menon.[23]

Demonstrators marched each day to the Travancore police barricades (erected to "prevent clashes between communities"). They blocked the road, sat before the police lines on temple's four entrances and sang patriotic songs. Later in the campaign, activists undertook public fasts.[5][6] During this period, some caste Hindus spurred attacks by ruffians on the protesters.[6]

  • The events at Vaikom attracted pan-India attention. Congress leader C. Rajagopalachari and E. V. Ramasamy "Periyar", then associated with the Congress, arrived at Vaikom and offered advice to the activists.[6] Most of the prominent Nair Congress leaders were subsequently arrested and Christian (Congress leader) George Joseph assumed the charge of the agitation.[17]
  •  
    Photograph of Sikh Akalis at the Vaikom Satyagraha, ca.1924. Reprinted in Mathrubhumi Daily.
    The local Christian leadership was alienated by a statement by Gandhi asking them to keep clear from 'a Hindu affair' (April, 1924).[4][17] Sikh Akali activisits from Amritsar had also arrived at Vaikom to establish free food kitches to the satyagrahis (April, 1924).[17] Gandhi called for the closure of the Sikh kitchens.[17] E. V. Ramasamy "Periyar", then with the Congress, also participated in the satyagraha and was imprisoned twice.[25][26] The participation earned Periyar the title "the Hero of Vaikom".[27] Some radical participants such as K. Aiyappan associated themselves with forms of Communism.[28]
  • Mulam Thirunal, the king of Travancore, died in August, 1924.[18] At the advice of Gandhi, caste Hindus marched from Vaikom to Trivandrum to present a memorial to the ruler of Travancore (stating that caste Hindus did not object to lower castes using the roads) (starting from November, 1924).[6][5] Mannath Padmanabha Pillai, leader of the Nair community, led the second march to Trivandrum in 1925.[29] A resolution to allow Ezhavas to use roads near the temple was defeated by one vote in the Travancore Legislative Council (opposed by all official members, introduced in October 1924, voted in February, 1925).[17][6]

Settlement edit

 
Gandhi in Cochin (during Vaikom Satyagraha)

Mahatma Gandhi, who had sent goodwill telegrams to the organizers, himself visited Vaikom in March, 1925.[4][17] Gandhi held discussions with all parties (the protesters, the Namboodiri Brahmins, Sri Narayana Guru, and the queen of Travancore).[6][30] The police subsequently was withdrawn on the understanding that the activists would not enter the banned roads.[6]

  • The Vaikom Satyagraha settled with a compromise which allowed the entry of backward caste Hindus to (the newly constructed) roads on three sides of the Vaikom Temple. The other side and the temple remained closed to the backward castes (November, 1925).[18][31] The new roads also kept the backward castes adequately away from the near environs of the Vaikom Temple.[4][5]
  • The Vaikom Satyagraha had failed to convince Sri Narayana Guru.[32][17] The Guru wanted activists to 'not only walk along the prohibited roads but enter the temple'.[32][17] The word on the street hinted that the Narayana Guru had distanced himself from 'the activities of the S N D P'.[17] He said to an Ezhava journalist,[28]

The volunteers standing outside the barriers in heavy rains will serve no useful purpose...They should scale over the barricades and not only walk along the prohibited roads but enter all temples... It should be made practically impossible for anyone to observe untouchability.

— Sri Narayana Guru (June, 1924)

Legacy edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "God's own challenge". The Indian Express. 24 December 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  2. ^ N. Vanamamalai; Nā Vān̲amāmalai (1981). Interpretation of Tamil Folk Creations. Dravidian Linguistics Association.
  3. ^ P. Radhakrishnan (2002). India, the Perfidies of Power: A Social Critique. Vedam ebooks. p. 245. ISBN 978-81-7936-003-3. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d e Sarkar, Sumit (1989). Modern India: 1885–1947. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 229 and 244. ISBN 9781349197125.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Jeffrey, Robin (1992). Politics, Women and Well-Being: How Kerala became 'a Model'. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 108 and 118–19. ISBN 978-1-349-12252-3.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Jeffrey, Robin (1976). "Temple-Entry Movement in Travancore, 1860-1940". Social Scientist. 4 (8): 13–16. doi:10.2307/3516377. JSTOR 3516377.
  7. ^ George, Alphons (2014). "THE ROLE OF GEORGE JOSEPH IN THE VAIKOM SATYAGRAHA". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. Indian History Congress. 75: 569–574. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44158431. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  8. ^ B.A, Pon Vasanth (30 March 2023). "The contribution of an unsung leader, George Joseph, to the Vaikom Satyagraha". The Hindu. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  9. ^ Chandran, Abhilash (14 March 2023). "Periyar, the unsung hero who breathed life back into Vaikom Satyagraha". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  10. ^ Athiyaman, Pazha. (23 December 2019). "Periyar, the hero of Vaikom". The Hindu. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  11. ^ Jeffrey, Robin (1976). "Temple-Entry Movement in Travancore, 1860-1940". Social Scientist. 4 (8): 14. doi:10.2307/3516377. JSTOR 3516377.
  12. ^ Mathew, George (2018). "God's Own Challenge". The Indian Express.
  13. ^ a b c d Jeffrey, Robin (1992). Politics, Women and Well-Being: How Kerala became 'a Model'. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 108 and 118–19. ISBN 978-1-349-12252-3.
  14. ^ a b c Sarkar, Sumit (1989). Modern India: 1885–1947. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 229 and 244. ISBN 9781349197125.
  15. ^ Menon, Dilip M. (1994). Caste, Nationalism and Communism in South India: Malabar, 1900 - 1948. Cambridge University Press. pp. 81–82.
  16. ^ Anita Diehl (1977). E. V. Ramaswami Naicker-Periyar: A Study of the Influence of a Personality in Contemporary South India. Esselte studium. p. 24. ISBN 978-91-24-27645-4. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Menon, Dilip M. (1994). Caste, Nationalism and Communism in South India: Malabar, 1900 - 1948. Cambridge University Press. pp. 81–82.
  18. ^ a b c d e f Jeffrey, Robin (1976). The Decline of Nayar Dominance: Society and Politics in Travancore, 1847 - 1908. Holmes & Meier Publishers. pp. 328, 258–59.
  19. ^ a b Jeffrey, Robin (1976). "Temple-Entry Movement in Travancore, 1860-1940". Social Scientist. 4 (8): 17. doi:10.2307/3516377. JSTOR 3516377.
  20. ^ T. R. Krishnaswamy Iyer, http://www.keralaculture.org/historic-heritage-gallery/tr-krishnaswamy-iyer/1085 , Department of Cultural Affairs, Govt of Kerala retrieved on 02 February 2023
  21. ^ Vaikom Sathyagraha Rekhakal: Adv. P. Harikumar -Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-Operative Society Ltd: 2019 : pages 160, 217, 298, 299, 353
  22. ^ Who is Who of Freedom Fighters in Kerala, Regional Records Committee 1975, Government of Kerala : Page/ Entry No 272
  23. ^ a b The History of Trade Union Movement in Kerala : K. Ramachandran Nair : Kerala Institute of Labour and Employment - 2006: (also available is the e-book version at : https://indianlabourarchives.org retrieved on 30 Jan 2023: page no: 436)
  24. ^ https://ml.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E.%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86._%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3 , Malayalam : Retrieved 2 February 2023
  25. ^ Kent, David. . Atheist Community of Austin. Archived from the original on 15 June 2010.
  26. ^ Deihl, Anita (1977). E.V. Ramasamy Naicker-Periyar: A Study of the Influence of a Personality in Contemporary South India. Esselte Studium. pp. 22–24.
  27. ^ Eugene F. Irschick, Politics and Social Conflict in South India: The Non-Brahmin Movement and Tamil Separatism, 1916–1929 (Berkeley:University of California Press, 1969), pp. 268–69.
  28. ^ a b Jeffrey, Robin (1976). "Temple-Entry Movement in Travancore, 1860-1940". Social Scientist. 4 (8): 17–18. doi:10.2307/3516377. JSTOR 3516377.
  29. ^ a b Jeffrey, Robin (1992). Politics, Women and Well-Being: How Kerala became 'a Model'. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 104 and 108. ISBN 978-1-349-12252-3.
  30. ^ Mahadev Desai, The Epic of Travancore (Ahmedabad: Navajivan Karyalaya, 1937), pp. 17–21.
  31. ^ M.S.A. Rao, Social Movements and Social Transformation: A Study of Two Backward Classes Movements in India (first published in 1979: reprint New Delhi: Manohar, 1987), p. 66.
  32. ^ a b Sarkar, Sumit (1989). Modern India: 1885–1947. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 244. ISBN 9781349197125.
  33. ^ Jeffrey, Robin (1992). Politics, Women and Well-Being: How Kerala became 'a Model'. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. xv–xvii. ISBN 978-1-349-12252-3.

Further reading edit

  • Jeffrey, Robin (1992). Politics, Women and Well-Being: How Kerala became 'a Model'. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-349-12252-3.
  • T. K. Ravindran, Eight Furlongs of Freedom (New Delhi: Light and Life Publishers, 1980)
  • George G. Joseph, George Joseph: The Life and Times of a Kerala Christian Nationalist (Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 2003)
  • Robin Jeffrey, 'The Social Origins of a Caste Association, 1875–1905: The Founding of the S. N. D. P. Yogam', South Asia, Volume 14, Number 1, 1975.
  • Menon, Dilip M. (1994). Caste, Nationalism and Communism in South India: Malabar, 1900 - 1948. Cambridge University Press.
  • King, Mary E. (2015). Gandhian Nonviolent Struggle and Untouchability in South India: The 1924-25 Vykom Satyagraha and Mechanisms of Change. Oxford University Press.

External links edit

  • Sri Narayana Guru

December 07, 2023
vaikom, satyagraha, from, march, 1924, november, 1925, nonviolent, agitation, access, prohibited, public, environs, vaikom, temple, kingdom, travancore, kingdom, travancore, known, rigid, oppressive, caste, system, campaign, congress, leaders, madhavan, kelapp. Vaikom Satyagraha from 30 March 1924 to 23 November 1925 was a nonviolent agitation for access to the prohibited public environs of the Vaikom Temple in the Kingdom of Travancore Kingdom of Travancore was known for its rigid and oppressive caste system 1 2 3 4 5 6 The campaign led by Congress leaders T K Madhavan K Kelappan K P Kesava Menon George Joseph 7 8 E V Ramasamy Periyar 9 10 and was noted for the active support and participation offered by different communities and a variety of activists 4 Vaikom SatyagrahaLeaders of Vaikom Satyagraha including T K Madhavan sitting middle row last as one views the photograph K Kumar standing last in the row behind TK Madhavan bearded K P Kesava Menon sitting third and Amachadi Thevan DurationMarch 1924 to November 1925LocationVaikom Temple TravancoreTypeNonviolent agitationMotivePublic accessOrganised byT K Madhavan K Kelappan K P Kesava MenonOutcomeNorth South and West public roads to Vaikom Mahadeva Temple opened Protestors released Contents 1 Background 2 The agitation 2 1 Settlement 3 Legacy 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksBackground edit nbsp Ramasamy statue at Vaikom town in Kottayam KeralaMost of the great temples in the princely state of Travancore had for years forbidden backward castes not just from entering but also from walking on the surrounding roads 11 12 The agitation was conceived by the Ezhava Congress leader and a follower of Sri Narayana Guru T K Madhavan It demanded the right of the backward communities such as Ezhavas and Dalits to use roads around the Vaikom Temple 13 Mahatma Gandhi himself visited Vaikom in March 1925 14 Travancore government eventually constructed new roads near the temple for the use of backward castes The roads however kept the backward castes adequately away from the near environs of the Vaikom Temple and the temple remained closed to the backward castes 14 13 15 After the intervention of Mahatma Gandhi a compromise was reached with Regent Sethu Lakshmi Bayi who released all those arrested and opened the north south and west public roads leading to Vaikom Mahadeva Temple to all castes Bayi refused to open the eastern road The compromise was criticized by E V Ramasamy Periyar and some others Only in 1936 after the Temple Entry Proclamation was access to the eastern road and entry into the temple allowed to the backward castes 16 14 13 Vaikom Satyagraha markedly brought the method of nonviolent public protest to Kerala 13 T K Madhavan an Ezhava leader first advanced the question of temple entry of backward castes in an editorial in Deshabhimani newspaper in December 1917 6 Temple entry of backward castes was discussed and resolutions were introduced at meetings of S N D P Yogam and the Travancore Assembly between 1917 and 1920 6 In 1919 an assembly of nearly 5 000 Ezhavas demanded the right to entry into all Hindu temples managed by the Government of Travancore 17 In November 1920 T K Madhavan walked beyond the regulatory notice boards on a road near the Vaikom Temple He later publicly announced his defiance to the district magistrate 6 Madhavan s later temple entry meetings in Travancore instigated counter agitations from caste Hindus 17 T K Madhavan met with Mahatma Gandhi at Tirunelveli in September 1921 to inform him of the predicament of Ezhavas in Kerala 18 Gandhi though initially oblivious to the position of the community in state offered his support for the movement you must enter temples and court imprisonment if law interferes 6 At the 1923 Indian National Congress session at Kakinada a resolution was passed which committed the party to work for the eradication of untouchability 18 This resolution was introduced by T K Madhavan 18 17 The resolution also stated that temple entry was the birthright of all Hindus 17 In January 1924 Congress leader K Kelappan convened an Anti untouchability Committee within the K P C C 17 6 Kelappan later toured southern Kerala with a contingent of Congress leaders from Malabar District 17 Madhavan also succeeded in getting the finances the Congress support and pan India attention for the satyagraha 18 19 The S N D P Yogam also conveyed its approval of the agitation 19 The agitation edit nbsp A protest march during Vaikom SatyagrahaVaikom Siva Temple like most other great temples of Kerala had for years forbidden lower castes and the untouchables not just from entering but also from walking on the surrounding roads 6 On 30 March 1924 a Nair a Pulaya and an Ezhava activist followed by thousands of others most of whom in khadar attempted to walk on the Vaikom temple roads The three were arrested by the Travancore police 17 6 More Congress activists repeating the same act were arrested by the police till the 10th April 17 Among the arrested where K P Kesava Menon T K Madhavan and K Kelappan 17 5 6 The other leaders who were arrested and convicted included TR Krishna Swami Iyer 20 K Kumar 21 22 23 AK Pillai 24 Chittezhathu Sanku Pillai Barrister George Joseph EV Ramaswami Naikker also known as Periyar Aiyyamuthu Gaudar and K Velayudha Menon 23 Demonstrators marched each day to the Travancore police barricades erected to prevent clashes between communities They blocked the road sat before the police lines on temple s four entrances and sang patriotic songs Later in the campaign activists undertook public fasts 5 6 During this period some caste Hindus spurred attacks by ruffians on the protesters 6 The events at Vaikom attracted pan India attention Congress leader C Rajagopalachari and E V Ramasamy Periyar then associated with the Congress arrived at Vaikom and offered advice to the activists 6 Most of the prominent Nair Congress leaders were subsequently arrested and Christian Congress leader George Joseph assumed the charge of the agitation 17 nbsp Photograph of Sikh Akalis at the Vaikom Satyagraha ca 1924 Reprinted in Mathrubhumi Daily The local Christian leadership was alienated by a statement by Gandhi asking them to keep clear from a Hindu affair April 1924 4 17 Sikh Akali activisits from Amritsar had also arrived at Vaikom to establish free food kitches to the satyagrahis April 1924 17 Gandhi called for the closure of the Sikh kitchens 17 E V Ramasamy Periyar then with the Congress also participated in the satyagraha and was imprisoned twice 25 26 The participation earned Periyar the title the Hero of Vaikom 27 Some radical participants such as K Aiyappan associated themselves with forms of Communism 28 Mulam Thirunal the king of Travancore died in August 1924 18 At the advice of Gandhi caste Hindus marched from Vaikom to Trivandrum to present a memorial to the ruler of Travancore stating that caste Hindus did not object to lower castes using the roads starting from November 1924 6 5 Mannath Padmanabha Pillai leader of the Nair community led the second march to Trivandrum in 1925 29 A resolution to allow Ezhavas to use roads near the temple was defeated by one vote in the Travancore Legislative Council opposed by all official members introduced in October 1924 voted in February 1925 17 6 Settlement edit nbsp Gandhi in Cochin during Vaikom Satyagraha Mahatma Gandhi who had sent goodwill telegrams to the organizers himself visited Vaikom in March 1925 4 17 Gandhi held discussions with all parties the protesters the Namboodiri Brahmins Sri Narayana Guru and the queen of Travancore 6 30 The police subsequently was withdrawn on the understanding that the activists would not enter the banned roads 6 The Vaikom Satyagraha settled with a compromise which allowed the entry of backward caste Hindus to the newly constructed roads on three sides of the Vaikom Temple The other side and the temple remained closed to the backward castes November 1925 18 31 The new roads also kept the backward castes adequately away from the near environs of the Vaikom Temple 4 5 The Vaikom Satyagraha had failed to convince Sri Narayana Guru 32 17 The Guru wanted activists to not only walk along the prohibited roads but enter the temple 32 17 The word on the street hinted that the Narayana Guru had distanced himself from the activities of the S N D P 17 He said to an Ezhava journalist 28 The volunteers standing outside the barriers in heavy rains will serve no useful purpose They should scale over the barricades and not only walk along the prohibited roads but enter all temples It should be made practically impossible for anyone to observe untouchability Sri Narayana Guru June 1924 Legacy editVaikom Satyagraha introduced sustained nonviolent public protest in Kerala 5 The agitation revitalized the morale of the Congress Party in Kerala 17 T K Madhavan became of the General Secretary of the Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam in 1927 29 Temple Entry Proclamation in Travancore 1936 33 See also editGuruvayur SatyagrahaReferences edit God s own challenge The Indian Express 24 December 2018 Retrieved 27 July 2021 N Vanamamalai Na Van amamalai 1981 Interpretation of Tamil Folk Creations Dravidian Linguistics Association P Radhakrishnan 2002 India the Perfidies of Power A Social Critique Vedam ebooks p 245 ISBN 978 81 7936 003 3 Retrieved 27 July 2021 a b c d e Sarkar Sumit 1989 Modern India 1885 1947 Palgrave Macmillan pp 229 and 244 ISBN 9781349197125 a b c d e f Jeffrey Robin 1992 Politics Women and Well Being How Kerala became a Model Palgrave Macmillan pp 108 and 118 19 ISBN 978 1 349 12252 3 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Jeffrey Robin 1976 Temple Entry Movement in Travancore 1860 1940 Social Scientist 4 8 13 16 doi 10 2307 3516377 JSTOR 3516377 George Alphons 2014 THE ROLE OF GEORGE JOSEPH IN THE VAIKOM SATYAGRAHA Proceedings of the Indian History Congress Indian History Congress 75 569 574 ISSN 2249 1937 JSTOR 44158431 Retrieved 25 May 2023 B A Pon Vasanth 30 March 2023 The contribution of an unsung leader George Joseph to the Vaikom Satyagraha The Hindu Retrieved 25 May 2023 Chandran Abhilash 14 March 2023 Periyar the unsung hero who breathed life back into Vaikom Satyagraha The New Indian Express Retrieved 25 May 2023 Athiyaman Pazha 23 December 2019 Periyar the hero of Vaikom The Hindu Retrieved 25 May 2023 Jeffrey Robin 1976 Temple Entry Movement in Travancore 1860 1940 Social Scientist 4 8 14 doi 10 2307 3516377 JSTOR 3516377 Mathew George 2018 God s Own Challenge The Indian Express a b c d Jeffrey Robin 1992 Politics Women and Well Being How Kerala became a Model Palgrave Macmillan pp 108 and 118 19 ISBN 978 1 349 12252 3 a b c Sarkar Sumit 1989 Modern India 1885 1947 Palgrave Macmillan pp 229 and 244 ISBN 9781349197125 Menon Dilip M 1994 Caste Nationalism and Communism in South India Malabar 1900 1948 Cambridge University Press pp 81 82 Anita Diehl 1977 E V Ramaswami Naicker Periyar A Study of the Influence of a Personality in Contemporary South India Esselte studium p 24 ISBN 978 91 24 27645 4 Retrieved 27 July 2021 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Menon Dilip M 1994 Caste Nationalism and Communism in South India Malabar 1900 1948 Cambridge University Press pp 81 82 a b c d e f Jeffrey Robin 1976 The Decline of Nayar Dominance Society and Politics in Travancore 1847 1908 Holmes amp Meier Publishers pp 328 258 59 a b Jeffrey Robin 1976 Temple Entry Movement in Travancore 1860 1940 Social Scientist 4 8 17 doi 10 2307 3516377 JSTOR 3516377 T R Krishnaswamy Iyer http www keralaculture org historic heritage gallery tr krishnaswamy iyer 1085 Department of Cultural Affairs Govt of Kerala retrieved on 02 February 2023 Vaikom Sathyagraha Rekhakal Adv P Harikumar Sahithya Pravarthaka Co Operative Society Ltd 2019 pages 160 217 298 299 353 Who is Who of Freedom Fighters in Kerala Regional Records Committee 1975 Government of Kerala Page Entry No 272 a b The History of Trade Union Movement in Kerala K Ramachandran Nair Kerala Institute of Labour and Employment 2006 also available is the e book version at https indianlabourarchives org retrieved on 30 Jan 2023 page no 436 https ml m wikipedia org wiki E0 B4 8E E0 B4 95 E0 B5 86 E0 B4 AA E0 B4 BF E0 B4 B3 E0 B5 8D E0 B4 B3 Malayalam Retrieved 2 February 2023 Kent David Periyar Atheist Community of Austin Archived from the original on 15 June 2010 Deihl Anita 1977 E V Ramasamy Naicker Periyar A Study of the Influence of a Personality in Contemporary South India Esselte Studium pp 22 24 Eugene F Irschick Politics and Social Conflict in South India The Non Brahmin Movement and Tamil Separatism 1916 1929 Berkeley University of California Press 1969 pp 268 69 a b Jeffrey Robin 1976 Temple Entry Movement in Travancore 1860 1940 Social Scientist 4 8 17 18 doi 10 2307 3516377 JSTOR 3516377 a b Jeffrey Robin 1992 Politics Women and Well Being How Kerala became a Model Palgrave Macmillan pp 104 and 108 ISBN 978 1 349 12252 3 Mahadev Desai The Epic of Travancore Ahmedabad Navajivan Karyalaya 1937 pp 17 21 M S A Rao Social Movements and Social Transformation A Study of Two Backward Classes Movements in India first published in 1979 reprint New Delhi Manohar 1987 p 66 a b Sarkar Sumit 1989 Modern India 1885 1947 Palgrave Macmillan p 244 ISBN 9781349197125 Jeffrey Robin 1992 Politics Women and Well Being How Kerala became a Model Palgrave Macmillan pp xv xvii ISBN 978 1 349 12252 3 Further reading editJeffrey Robin 1992 Politics Women and Well Being How Kerala became a Model Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 1 349 12252 3 T K Ravindran Eight Furlongs of Freedom New Delhi Light and Life Publishers 1980 George G Joseph George Joseph The Life and Times of a Kerala Christian Nationalist Hyderabad Orient Longman 2003 Robin Jeffrey The Social Origins of a Caste Association 1875 1905 The Founding of the S N D P Yogam South Asia Volume 14 Number 1 1975 Menon Dilip M 1994 Caste Nationalism and Communism in South India Malabar 1900 1948 Cambridge University Press King Mary E 2015 Gandhian Nonviolent Struggle and Untouchability in South India The 1924 25 Vykom Satyagraha and Mechanisms of Change Oxford University Press External links editSri Narayana Guru Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Vaikom Satyagraha amp oldid 1188231940, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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