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Umm az-Zinat

April 30, 2024

Umm az-Zinat (Arabic: أُم الزينات, Umm ez Zînât) was a Palestinian Arab village in the Haifa Subdistrict. It was depopulated during the 1948 War on May 15, 1948, by Golani Brigade's Fourth Battalion. It was located 20.5 km southeast of Haifa.

Umm az Zinat
أُم الزينات
Etymology: the place of ornamentation or of festivals[1]
1870s map
1940s map
modern map
1940s with modern overlay map
A series of historical maps of the area around Umm az-Zinat (click the buttons)
Umm az Zinat
Location within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 32°38′53″N 35°03′55″E / 32.64806°N 35.06528°E / 32.64806; 35.06528
Palestine grid156/228
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictHaifa
Date of depopulationMay 1948[4]
Area
[3]
 • Total22,156 dunams (22.156 km2 or 8.554 sq mi)
Population
 (1945)
 • Total1,470[2][3]
Cause(s) of depopulationFear of being caught up in the fighting
Current LocalitiesEliakim[5][6]

History edit

Ceramics from the Byzantine era have been found here.[7] Several rock cut tombs were found south and south west of the village. They have been dated to the Christian era.[8]

Ottoman era edit

In 1859, the English Consul Rogers stated that the population was 350 souls, with 25 feddans of cultivation.[9]

In 1870, Victor Guérin found the village to have four hundred and fifty inhabitants. Some gardens were surrounded by a cactus. The medhafeh, or guest house, also served as a mosque.[10]

In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described the village as: "A good-sized village on a saddle, built principally of stone, with a well on the south. This seems to be an ancient site, having many well-cut rock-tombs."[9]

A population list from about 1887 showed that Umm ez-Zeinat had about 750 inhabitants; all Muslims.[11]

Umm al-Zinat had an elementary school for boys which was founded by the Ottomans in 1888.

British Mandate era edit

In the 1922 census of Palestine Umm al-Zainat had a population of 787; 782 Muslims and 5 Christians,[12] where the Christians were all Melkite.[13] This had increased in the 1931 census to 1,020 Muslims and 9 Christians, in a total of 209 houses.[14]

In the 1945 statistics, the village had a population of 1,470; 1,450 Muslims and 20 Christians,[2] with a total of 22,156 dunams of land.[3] Of this, 1,742 dunums of land were for plantations and irrigable land, 9,879 for cereals,[15] while 69 dunams were classified as built-up land.[16]

1948, aftermath edit

Umm az-Zinat became depopulated in May 1948.[4] In early May, it was reported that the women and children of Umm az-Zinat had been evacuated.[17]

One of the villagers said that "One day before the fall of Umm al-Zaynat, three men from the settlement of Ein HaEmek entered our village, warning us that the Haganah forces were preparing to enter our village, where their aim was to intimidate us to flee, and leave the village. Some of them feared and fled, and some of them remained and waited for their fate."[18]

The Golani Brigade took the village on 15 May, 1948, and expelled the remaining villagers. In August 1948 Israeli troops returned, with orders to kill any males and expel any females they found in the village. At least 2 Palestinian men were killed, and a number of females were expelled.[19][20][21]

In 1949 Eliakim was established, just south of the village site.[6]

In 1992 the village site was described: "The houses have been reduced to rubble, piles of which are scattered over the site. The site itself is overgrown with thorns, bushes, cactuses, and pomegranate and fig trees. There is also a small forest on part of the site. The village's cemetery is still visible. Part of the surrounding land is used by Israeli farmers as cattle pasture and is planted with fruit and olive trees."[6]

References edit

  1. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 155
  2. ^ a b Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 15
  3. ^ a b c Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 49
  4. ^ a b Morris, 2004, p. xviii, village #164. Also gives cause of depopulation.
  5. ^ Morris, 2004, p. xxii, settlement #117
  6. ^ a b c Khalidi, 1992, p. 200
  7. ^ Dauphin, 1998, p. 694
  8. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, pp. 71-72
  9. ^ a b Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 43
  10. ^ Guérin, 1875, pp. 244-245, 299
  11. ^ Schumacher, 1888, p. 178
  12. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. 33
  13. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XVI, p. 49
  14. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 97
  15. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 92
  16. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 142
  17. ^ Morris, 2004, p. 175, note #67, p. 268
  18. ^ "الرفيق ابراهيم الفحماوي-أبو وائل- من أم الزينات الى الحليصة.بقلم د. خالد تركي - حيفا". 17 August 2009.
  19. ^ Morris, 2004, p. 244, notes #618-622, p. 297
  20. ^ Morris, 2004, p. 299
  21. ^ Morris, 2004, p. 444, note #192, p.460

Bibliography edit

  • Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
  • Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1882). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.
  • Dauphin, C. (1998). La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations. BAR International Series 726 (in French). Vol. III : Catalogue. Oxford: Archeopress. ISBN 0-860549-05-4.
  • Guérin, V. (1875). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 2: Samarie, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
  • Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
  • Khalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.
  • Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
  • Morris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
  • Mülinen, Egbert Friedrich von 1908, Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Karmels "Separateabdruck aus der Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palëstina-Vereins Band XXX (1907) Seite 117-207 und Band XXXI (1908) Seite 1-258." Umm ez-Zeinat: p.353 ff.
  • Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Schumacher, G. (1888). "Population list of the Liwa of Akka". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 20: 169–191.

External links edit

  • Welcome To Umm al-Zinat
  • Umm al-Zinat, Zochrot
  • Survey of Western Palestine, Map 8: IAA, Wikimedia commons
  • Umm al-Zinat from the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center
  • Um Al-Zinat, from Dr. Moslih Kanaaneh
  • Umm Zinat, from Zochrot
  • Sixth Procession of Return by ADRID in Umm a-Zinat, 2003
  • Ninth Procession of Return to Um a-Zinat, 2006

April 30, 2024
zinat, arabic, الزينات, zînât, palestinian, arab, village, haifa, subdistrict, depopulated, during, 1948, 1948, golani, brigade, fourth, battalion, located, southeast, haifa, zinat, الزيناتetymology, place, ornamentation, festivals, 1870s, 1940s, modern, 1940s. Umm az Zinat Arabic أ م الزينات Umm ez Zinat was a Palestinian Arab village in the Haifa Subdistrict It was depopulated during the 1948 War on May 15 1948 by Golani Brigade s Fourth Battalion It was located 20 5 km southeast of Haifa Umm az Zinat أ م الزيناتEtymology the place of ornamentation or of festivals 1 1870s map 1940s map modern map 1940s with modern overlay mapA series of historical maps of the area around Umm az Zinat click the buttons Umm az ZinatLocation within Mandatory PalestineCoordinates 32 38 53 N 35 03 55 E 32 64806 N 35 06528 E 32 64806 35 06528Palestine grid156 228Geopolitical entityMandatory PalestineSubdistrictHaifaDate of depopulationMay 1948 4 Area 3 Total22 156 dunams 22 156 km2 or 8 554 sq mi Population 1945 Total1 470 2 3 Cause s of depopulationFear of being caught up in the fightingCurrent LocalitiesEliakim 5 6 Contents 1 History 1 1 Ottoman era 1 2 British Mandate era 1 3 1948 aftermath 2 References 3 Bibliography 4 External linksHistory editCeramics from the Byzantine era have been found here 7 Several rock cut tombs were found south and south west of the village They have been dated to the Christian era 8 Ottoman era edit In 1859 the English Consul Rogers stated that the population was 350 souls with 25 feddans of cultivation 9 In 1870 Victor Guerin found the village to have four hundred and fifty inhabitants Some gardens were surrounded by a cactus The medhafeh or guest house also served as a mosque 10 In 1882 the PEF s Survey of Western Palestine SWP described the village as A good sized village on a saddle built principally of stone with a well on the south This seems to be an ancient site having many well cut rock tombs 9 A population list from about 1887 showed that Umm ez Zeinat had about 750 inhabitants all Muslims 11 Umm al Zinat had an elementary school for boys which was founded by the Ottomans in 1888 British Mandate era edit In the 1922 census of Palestine Umm al Zainat had a population of 787 782 Muslims and 5 Christians 12 where the Christians were all Melkite 13 This had increased in the 1931 census to 1 020 Muslims and 9 Christians in a total of 209 houses 14 In the 1945 statistics the village had a population of 1 470 1 450 Muslims and 20 Christians 2 with a total of 22 156 dunams of land 3 Of this 1 742 dunums of land were for plantations and irrigable land 9 879 for cereals 15 while 69 dunams were classified as built up land 16 1948 aftermath edit Umm az Zinat became depopulated in May 1948 4 In early May it was reported that the women and children of Umm az Zinat had been evacuated 17 One of the villagers said that One day before the fall of Umm al Zaynat three men from the settlement of Ein HaEmek entered our village warning us that the Haganah forces were preparing to enter our village where their aim was to intimidate us to flee and leave the village Some of them feared and fled and some of them remained and waited for their fate 18 The Golani Brigade took the village on 15 May 1948 and expelled the remaining villagers In August 1948 Israeli troops returned with orders to kill any males and expel any females they found in the village At least 2 Palestinian men were killed and a number of females were expelled 19 20 21 In 1949 Eliakim was established just south of the village site 6 In 1992 the village site was described The houses have been reduced to rubble piles of which are scattered over the site The site itself is overgrown with thorns bushes cactuses and pomegranate and fig trees There is also a small forest on part of the site The village s cemetery is still visible Part of the surrounding land is used by Israeli farmers as cattle pasture and is planted with fruit and olive trees 6 References edit Palmer 1881 p 155 a b Department of Statistics 1945 p 15 a b c Government of Palestine Department of Statistics Village Statistics April 1945 Quoted in Hadawi 1970 p 49 a b Morris 2004 p xviii village 164 Also gives cause of depopulation Morris 2004 p xxii settlement 117 a b c Khalidi 1992 p 200 Dauphin 1998 p 694 Conder and Kitchener 1882 SWP II pp 71 72 a b Conder and Kitchener 1882 SWP II p 43 Guerin 1875 pp 244 245 299 Schumacher 1888 p 178 Barron 1923 Table XI Sub district of Haifa p 33 Barron 1923 Table XVI p 49 Mills 1932 p 97 Government of Palestine Department of Statistics Village Statistics April 1945 Quoted in Hadawi 1970 p 92 Government of Palestine Department of Statistics Village Statistics April 1945 Quoted in Hadawi 1970 p 142 Morris 2004 p 175 note 67 p 268 الرفيق ابراهيم الفحماوي أبو وائل من أم الزينات الى الحليصة بقلم د خالد تركي حيفا 17 August 2009 Morris 2004 p 244 notes 618 622 p 297 Morris 2004 p 299 Morris 2004 p 444 note 192 p 460Bibliography editBarron J B ed 1923 Palestine Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 Government of Palestine Conder C R Kitchener H H 1882 The Survey of Western Palestine Memoirs of the Topography Orography Hydrography and Archaeology Vol 2 London Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund Department of Statistics 1945 Village Statistics April 1945 Government of Palestine Dauphin C 1998 La Palestine byzantine Peuplement et Populations BAR International Series 726 in French Vol III Catalogue Oxford Archeopress ISBN 0 860549 05 4 Guerin V 1875 Description Geographique Historique et Archeologique de la Palestine in French Vol 2 Samarie pt 2 Paris L Imprimerie Nationale Hadawi S 1970 Village Statistics of 1945 A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center Khalidi W 1992 All That Remains The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948 Washington D C Institute for Palestine Studies ISBN 0 88728 224 5 Mills E ed 1932 Census of Palestine 1931 Population of Villages Towns and Administrative Areas Jerusalem Government of Palestine Morris B 2004 The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 00967 6 Mulinen Egbert Friedrich von 1908 Beitrage zur Kenntnis des Karmels Separateabdruck aus der Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palestina Vereins Band XXX 1907 Seite 117 207 und Band XXXI 1908 Seite 1 258 Umm ez Zeinat p 353 ff Palmer E H 1881 The Survey of Western Palestine Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener R E Transliterated and Explained by E H Palmer Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund Schumacher G 1888 Population list of the Liwa of Akka Quarterly Statement Palestine Exploration Fund 20 169 191 External links editWelcome To Umm al Zinat Umm al Zinat Zochrot Survey of Western Palestine Map 8 IAA Wikimedia commons Umm al Zinat from the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center Um Al Zinat from Dr Moslih Kanaaneh Umm Zinat from Zochrot Sixth Procession of Return by ADRID in Umm a Zinat 2003 Ninth Procession of Return to Um a Zinat 2006 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Umm az Zinat amp oldid 1215564724, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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