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Universal Records (1995−2006)

April 10, 2024

Universal Records is a record label owned by Universal Music Group and operated as part of the Universal Motown Republic Group. The label has been dormant since 2006, due to Universal Motown and Universal Republic Records being formed and taking all of the artists from it. Those labels were eventually combined to form the latest iteration of Republic Records.

Universal Records
Parent companyUniversal Music Group
Founded1995; 29 years ago (1995) (as Rising Tide Records)
Founder
StatusInactive
Distributor(s)
GenreVarious
Country of originU.S.
LocationNew York City, New York, U.S.

As of 2023, the label remains dormant but has been credited as a copyright-holder under a few present-day releases.

History edit

Founded in 1995 as Rising Tide Records, the label would ultimately begin to thrive the following year when its name was changed to Universal Records to complement the branding overhaul of the Universal Studios structure since MCA Inc. was purchased from Matsushita Electric (now Panasonic) by Seagram.[1][2][3] The label, which is actually the second incarnation (the first Universal Records was a short-lived underground imprint of MCA Records that existed from 1988 to 1989)[citation needed] was created by former Universal Music Group chairman and CEO Doug Morris and Daniel Glass (founder of Glassnote Records), who became its president.

In 1996, to complement the MCA renaming into Universal, MCA Music Entertainment Group was also rebranded into what is known today as Universal Music Group.[4] With that in place, Universal Records was to operate under the newly renamed UMG banner.[5]

Universal Records had success in breaking new artists, including the multi-platinum debut of Erykah Badu, Billie Myers, Goldfinger, Akon and the Lost Boyz. Glass formed relationships with independent record labels such as Kedar Entertainment and Mojo Records.[citation needed] Universal also brought in and took over Uptown Records following founder Andre Harrell's departure. Following Heavy D's dropping from the imprint in 1997, Universal folded Uptown in 1999.[6]

New Orleans, Louisiana based record company Cash Money Records, led by Ronald "Slim" Williams and Bryan "Baby/Birdman" Williams, signed a three-year $30 million distribution deal with Universal Records in March 1998.[7][8][9] Under the terms of the deal, the Williams were given a $3 million advance each year and a credit of $1.5 million for each of the up to six artists that they had at the time. After recouping, Universal Records would retain 15% of profits from album sales, while Cash Money retained 85% as well as ownership of all master recordings.[10] Cash Money's first success under Universal was Juvenile's November 1998 release, 400 Degreez. The album peaked at number nine on the Billboard 200 and would ultimately go on to be certified quadruple platinum in the United States.[11] Cash Money and Universal also launched Lil Wayne's career with his November 1999 album Tha Block Is Hot, which was a top three Billboard 200 album and later certified platinum in America.[12]

On December 10, 1998, Seagram completed its seven-month $10.6 billion plan to acquire PolyGram, merging its music division of labels with UMG, helping both divisions combine operations together under the biggest music recording company.[13][14][15] On New Year's Eve 1998, Universal Records was pooled together with then-PolyGram label Motown Records and fellow MCA label Republic Records to form Universal Motown Republic Group;[16] Motown was previously brought under UMG during its preceding days as MCA Inc. It was a subsidiary of MCA Records and was minority-owned by Boston Ventures until 1991.[17] To start the New Year in 1999, Universal Motown Republic Group became one of the three new music units under UMG alongside Interscope Geffen A&M Records and The Island Def Jam Music Group.[18]

In 2001, after the absorption of Priority Records into EMI,[19] No Limit Records was signed a distribution deal with Universal and renamed "The New No Limit".[20] However, this deal failed as various releases by Master P, Romeo, 504 Boyz and Choppa did not meet commercial expectations. No Limit cut ties with Universal in 2004, a year after filing for bankruptcy.[21]

Bad Boy Entertainment, founded by Sean "P. Diddy" Combs, signed a three-year marketing and distribution deal with Universal Records in February 2003, following its departure from Arista Records.[22][23][24] Universal and Bad Boy released Da Band's September 2003 album, Too Hot for TV. The album was ultimately certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America.[25] Albums under this deal that followed include the soundtrack to Bad Boys II, Loon's self-titled album, Carl Thomas' Let's Talk About It, Mario Winans' Hurt No More and New Edition's One Love. In 2005, Bad Boy switched distribution from Universal to Atlantic Records before the deal could be fulfilled.[26][27]

The label later had more success with acts like 3 Doors Down, 98 Degrees, Chamillionaire, Godsmack, Mushroomhead, Flaw, Hatebreed, Lifer, Jack Johnson, Juvenile, Nelly, Big Sha, Lil Wayne, and Mika. In the summer of 2004, Universal had a big success with Terror Squad's single, "Lean Back", which debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 that August.[28][29]

By 2005, Universal was reaching its downfall, even though Cash Money kept its prophecy leading, but its success was short-lived. On New Year's Eve 2005, Universal Records was merged with Republic Records to become Universal Republic Records.[30] Motown (as a standalone label) was renamed Universal Motown Records.[31] Therefore, artists under Motown, as well as hip hop and R&B acts under Universal were combined together under Universal Motown, with the rest being transferred to Universal Republic, which would later be reverted back to Republic Records in 2012,[30] a year after Universal Motown was changed back to Motown, which itself would be moved to Island Def Jam.[32] As a result, the Universal Motown Republic Group was disbanded in the summer of 2011 during a reorganization at Universal Music Group,[33] which was under the leadership of Lucian Grainge.[34]

It was also the distributor of Polydor and Island UK in the United States. Distribution switched to Interscope Geffen A&M Records and Republic Records respectively after the label's dissolution. Island's operation in the United Kingdom, in 2013, would be absorbed into Virgin EMI Records would itself would be rebranded in 2020 as EMI Records,[35][36][37] taking over distribution for Republic UK.

As of December 2023, Universal Records is currently inactive as its artists would later be drafted to Republic Records. Motown is currently under the Capitol Music Group,[38] which it has been a part of since 2014 following another UMG disbandment of the Island Def Jam Music Group.[39] Therefore, reissues of releases under the Universal Records, Universal Republic or Universal Motown names will be handled by Republic and Motown respectively on behalf of Universal Music Enterprises.

There have been unrelated Universal Records labels in Europe and the Philippines. Because of an unrelated label in the Philippines owning the rights to the Universal Records name in that country, parent company Universal Music Group did business there as MCA Music, Inc., using UMG's former name. In 2021, MCA Music was renamed UMG Philippines.[citation needed]

Affiliated labels edit

Affiliated labels included Celtic Heartbeat Records, co-founded by U2 manager Paul McGuinness.[40][41] formerly affiliated with Atlantic Records, and Universal Motown Republic Group (UMRG). Bill Whelan's Riverdance was Celtic Heartbeat's first album to sell more than a million copies.[41]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Media Giants - Vivendi Universal | Merchants Of Cool | FRONTLINE | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  2. ^ Fabrikant, Geraldine (1995-04-10). "THE MCA SALE: THE DEAL; Seagram Puts the Finishing Touches on Its $5.7 Billion Acquisition of MCA". The New York Times. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  3. ^ Bates, James; Eller, Claudia (1995-04-10). "Seagram Signs Deal to Buy 80% of MCA : Hollywood: Firm agrees to pay Matsushita $5.7 billion for controlling interest. Future of Wasserman, Sheinberg remains unclear". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  4. ^ Busch, Anita M. (1996-12-10). "A whole new U for MCA". Variety. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  5. ^ Bates, James (1996-12-10). "Name Dropping : Parent Firm Won't Be 'MCA' Anymore". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  6. ^ Cochrane, Naima (2018-06-01). "Remembering Uptown Records: the First Lifestyle Label". The Boombox. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  7. ^ "How No Limit and Cash Money Records Made the Deals of a Lifetime". Trapital. 2022-03-21. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  8. ^ Greenburg, Zack O'Malley. "Can Cash Money, The Label That Launched Drake and Nicki Minaj, Strike Platinum Again?". Forbes. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  9. ^ "Young Money co-founder Birdman shakes hands on a $30 million deal with Universal". Capital XTRA. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  10. ^ "The #6 Biggest Moment: Cash Money Signs With Universal". 7 February 2008. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
  11. ^ Bowser, Edward (2023-11-03). "1998 Rewind: Remembering Juvenile's 400 Degreez". Soul In Stereo. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  12. ^ Peters, Micah (2019-07-31). "'Tha Block Is Hot' Is Lil Wayne's Superhero Origin Story". The Ringer. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  13. ^ "Seagram buys PolyGram - May 21, 1998". money.cnn.com. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  14. ^ "Seagrams completes PolyGram acquisition - Dec. 10, 1998". money.cnn.com. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  15. ^ Petrikin, Benedict Carver,Chris; Carver, Benedict; Petrikin, Chris (1998-12-11). "U takes a giant gulp". Variety. Retrieved 2023-12-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Philips, Chuck (1998-12-10). "Merger Puts Seagram at Top of Music Charts". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  17. ^ "MCA Is Sued By Motown". The New York Times. 1991-05-15. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  18. ^ "Special Report: PolyGram-Universal Merger Bad News For Artists?". MTV. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  19. ^ Oppelaar, Justin (2001-10-07). "Priority folded into Capitol". Variety. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  20. ^ Fiasco, Lance (2001-11-28). "Master P Explains Why The Time Was Right To Switch To Universal". idobi Network. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  21. ^ "What Hip-Hop Gets Wrong About Master P and No Limit". Trapital. 2019-03-26. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  22. ^ "P.Diddy Inks Universal Deal, Won't Sell Label". 7 February 2003. Retrieved June 9, 2022.
  23. ^ Holloway, Lynette (2003-02-08). "P. Diddy Signs 3-Year Deal With Universal Records". The New York Times. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  24. ^ Billboard Staff (2003-02-06). "Bad Boy Confirms Universal Pact". Billboard. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  25. ^ Martin, Denise (2003-12-05). "MTV brings back Da Band, Combs for a third season". Variety. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  26. ^ "Warner Music Takes 50% Stake In P. Diddy's Bad Boy Records". Forbes. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  27. ^ "P. Diddy, Warner Music ink joint venture". NBC News. 2005-04-15. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  28. ^ Billboard Staff (2004-08-12). "Hot 100: 'Lean Back' Rises To The Top". Billboard. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  29. ^ Billboard Staff (2004-08-19). "'Lean Back' Gets Comfy At No. 1". Billboard. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  30. ^ a b "Republic Records". Music Business Worldwide. 2021-01-06. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  31. ^ Leight, Elias (2017-07-10). "How Motown Got Its Groove Back". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  32. ^ Christman, Ed (2011-07-26). "Motown Update: Label to Share Resources With Island Def Jam". Billboard. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  33. ^ Billboard Staff (2011-06-17). "Universal Motown Republic and Island Def Jam Announce New Structure, Layoffs Taking Place Today". Billboard. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  34. ^ Morris, Chris (2011-03-09). "Lucian Grainge named UMG chair/CEO". Variety. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  35. ^ Flanagan, Andrew (2013-03-18). "Universal Music UK Announces Launch of Virgin EMI Records". Billboard. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  36. ^ Aswad, Jem (2020-06-16). "Universal Relaunches EMI Records as Flagship U.K. Label". Variety. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  37. ^ "Virgin EMI rebrands as EMI, Rebecca Allen appointed as label president". www.musicweek.com. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  38. ^ Puccio, Anthony (2023-02-17). "Motown Records is No Longer an Independent Company". Boardroom. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  39. ^ Halperin, Shirley (2014-04-01). "Island Def Jam Motown Reorganizes, Barry Weiss Steps Down". Billboard. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  40. ^ Tina maples (2013). "The Milwaukee Journal - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  41. ^ a b Billboard July 5, 1997 page 48

April 10, 2024
universal, records, 1995, 2006, universal, records, record, label, owned, universal, music, group, operated, part, universal, motown, republic, group, label, been, dormant, since, 2006, universal, motown, universal, republic, records, being, formed, taking, ar. Universal Records is a record label owned by Universal Music Group and operated as part of the Universal Motown Republic Group The label has been dormant since 2006 due to Universal Motown and Universal Republic Records being formed and taking all of the artists from it Those labels were eventually combined to form the latest iteration of Republic Records Universal RecordsParent companyUniversal Music GroupFounded1995 29 years ago 1995 as Rising Tide Records FounderDoug MorrisDaniel GlassStatusInactiveDistributor s UMRG In the US UMG Outside the US Republic Records UMe Reissues GenreVariousCountry of originU S LocationNew York City New York U S As of 2023 the label remains dormant but has been credited as a copyright holder under a few present day releases Contents 1 History 2 Affiliated labels 3 See also 4 ReferencesHistory editFounded in 1995 as Rising Tide Records the label would ultimately begin to thrive the following year when its name was changed to Universal Records to complement the branding overhaul of the Universal Studios structure since MCA Inc was purchased from Matsushita Electric now Panasonic by Seagram 1 2 3 The label which is actually the second incarnation the first Universal Records was a short lived underground imprint of MCA Records that existed from 1988 to 1989 citation needed was created by former Universal Music Group chairman and CEO Doug Morris and Daniel Glass founder of Glassnote Records who became its president In 1996 to complement the MCA renaming into Universal MCA Music Entertainment Group was also rebranded into what is known today as Universal Music Group 4 With that in place Universal Records was to operate under the newly renamed UMG banner 5 Universal Records had success in breaking new artists including the multi platinum debut of Erykah Badu Billie Myers Goldfinger Akon and the Lost Boyz Glass formed relationships with independent record labels such as Kedar Entertainment and Mojo Records citation needed Universal also brought in and took over Uptown Records following founder Andre Harrell s departure Following Heavy D s dropping from the imprint in 1997 Universal folded Uptown in 1999 6 New Orleans Louisiana based record company Cash Money Records led by Ronald Slim Williams and Bryan Baby Birdman Williams signed a three year 30 million distribution deal with Universal Records in March 1998 7 8 9 Under the terms of the deal the Williams were given a 3 million advance each year and a credit of 1 5 million for each of the up to six artists that they had at the time After recouping Universal Records would retain 15 of profits from album sales while Cash Money retained 85 as well as ownership of all master recordings 10 Cash Money s first success under Universal was Juvenile s November 1998 release 400 Degreez The album peaked at number nine on the Billboard 200 and would ultimately go on to be certified quadruple platinum in the United States 11 Cash Money and Universal also launched Lil Wayne s career with his November 1999 album Tha Block Is Hot which was a top three Billboard 200 album and later certified platinum in America 12 On December 10 1998 Seagram completed its seven month 10 6 billion plan to acquire PolyGram merging its music division of labels with UMG helping both divisions combine operations together under the biggest music recording company 13 14 15 On New Year s Eve 1998 Universal Records was pooled together with then PolyGram label Motown Records and fellow MCA label Republic Records to form Universal Motown Republic Group 16 Motown was previously brought under UMG during its preceding days as MCA Inc It was a subsidiary of MCA Records and was minority owned by Boston Ventures until 1991 17 To start the New Year in 1999 Universal Motown Republic Group became one of the three new music units under UMG alongside Interscope Geffen A amp M Records and The Island Def Jam Music Group 18 In 2001 after the absorption of Priority Records into EMI 19 No Limit Records was signed a distribution deal with Universal and renamed The New No Limit 20 However this deal failed as various releases by Master P Romeo 504 Boyz and Choppa did not meet commercial expectations No Limit cut ties with Universal in 2004 a year after filing for bankruptcy 21 Bad Boy Entertainment founded by Sean P Diddy Combs signed a three year marketing and distribution deal with Universal Records in February 2003 following its departure from Arista Records 22 23 24 Universal and Bad Boy released Da Band s September 2003 album Too Hot for TV The album was ultimately certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America 25 Albums under this deal that followed include the soundtrack to Bad Boys II Loon s self titled album Carl Thomas Let s Talk About It Mario Winans Hurt No More and New Edition s One Love In 2005 Bad Boy switched distribution from Universal to Atlantic Records before the deal could be fulfilled 26 27 The label later had more success with acts like 3 Doors Down 98 Degrees Chamillionaire Godsmack Mushroomhead Flaw Hatebreed Lifer Jack Johnson Juvenile Nelly Big Sha Lil Wayne and Mika In the summer of 2004 Universal had a big success with Terror Squad s single Lean Back which debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 that August 28 29 By 2005 Universal was reaching its downfall even though Cash Money kept its prophecy leading but its success was short lived On New Year s Eve 2005 Universal Records was merged with Republic Records to become Universal Republic Records 30 Motown as a standalone label was renamed Universal Motown Records 31 Therefore artists under Motown as well as hip hop and R amp B acts under Universal were combined together under Universal Motown with the rest being transferred to Universal Republic which would later be reverted back to Republic Records in 2012 30 a year after Universal Motown was changed back to Motown which itself would be moved to Island Def Jam 32 As a result the Universal Motown Republic Group was disbanded in the summer of 2011 during a reorganization at Universal Music Group 33 which was under the leadership of Lucian Grainge 34 It was also the distributor of Polydor and Island UK in the United States Distribution switched to Interscope Geffen A amp M Records and Republic Records respectively after the label s dissolution Island s operation in the United Kingdom in 2013 would be absorbed into Virgin EMI Records would itself would be rebranded in 2020 as EMI Records 35 36 37 taking over distribution for Republic UK As of December 2023 update Universal Records is currently inactive as its artists would later be drafted to Republic Records Motown is currently under the Capitol Music Group 38 which it has been a part of since 2014 following another UMG disbandment of the Island Def Jam Music Group 39 Therefore reissues of releases under the Universal Records Universal Republic or Universal Motown names will be handled by Republic and Motown respectively on behalf of Universal Music Enterprises There have been unrelated Universal Records labels in Europe and the Philippines Because of an unrelated label in the Philippines owning the rights to the Universal Records name in that country parent company Universal Music Group did business there as MCA Music Inc using UMG s former name In 2021 MCA Music was renamed UMG Philippines citation needed Affiliated labels editAffiliated labels included Celtic Heartbeat Records co founded by U2 manager Paul McGuinness 40 41 formerly affiliated with Atlantic Records and Universal Motown Republic Group UMRG Bill Whelan s Riverdance was Celtic Heartbeat s first album to sell more than a million copies 41 See also editUniversal Records artists List of record labelsReferences edit Media Giants Vivendi Universal Merchants Of Cool FRONTLINE PBS www pbs org Retrieved 2023 12 14 Fabrikant Geraldine 1995 04 10 THE MCA SALE THE DEAL Seagram Puts the Finishing Touches on Its 5 7 Billion Acquisition of MCA The New York Times Retrieved 2023 12 14 Bates James Eller Claudia 1995 04 10 Seagram Signs Deal to Buy 80 of MCA Hollywood Firm agrees to pay Matsushita 5 7 billion for controlling interest Future of Wasserman Sheinberg remains unclear Los Angeles Times Retrieved 2023 12 14 Busch Anita M 1996 12 10 A whole new U for MCA Variety Retrieved 2023 12 14 Bates James 1996 12 10 Name Dropping Parent Firm Won t Be MCA Anymore Los Angeles Times Retrieved 2023 12 14 Cochrane Naima 2018 06 01 Remembering Uptown Records the First Lifestyle Label The Boombox Retrieved 2023 12 14 How No Limit and Cash Money Records Made the Deals of a Lifetime Trapital 2022 03 21 Retrieved 2023 12 14 Greenburg Zack O Malley Can Cash Money The Label That Launched Drake and Nicki Minaj Strike Platinum Again Forbes Retrieved 2023 12 14 Young Money co founder Birdman shakes hands on a 30 million deal with Universal Capital XTRA Retrieved 2023 12 14 The 6 Biggest Moment Cash Money Signs With Universal 7 February 2008 Retrieved June 2 2022 Bowser Edward 2023 11 03 1998 Rewind Remembering Juvenile s 400 Degreez Soul In Stereo Retrieved 2023 12 14 Peters Micah 2019 07 31 Tha Block Is Hot Is Lil Wayne s Superhero Origin Story The Ringer Retrieved 2023 12 14 Seagram buys PolyGram May 21 1998 money cnn com Retrieved 2023 12 14 Seagrams completes PolyGram acquisition Dec 10 1998 money cnn com Retrieved 2023 12 14 Petrikin Benedict Carver Chris Carver Benedict Petrikin Chris 1998 12 11 U takes a giant gulp Variety Retrieved 2023 12 14 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Philips Chuck 1998 12 10 Merger Puts Seagram at Top of Music Charts Los Angeles Times Retrieved 2023 12 14 MCA Is Sued By Motown The New York Times 1991 05 15 Retrieved 2023 12 14 Special Report PolyGram Universal Merger Bad News For Artists MTV Retrieved 2023 12 14 Oppelaar Justin 2001 10 07 Priority folded into Capitol Variety Retrieved 2023 12 14 Fiasco Lance 2001 11 28 Master P Explains Why The Time Was Right To Switch To Universal idobi Network Retrieved 2023 12 14 What Hip Hop Gets Wrong About Master P and No Limit Trapital 2019 03 26 Retrieved 2023 12 14 P Diddy Inks Universal Deal Won t Sell Label 7 February 2003 Retrieved June 9 2022 Holloway Lynette 2003 02 08 P Diddy Signs 3 Year Deal With Universal Records The New York Times Retrieved 2023 12 14 Billboard Staff 2003 02 06 Bad Boy Confirms Universal Pact Billboard Retrieved 2023 12 14 Martin Denise 2003 12 05 MTV brings back Da Band Combs for a third season Variety Retrieved 2023 12 14 Warner Music Takes 50 Stake In P Diddy s Bad Boy Records Forbes Retrieved 2023 12 14 P Diddy Warner Music ink joint venture NBC News 2005 04 15 Retrieved 2023 12 14 Billboard Staff 2004 08 12 Hot 100 Lean Back Rises To The Top Billboard Retrieved 2023 12 14 Billboard Staff 2004 08 19 Lean Back Gets Comfy At No 1 Billboard Retrieved 2023 12 14 a b Republic Records Music Business Worldwide 2021 01 06 Retrieved 2023 12 14 Leight Elias 2017 07 10 How Motown Got Its Groove Back Rolling Stone Retrieved 2023 12 14 Christman Ed 2011 07 26 Motown Update Label to Share Resources With Island Def Jam Billboard Retrieved 2023 12 14 Billboard Staff 2011 06 17 Universal Motown Republic and Island Def Jam Announce New Structure Layoffs Taking Place Today Billboard Retrieved 2023 12 14 Morris Chris 2011 03 09 Lucian Grainge named UMG chair CEO Variety Retrieved 2023 12 14 Flanagan Andrew 2013 03 18 Universal Music UK Announces Launch of Virgin EMI Records Billboard Retrieved 2023 12 14 Aswad Jem 2020 06 16 Universal Relaunches EMI Records as Flagship U K Label Variety Retrieved 2023 12 14 Virgin EMI rebrands as EMI Rebecca Allen appointed as label president www musicweek com Retrieved 2023 12 14 Puccio Anthony 2023 02 17 Motown Records is No Longer an Independent Company Boardroom Retrieved 2023 12 14 Halperin Shirley 2014 04 01 Island Def Jam Motown Reorganizes Barry Weiss Steps Down Billboard Retrieved 2023 12 14 Tina maples 2013 The Milwaukee Journal Google News Archive Search news google com Retrieved 25 April 2013 a b Billboard July 5 1997 page 48 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Universal Records 1995 2006 amp oldid 1198801712, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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