fbpx
Wikipedia

Urban studies

January 30, 2023

For the academic journal, see Urban Studies (journal).

Urban studies is based on the study of the urban development of cities. This includes studying the history of city development from an architectural point of view, to the impact of urban design on community development efforts. The core theoretical and methodological concerns of the urban studies field come from the social science disciplines of history, economics, sociology, geography, political science, anthropology, and the professional fields of urban planning, architecture, landscape architecture, and urban design.[1] Urban studies helps with the understanding of human values, development, and the interactions they have with their physical environment.[2][3]

History

The study of cities has changed dramatically from the 1800s over time, with new frames of analysis being applied to the development of urban areas. The first college programs were created to observe how cities were developed based on anthropological research of ghetto communities.[4] In the mid-1900s, urban study programs expanded beyond just looking at the current and historical impacts of city design and began studying how those designs impacted the future interactions of people and how to improve city development through architecture, open spaces, the interactions of people, and different types of capital that forms a community.[2]

Urban history plays an important role in this field of study because it reveals how cities have developed previously.[5] History plays a large role in determining how cities will change in the future. Such areas change continuously as part of larger processes and create new histories that researchers study on both large-scale and individual levels.[6]

Overall, three different themes[7]: 7  have influenced how researchers have and will continue to study urban areas:

  1. Spatial structures: Reflect how the city is physically organized
  2. Processes that support spatial structure: Question how the city's structure operates
  3. Normative Analysis: Construct opinions supported by facts to promote better urban planning methods

Scholars have also researched how cities outside of the United Kingdom and the United States have developed, but only to a limited degree. Urban history previously focused mostly on how European and American cities developed over time, instead of focusing on how non-European cities developed.[8] Additional geographic areas researched in this field include South Africa,[9] Australia,[10] Latin America, and India.[5] This is changing as more research is performed in developing economies, leading to more contextual urban and infrastructural development in various parts of the world.[11][12]

The racial segregation of urban residents in the United States has played an important role in developing this field. One program founded to research African-American urban residents, the Harvard-MIT Joint Center for Urban Studies, was founded in 1959 to study residential segregation and to support affected communities.[13] More recently, studies related to race and urban life started to focus on ethnographic methods to study how individuals lived in relation to the city and their respective systems as a whole.[7]

Israel Zangwill wrote one of the first books on the Ghettos of Europe and how they impacted the Jewish children that were descendants of the original residents, Children of the Ghetto[3] (1892), he also wrote two other books about the European Ghettos. Louis Wirth was the next scholar to write about the Ghettos, he wrote about them from a sociological perspective.[3] Louis Wirth and Roberts Ezra Park also became the first sociologists to publish about the immigrant neighborhoods in America with suggestions on their future design.[3] Roberts Ezra Park was the student of George Zimmel in Chicago.[3] Other famous scholars that studied segregation, American Ghettos, and impoverished neighborhoods include Du Bois (1903),[3] Haynes (1913),[3] Johnson (1943),[3] Horace Cayton (1944),[14] Kenneth Clark (1965),[14] William Julius Wilson (1987).[14]

Areas of research

This field is transdisciplinary because it uses theories from a variety of academic fields and places them within an urban context.[15] A wide variety of academic fields refers to the urban environment as a location studied, such as Environmental Studies, Economics, Geography, Public Health, and Sociology.[5] However, scholars in this field research how specific elements contribute to how the city operates, such as how housing[16] and transportation[17] will change. In addition, researchers also study how residents interact within the city, such as how race[18] and gender[19] differences lead to social inequalities, or concentrated disadvantage in urban areas.

Criticism

Researchers struggle how to define basic terms precisely, such as how a city is defined, due to how the roles of cities change.[20] Researchers must be careful in how they describe urban areas, as their work can be manipulated as positive elements for city boosters wanting to promote a specific city.[21]

See also

References

  1. ^ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 728. ISBN 978-0415862875.
  2. ^ a b Flora, Cornelia Butler; Flora, Jan L.; Gasteyer, Stephen P. (2015-08-04). Rural Communities: Legacy + Change (5 ed.). Westview Press. ISBN 9780813349718.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Ray., Hutchison; Haynes, Bruce D. (2012). The ghetto : contemporary global issues and controversies. Westview Press. ISBN 9780813345031. OCLC 701015428.
  4. ^ Birx, H. James (2005-12-08). Encyclopedia of Anthropology. SAGE. ISBN 9780761930297.
  5. ^ a b c Harris, Richard; Smith, Michael E. (2011). "The History in Urban Studies: A Comment". Journal of Urban Affairs. 33 (1): 99–105. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9906.2010.00547.x. S2CID 17156871.
  6. ^ Hersberg, Theodore (1978). "The New Urban History: Toward an Interdisciplinary History of the City". Journal of Urban History. 5 (1): 3–40. doi:10.1177/009614427800500101. S2CID 143993067.
  7. ^ a b Paddison, Ronan (2001). "Studying Cities". In Paddison, Ronan (ed.). Handbook of Urban Studies. London; Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. pp. 177–193. ISBN 9780803976955.
  8. ^ Doyle, Barry M. (2009). "A decade of urban history: Ashgate's Historical Urban Studies series". Urban History. 36 (3): 498–512. doi:10.1017/S0963926809990149. S2CID 126794836. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  9. ^ Parnell, Susan (1997). "South African Cities: Perspectives from the Ivory Tower of Urban Studies". Urban Studies. 34 (5–6): 891–906. doi:10.1080/0042098975871. hdl:10539/9583. S2CID 154978833.
  10. ^ Huxley, Margo; Loughlin, J. Brian (1985). "The New Urban Studies Literature: A Review with Special Reference to Australia". Progress in Planning. 24: 163–245. doi:10.1016/0305-9006(85)90004-2.
  11. ^ Allam, Zaheer (2020). Theology and Urban Sustainability. SpringerBriefs in Geography. Springer International Publishing. ISBN 978-3-030-29672-8.
  12. ^ Allam, Zaheer; Newman, Peter (December 2018). "Redefining the Smart City: Culture, Metabolism and Governance". Smart Cities. 1 (1): 4–25. doi:10.3390/smartcities1010002.
  13. ^ Geary, Daniel (2015). "Chapter 4: The Death of White Sociology". The Moynihan Report and its Legacy. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 110–138. ISBN 9780812247312.
  14. ^ a b c Mitchell, Duneier (2016-04-19). Ghetto : the invention of a place, the history of an idea. ISBN 9780374161804. OCLC 925426390.
  15. ^ Ramadier, Thierry (2004). "Transdisciplinarity and its challenges: the case of urban studies". Journal of Urban Affairs. 33 (1): 99–105. doi:10.1016/j.futures.2003.10.009.
  16. ^ Forrest, Ray; Williams, Peter (2001). "Housing in the Twentieth Century". In Paddison, Ronan (ed.). Handbook of Urban Studies. London; Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. pp. 88–101. ISBN 9780803976955.
  17. ^ Hart, Tom (2001). "Transport and the City". In Paddison, Ronan (ed.). Handbook of Urban Studies. London; Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. pp. 102–123. ISBN 9780803976955.
  18. ^ Darden, Joe T. (2001). "Race Relations in the City". In Paddison, Ronan (ed.). Handbook of Urban Studies. London; Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. pp. 177–193. ISBN 9780803976955.
  19. ^ McDowell, Linda M. (2001). "Women, Men, Cities". In Paddison, Ronan (ed.). Handbook of Urban Studies. London; Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. pp. 206–219. ISBN 9780803976955.
  20. ^ Frey, William H.; Zimmer, Zachary (2001). "Defining the City". In Paddison, Ronan (ed.). Handbook of Urban Studies. London; Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. ISBN 9780803976955.
  21. ^ Brenner, Neil (2003). "Stereotypes, Archetypes, and Prototypes: Three Uses of Superlatives in Contemporary Urban Studies". City & Community. 2 (3): 205–216. doi:10.1111/1540-6040.00051. S2CID 145634362.

External links

  • Princeton University Library. "Urban Studies Research Basecamp". LibGuides. New Jersey: Princeton University.
  • Guide to the University of Chicago Center for Urban Studies Records 1967-1968 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center

January 30, 2023
urban, studies, academic, journal, urban, studies, journal, based, study, urban, development, cities, this, includes, studying, history, city, development, from, architectural, point, view, impact, urban, design, community, development, efforts, core, theoreti. For the academic journal see Urban Studies journal Urban studies is based on the study of the urban development of cities This includes studying the history of city development from an architectural point of view to the impact of urban design on community development efforts The core theoretical and methodological concerns of the urban studies field come from the social science disciplines of history economics sociology geography political science anthropology and the professional fields of urban planning architecture landscape architecture and urban design 1 Urban studies helps with the understanding of human values development and the interactions they have with their physical environment 2 3 Contents 1 History 2 Areas of research 3 Criticism 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksHistory EditThe study of cities has changed dramatically from the 1800s over time with new frames of analysis being applied to the development of urban areas The first college programs were created to observe how cities were developed based on anthropological research of ghetto communities 4 In the mid 1900s urban study programs expanded beyond just looking at the current and historical impacts of city design and began studying how those designs impacted the future interactions of people and how to improve city development through architecture open spaces the interactions of people and different types of capital that forms a community 2 Urban history plays an important role in this field of study because it reveals how cities have developed previously 5 History plays a large role in determining how cities will change in the future Such areas change continuously as part of larger processes and create new histories that researchers study on both large scale and individual levels 6 Overall three different themes 7 7 have influenced how researchers have and will continue to study urban areas Spatial structures Reflect how the city is physically organized Processes that support spatial structure Question how the city s structure operates Normative Analysis Construct opinions supported by facts to promote better urban planning methodsScholars have also researched how cities outside of the United Kingdom and the United States have developed but only to a limited degree Urban history previously focused mostly on how European and American cities developed over time instead of focusing on how non European cities developed 8 Additional geographic areas researched in this field include South Africa 9 Australia 10 Latin America and India 5 This is changing as more research is performed in developing economies leading to more contextual urban and infrastructural development in various parts of the world 11 12 The racial segregation of urban residents in the United States has played an important role in developing this field One program founded to research African American urban residents the Harvard MIT Joint Center for Urban Studies was founded in 1959 to study residential segregation and to support affected communities 13 More recently studies related to race and urban life started to focus on ethnographic methods to study how individuals lived in relation to the city and their respective systems as a whole 7 Israel Zangwill wrote one of the first books on the Ghettos of Europe and how they impacted the Jewish children that were descendants of the original residents Children of the Ghetto 3 1892 he also wrote two other books about the European Ghettos Louis Wirth was the next scholar to write about the Ghettos he wrote about them from a sociological perspective 3 Louis Wirth and Roberts Ezra Park also became the first sociologists to publish about the immigrant neighborhoods in America with suggestions on their future design 3 Roberts Ezra Park was the student of George Zimmel in Chicago 3 Other famous scholars that studied segregation American Ghettos and impoverished neighborhoods include Du Bois 1903 3 Haynes 1913 3 Johnson 1943 3 Horace Cayton 1944 14 Kenneth Clark 1965 14 William Julius Wilson 1987 14 Areas of research EditThis field is transdisciplinary because it uses theories from a variety of academic fields and places them within an urban context 15 A wide variety of academic fields refers to the urban environment as a location studied such as Environmental Studies Economics Geography Public Health and Sociology 5 However scholars in this field research how specific elements contribute to how the city operates such as how housing 16 and transportation 17 will change In addition researchers also study how residents interact within the city such as how race 18 and gender 19 differences lead to social inequalities or concentrated disadvantage in urban areas Criticism EditResearchers struggle how to define basic terms precisely such as how a city is defined due to how the roles of cities change 20 Researchers must be careful in how they describe urban areas as their work can be manipulated as positive elements for city boosters wanting to promote a specific city 21 See also EditIndex of urban studies articles List of urban theorists Urban theory Urban ecology Urban economics Urban geography Urban planning Urban sociology Urban vitalityReferences Edit Caves R W 2004 Encyclopedia of the City Routledge p 728 ISBN 978 0415862875 a b Flora Cornelia Butler Flora Jan L Gasteyer Stephen P 2015 08 04 Rural Communities Legacy Change 5 ed Westview Press ISBN 9780813349718 a b c d e f g h Ray Hutchison Haynes Bruce D 2012 The ghetto contemporary global issues and controversies Westview Press ISBN 9780813345031 OCLC 701015428 Birx H James 2005 12 08 Encyclopedia of Anthropology SAGE ISBN 9780761930297 a b c Harris Richard Smith Michael E 2011 The History in Urban Studies A Comment Journal of Urban Affairs 33 1 99 105 doi 10 1111 j 1467 9906 2010 00547 x S2CID 17156871 Hersberg Theodore 1978 The New Urban History Toward an Interdisciplinary History of the City Journal of Urban History 5 1 3 40 doi 10 1177 009614427800500101 S2CID 143993067 a b Paddison Ronan 2001 Studying Cities In Paddison Ronan ed Handbook of Urban Studies London Thousand Oaks CA SAGE Publications pp 177 193 ISBN 9780803976955 Doyle Barry M 2009 A decade of urban history Ashgate s Historical Urban Studies series Urban History 36 3 498 512 doi 10 1017 S0963926809990149 S2CID 126794836 Retrieved April 24 2017 Parnell Susan 1997 South African Cities Perspectives from the Ivory Tower of Urban Studies Urban Studies 34 5 6 891 906 doi 10 1080 0042098975871 hdl 10539 9583 S2CID 154978833 Huxley Margo Loughlin J Brian 1985 The New Urban Studies Literature A Review with Special Reference to Australia Progress in Planning 24 163 245 doi 10 1016 0305 9006 85 90004 2 Allam Zaheer 2020 Theology and Urban Sustainability SpringerBriefs in Geography Springer International Publishing ISBN 978 3 030 29672 8 Allam Zaheer Newman Peter December 2018 Redefining the Smart City Culture Metabolism and Governance Smart Cities 1 1 4 25 doi 10 3390 smartcities1010002 Geary Daniel 2015 Chapter 4 The Death of White Sociology The Moynihan Report and its Legacy Philadelphia PA University of Pennsylvania Press pp 110 138 ISBN 9780812247312 a b c Mitchell Duneier 2016 04 19 Ghetto the invention of a place the history of an idea ISBN 9780374161804 OCLC 925426390 Ramadier Thierry 2004 Transdisciplinarity and its challenges the case of urban studies Journal of Urban Affairs 33 1 99 105 doi 10 1016 j futures 2003 10 009 Forrest Ray Williams Peter 2001 Housing in the Twentieth Century In Paddison Ronan ed Handbook of Urban Studies London Thousand Oaks CA SAGE Publications pp 88 101 ISBN 9780803976955 Hart Tom 2001 Transport and the City In Paddison Ronan ed Handbook of Urban Studies London Thousand Oaks CA SAGE Publications pp 102 123 ISBN 9780803976955 Darden Joe T 2001 Race Relations in the City In Paddison Ronan ed Handbook of Urban Studies London Thousand Oaks CA SAGE Publications pp 177 193 ISBN 9780803976955 McDowell Linda M 2001 Women Men Cities In Paddison Ronan ed Handbook of Urban Studies London Thousand Oaks CA SAGE Publications pp 206 219 ISBN 9780803976955 Frey William H Zimmer Zachary 2001 Defining the City In Paddison Ronan ed Handbook of Urban Studies London Thousand Oaks CA SAGE Publications ISBN 9780803976955 Brenner Neil 2003 Stereotypes Archetypes and Prototypes Three Uses of Superlatives in Contemporary Urban Studies City amp Community 2 3 205 216 doi 10 1111 1540 6040 00051 S2CID 145634362 External links EditPrinceton University Library Urban Studies Research Basecamp LibGuides New Jersey Princeton University Guide to the University of Chicago Center for Urban Studies Records 1967 1968 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Urban studies amp oldid 1124613667, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.